Сохранившийся паровоз "Puffing Billy" – старейший в мире.

Preserved early British steam locomotive

Puffing Billy is the world's oldest surviving steam locomotive, constructed in 1813–1814 by colliery viewer William Hedley, enginewright Jonathan Forster and blacksmith Timothy Hackworth for Christopher Blackett, the owner of Wylam Colliery near Newcastle upon Tyne, in the United Kingdom. It was employed to haul coal chaldron wagons from the mine at Wylam to the docks at Lemington in Northumberland.

The first reported steam powered locomotive was first tested 21 February 1804, near the Pen y Darren Ironworks in Merthyr Tydfil, Mid Glamorgan, in south Wales. Designed by Richard Trevithick, the locomotive hauled five cars of iron for nine miles on that day, but the excessive weight cracked the iron rails, rendering it impractical. After three runs, the locomotive was retired and later used as a stationary engine to power a forge hammer. A full size replica, "The Penydarren loco", based on documents left by Trevithick, can be viewed at the National Waterfront Museum. In 1810, the Durham Coalfield was disrupted by a major strike over the Bond system. In the September 1814 edition of Annals of Philosophy two locomotives with rack wheels are mentioned (probably Salamanca and Blücher), then there is mention of "another steam locomotive at Newcastle, employed for a similar purpose [hauling coals], and moving along without any rack wheel, simply by its friction against the rail road". From the context, this is at a different location to Blücher, so is probably Puffing Billy. Puffing Billy remained in service until 1862, when Edward Blackett, the owner of Wylam Colliery, lent it to the Patent Office Museum in South Kensington, London (later the Science Museum). He later sold it to the museum for £200. It is still on display there. Its sister locomotive, Wylam Dilly, is preserved in the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh. Two replicas exist: one, built in a Royal Bavarian State Railways workshop in 1906, is at the German Museum, Munich; the other, at Beamish Museum, was first run in 2006.

Puffing Billy incorporated a number of novel features, patented by Hedley, which were to prove important to the development of locomotives. It had two vertical cylinders, one on either side of the boiler, and partly enclosed by it, and drove a single crankshaft beneath the frames, from which gears drove and also coupled the wheels allowing better traction. The engine had a number of serious technical limitations. Running on cast iron wagonway plates, its eight ton weight was too heavy and broke them, encouraging opponents of locomotive traction to criticise the innovation. This problem was alleviated by redesigning the engine with four axles so that the weight was spread more evenly. The engine was eventually rebuilt as a four wheeler when improved edge rails track was introduced around 1830. It was not particularly fast, being capable of no more than 5 mph (8 km/h).

Puffing Billy was an important influence on George Stephenson, who lived locally, and its success was a key factor in promoting the use of steam locomotives by other collieries in north eastern England. It has been suggested that Puffing Billy'''s name survives in the English language in the intensifier like billy o'', but there are several alternative explanations for that phrase's origin.