Введение
Языки, произошедшие от низкомалайского
In addition to its classical and modern literary form, Malay had various regional dialects established after the rise of the Srivijaya empire in Sumatra, Indonesia. Also, Malay spread through interethnic contact and trade across the south East Asia Archipelago as far as the Philippines. That contact resulted in a lingua franca ("trade language") that was called Bazaar Malay or low Malay and in Malay Melayu Pasar. It is generally believed that Bazaar Malay was a pidgin, influenced by contact among Malay, Hokkien, Portuguese, and Dutch traders. Besides the general simplification that occurs with pidgins, the Malay lingua franca had several distinctive characteristics. One was that possessives were formed with punya 'its owner, to have'; another was that plural pronouns were formed with orang 'person'. The only Malayic affixes that remained productive were tər and bər
Other common features:
Ada became a progressive particle. Reduced forms of ini 'this' and itu 'that' (>ni, tu) before a noun. The verb pərgi 'go' was reduced, and became a preposition 'towards'. Causative constructions were formed with kasi or bəri 'to give' or bikin or buat 'to make'. A single preposition, often sama, was used for multiple functions, including direct and indirect object. For example,
Rumahku 'my house' becomes Aku punya rumah (lit. 'I have that house')
Aku pukul dia 'I hit him' becomes Aku kasi pukul dia (lit. 'I give a hit to him')
Ardi dipukul oleh Dani 'Ardi is hit by Dani' becomes Ardi kena pukul dek Dani
Bazaar Malay is used in a limited extent in Singapore and Malaysia, mostly among the older generation or people with no working knowledge of English. The most important reason that contributed to the decline of Bazaar Malay is that pidgin Malay has creolised and created several new languages. Another reason is due to language shift in both formal and informal contexts, Bazaar Malay in Singapore is gradually being replaced by English, with English and its creole Singlish being the lingua franca among the younger generations. It is mostly spoken among the older populations. In 1986, Pakir estimated there were 5,000 speakers in Singapore. Dia suka datang sini sembang. : He likes to come here and gossip. Keliap keliap, dia naik angin. : Slightly provoked, he gets angry. Gua tunggu dia sampai gua k'ee geram. : I waited for him until I got angry. Oo wa! Kinajeet, dia pasang kuat. : Wow! Today he dresses stylishly!
В дополнение к классической и современной литературной форме, малайский язык имел различные региональные диалекты, сформировавшиеся после расцвета империи Шривиджая на Суматре, в Индонезии. Кроме того, малайский язык распространился через межэтнические контакты и торговлю по всему архипелагу Юго-Восточной Азии, вплоть до Филиппин. Этот контакт привел к возникновению лингва-франка ("торгового языка"), который назывался базарным малайским или низким малайским, а также малайским Melayu Pasar. Обычно считается, что базарный малайский был пиджином, на который повлияли контакты между малайскими, хоккиенскими, португальскими и голландскими торговцами. Помимо общего упрощения, характерного для пиджинов, малайский лингва-франка обладал несколькими отличительными чертами. Одной из них было формирование притяжательных конструкций с помощью *punya* 'принадлежащий, иметь'; другой – формирование местоимений множественного числа с помощью *orang* 'человек'. Единственными продуктивными малайскими аффиксами оставались *tər* и *bər*.
In addition to its classical and modern literary form, Malay had various regional dialects established after the rise of the Srivijaya empire in Sumatra, Indonesia. Also, Malay spread through interethnic contact and trade across the south East Asia Archipelago as far as the Philippines. That contact resulted in a lingua franca ("trade language") that was called Bazaar Malay or low Malay and in Malay Melayu Pasar. It is generally believed that Bazaar Malay was a pidgin, influenced by contact among Malay, Hokkien, Portuguese, and Dutch traders. Besides the general simplification that occurs with pidgins, the Malay lingua franca had several distinctive characteristics. One was that possessives were formed with punya 'its owner, to have'; another was that plural pronouns were formed with orang 'person'. The only Malayic affixes that remained productive were tər and bər
Other common features:
Ada became a progressive particle. Reduced forms of ini 'this' and itu 'that' (>ni, tu) before a noun. The verb pərgi 'go' was reduced, and became a preposition 'towards'. Causative constructions were formed with kasi or bəri 'to give' or bikin or buat 'to make'. A single preposition, often sama, was used for multiple functions, including direct and indirect object. For example,
Rumahku 'my house' becomes Aku punya rumah (lit. 'I have that house')
Aku pukul dia 'I hit him' becomes Aku kasi pukul dia (lit. 'I give a hit to him')
Ardi dipukul oleh Dani 'Ardi is hit by Dani' becomes Ardi kena pukul dek Dani
Bazaar Malay is used in a limited extent in Singapore and Malaysia, mostly among the older generation or people with no working knowledge of English. The most important reason that contributed to the decline of Bazaar Malay is that pidgin Malay has creolised and created several new languages. Another reason is due to language shift in both formal and informal contexts, Bazaar Malay in Singapore is gradually being replaced by English, with English and its creole Singlish being the lingua franca among the younger generations. It is mostly spoken among the older populations. In 1986, Pakir estimated there were 5,000 speakers in Singapore. Dia suka datang sini sembang. : He likes to come here and gossip. Keliap keliap, dia naik angin. : Slightly provoked, he gets angry. Gua tunggu dia sampai gua k'ee geram. : I waited for him until I got angry. Oo wa! Kinajeet, dia pasang kuat. : Wow! Today he dresses stylishly!
Другие общие черты:
In addition to its classical and modern literary form, Malay had various regional dialects established after the rise of the Srivijaya empire in Sumatra, Indonesia. Also, Malay spread through interethnic contact and trade across the south East Asia Archipelago as far as the Philippines. That contact resulted in a lingua franca ("trade language") that was called Bazaar Malay or low Malay and in Malay Melayu Pasar. It is generally believed that Bazaar Malay was a pidgin, influenced by contact among Malay, Hokkien, Portuguese, and Dutch traders. Besides the general simplification that occurs with pidgins, the Malay lingua franca had several distinctive characteristics. One was that possessives were formed with punya 'its owner, to have'; another was that plural pronouns were formed with orang 'person'. The only Malayic affixes that remained productive were tər and bər
Other common features:
Ada became a progressive particle. Reduced forms of ini 'this' and itu 'that' (>ni, tu) before a noun. The verb pərgi 'go' was reduced, and became a preposition 'towards'. Causative constructions were formed with kasi or bəri 'to give' or bikin or buat 'to make'. A single preposition, often sama, was used for multiple functions, including direct and indirect object. For example,
Rumahku 'my house' becomes Aku punya rumah (lit. 'I have that house')
Aku pukul dia 'I hit him' becomes Aku kasi pukul dia (lit. 'I give a hit to him')
Ardi dipukul oleh Dani 'Ardi is hit by Dani' becomes Ardi kena pukul dek Dani
Bazaar Malay is used in a limited extent in Singapore and Malaysia, mostly among the older generation or people with no working knowledge of English. The most important reason that contributed to the decline of Bazaar Malay is that pidgin Malay has creolised and created several new languages. Another reason is due to language shift in both formal and informal contexts, Bazaar Malay in Singapore is gradually being replaced by English, with English and its creole Singlish being the lingua franca among the younger generations. It is mostly spoken among the older populations. In 1986, Pakir estimated there were 5,000 speakers in Singapore. Dia suka datang sini sembang. : He likes to come here and gossip. Keliap keliap, dia naik angin. : Slightly provoked, he gets angry. Gua tunggu dia sampai gua k'ee geram. : I waited for him until I got angry. Oo wa! Kinajeet, dia pasang kuat. : Wow! Today he dresses stylishly!
*Ada* стало прогрессивной частицей. Употреблялись сокращенные формы *ini* 'это' и *itu* 'то' (> *ni*, *tu*) перед существительным. Глагол *pərgi* 'идти' был редуцирован и стал предлогом 'к, в направлении'. Каузативные конструкции формировались с помощью *kasi* или *bəri* 'давать' или *bikin* или *buat* 'делать'. Один предлог, часто *sama*, использовался для нескольких функций, включая прямое и косвенное дополнение. Например:
In addition to its classical and modern literary form, Malay had various regional dialects established after the rise of the Srivijaya empire in Sumatra, Indonesia. Also, Malay spread through interethnic contact and trade across the south East Asia Archipelago as far as the Philippines. That contact resulted in a lingua franca ("trade language") that was called Bazaar Malay or low Malay and in Malay Melayu Pasar. It is generally believed that Bazaar Malay was a pidgin, influenced by contact among Malay, Hokkien, Portuguese, and Dutch traders. Besides the general simplification that occurs with pidgins, the Malay lingua franca had several distinctive characteristics. One was that possessives were formed with punya 'its owner, to have'; another was that plural pronouns were formed with orang 'person'. The only Malayic affixes that remained productive were tər and bər
Other common features:
Ada became a progressive particle. Reduced forms of ini 'this' and itu 'that' (>ni, tu) before a noun. The verb pərgi 'go' was reduced, and became a preposition 'towards'. Causative constructions were formed with kasi or bəri 'to give' or bikin or buat 'to make'. A single preposition, often sama, was used for multiple functions, including direct and indirect object. For example,
Rumahku 'my house' becomes Aku punya rumah (lit. 'I have that house')
Aku pukul dia 'I hit him' becomes Aku kasi pukul dia (lit. 'I give a hit to him')
Ardi dipukul oleh Dani 'Ardi is hit by Dani' becomes Ardi kena pukul dek Dani
Bazaar Malay is used in a limited extent in Singapore and Malaysia, mostly among the older generation or people with no working knowledge of English. The most important reason that contributed to the decline of Bazaar Malay is that pidgin Malay has creolised and created several new languages. Another reason is due to language shift in both formal and informal contexts, Bazaar Malay in Singapore is gradually being replaced by English, with English and its creole Singlish being the lingua franca among the younger generations. It is mostly spoken among the older populations. In 1986, Pakir estimated there were 5,000 speakers in Singapore. Dia suka datang sini sembang. : He likes to come here and gossip. Keliap keliap, dia naik angin. : Slightly provoked, he gets angry. Gua tunggu dia sampai gua k'ee geram. : I waited for him until I got angry. Oo wa! Kinajeet, dia pasang kuat. : Wow! Today he dresses stylishly!
*Rumahku* 'мой дом' становится *Aku punya rumah* (букв. 'У меня есть этот дом')
*Aku pukul dia* 'Я ударил его' становится *Aku kasi pukul dia* (букв. 'Я даю удар ему')
*Ardi dipukul oleh Dani* 'Арди был ударен Дани' становится *Ardi kena pukul dek Dani*
In addition to its classical and modern literary form, Malay had various regional dialects established after the rise of the Srivijaya empire in Sumatra, Indonesia. Also, Malay spread through interethnic contact and trade across the south East Asia Archipelago as far as the Philippines. That contact resulted in a lingua franca ("trade language") that was called Bazaar Malay or low Malay and in Malay Melayu Pasar. It is generally believed that Bazaar Malay was a pidgin, influenced by contact among Malay, Hokkien, Portuguese, and Dutch traders. Besides the general simplification that occurs with pidgins, the Malay lingua franca had several distinctive characteristics. One was that possessives were formed with punya 'its owner, to have'; another was that plural pronouns were formed with orang 'person'. The only Malayic affixes that remained productive were tər and bər
Other common features:
Ada became a progressive particle. Reduced forms of ini 'this' and itu 'that' (>ni, tu) before a noun. The verb pərgi 'go' was reduced, and became a preposition 'towards'. Causative constructions were formed with kasi or bəri 'to give' or bikin or buat 'to make'. A single preposition, often sama, was used for multiple functions, including direct and indirect object. For example,
Rumahku 'my house' becomes Aku punya rumah (lit. 'I have that house')
Aku pukul dia 'I hit him' becomes Aku kasi pukul dia (lit. 'I give a hit to him')
Ardi dipukul oleh Dani 'Ardi is hit by Dani' becomes Ardi kena pukul dek Dani
Bazaar Malay is used in a limited extent in Singapore and Malaysia, mostly among the older generation or people with no working knowledge of English. The most important reason that contributed to the decline of Bazaar Malay is that pidgin Malay has creolised and created several new languages. Another reason is due to language shift in both formal and informal contexts, Bazaar Malay in Singapore is gradually being replaced by English, with English and its creole Singlish being the lingua franca among the younger generations. It is mostly spoken among the older populations. In 1986, Pakir estimated there were 5,000 speakers in Singapore. Dia suka datang sini sembang. : He likes to come here and gossip. Keliap keliap, dia naik angin. : Slightly provoked, he gets angry. Gua tunggu dia sampai gua k'ee geram. : I waited for him until I got angry. Oo wa! Kinajeet, dia pasang kuat. : Wow! Today he dresses stylishly!
Базарный малайский используется в ограниченной степени в Сингапуре и Малайзии, в основном среди старшего поколения или людей, не владеющих английским языком. Наиболее важной причиной упадка базарного малайского является то, что пиджинский малайский креолизировался и породил несколько новых языков. Другая причина – языковой сдвиг как в формальном, так и в неформальном контексте: базарный малайский в Сингапуре постепенно заменяется английским, а английский и его креольский вариант – синглиш – стали лингва-франка среди молодого поколения. На нем в основном говорят представители старшего поколения. В 1986 году Пакир оценил количество носителей языка в Сингапуре в 5000 человек.
In addition to its classical and modern literary form, Malay had various regional dialects established after the rise of the Srivijaya empire in Sumatra, Indonesia. Also, Malay spread through interethnic contact and trade across the south East Asia Archipelago as far as the Philippines. That contact resulted in a lingua franca ("trade language") that was called Bazaar Malay or low Malay and in Malay Melayu Pasar. It is generally believed that Bazaar Malay was a pidgin, influenced by contact among Malay, Hokkien, Portuguese, and Dutch traders. Besides the general simplification that occurs with pidgins, the Malay lingua franca had several distinctive characteristics. One was that possessives were formed with punya 'its owner, to have'; another was that plural pronouns were formed with orang 'person'. The only Malayic affixes that remained productive were tər and bər
Other common features:
Ada became a progressive particle. Reduced forms of ini 'this' and itu 'that' (>ni, tu) before a noun. The verb pərgi 'go' was reduced, and became a preposition 'towards'. Causative constructions were formed with kasi or bəri 'to give' or bikin or buat 'to make'. A single preposition, often sama, was used for multiple functions, including direct and indirect object. For example,
Rumahku 'my house' becomes Aku punya rumah (lit. 'I have that house')
Aku pukul dia 'I hit him' becomes Aku kasi pukul dia (lit. 'I give a hit to him')
Ardi dipukul oleh Dani 'Ardi is hit by Dani' becomes Ardi kena pukul dek Dani
Bazaar Malay is used in a limited extent in Singapore and Malaysia, mostly among the older generation or people with no working knowledge of English. The most important reason that contributed to the decline of Bazaar Malay is that pidgin Malay has creolised and created several new languages. Another reason is due to language shift in both formal and informal contexts, Bazaar Malay in Singapore is gradually being replaced by English, with English and its creole Singlish being the lingua franca among the younger generations. It is mostly spoken among the older populations. In 1986, Pakir estimated there were 5,000 speakers in Singapore. Dia suka datang sini sembang. : He likes to come here and gossip. Keliap keliap, dia naik angin. : Slightly provoked, he gets angry. Gua tunggu dia sampai gua k'ee geram. : I waited for him until I got angry. Oo wa! Kinajeet, dia pasang kuat. : Wow! Today he dresses stylishly!
*Dia suka datang sini sembang.* : Ему нравится приходить сюда поболтать.
*Keliap keliap, dia naik angin.* : Немного спровоцированный, он приходит в ярость.
*Gua tunggu dia sampai gua k'ee geram.* : Я ждал его, пока не пришел в ярость.
*Oo wa! Kinajeet, dia pasang kuat.* : Вау! Сегодня он стильно одет!
In addition to its classical and modern literary form, Malay had various regional dialects established after the rise of the Srivijaya empire in Sumatra, Indonesia. Also, Malay spread through interethnic contact and trade across the south East Asia Archipelago as far as the Philippines. That contact resulted in a lingua franca ("trade language") that was called Bazaar Malay or low Malay and in Malay Melayu Pasar. It is generally believed that Bazaar Malay was a pidgin, influenced by contact among Malay, Hokkien, Portuguese, and Dutch traders. Besides the general simplification that occurs with pidgins, the Malay lingua franca had several distinctive characteristics. One was that possessives were formed with punya 'its owner, to have'; another was that plural pronouns were formed with orang 'person'. The only Malayic affixes that remained productive were tər and bər
Other common features:
Ada became a progressive particle. Reduced forms of ini 'this' and itu 'that' (>ni, tu) before a noun. The verb pərgi 'go' was reduced, and became a preposition 'towards'. Causative constructions were formed with kasi or bəri 'to give' or bikin or buat 'to make'. A single preposition, often sama, was used for multiple functions, including direct and indirect object. For example,
Rumahku 'my house' becomes Aku punya rumah (lit. 'I have that house')
Aku pukul dia 'I hit him' becomes Aku kasi pukul dia (lit. 'I give a hit to him')
Ardi dipukul oleh Dani 'Ardi is hit by Dani' becomes Ardi kena pukul dek Dani
Bazaar Malay is used in a limited extent in Singapore and Malaysia, mostly among the older generation or people with no working knowledge of English. The most important reason that contributed to the decline of Bazaar Malay is that pidgin Malay has creolised and created several new languages. Another reason is due to language shift in both formal and informal contexts, Bazaar Malay in Singapore is gradually being replaced by English, with English and its creole Singlish being the lingua franca among the younger generations. It is mostly spoken among the older populations. In 1986, Pakir estimated there were 5,000 speakers in Singapore. Dia suka datang sini sembang. : He likes to come here and gossip. Keliap keliap, dia naik angin. : Slightly provoked, he gets angry. Gua tunggu dia sampai gua k'ee geram. : I waited for him until I got angry. Oo wa! Kinajeet, dia pasang kuat. : Wow! Today he dresses stylishly!
Макассарский малайский
Макассарский малайский – это креольский смешанный язык, сформированный на основе лексики базарного малайского, макассарской морфологии и смешанного малайско-макассарского синтаксиса. В настоящее время на нём широко говорят как на родном языке в городе Макассар и его окрестностях, особенно среди тех, кто родился после 1980-х годов. Он получил широкое распространение по всему южному региону острова Сулавеси, включая провинции Южный Сулавеси (Сулавеси Салата), Юго-Восточный Сулавеси (Сулавеси Тенгара) и Западный Сулавеси (Сулавеси Барат), где используется в качестве регионального лингва франка или второго языка в результате контактов и деловых связей с жителями города Макассар. Макассарский малайский служит языком по умолчанию или нейтральным языком при общении с представителями других племен и этнических групп, не владеющих общим местным языком с коренными жителями этих трёх провинций. По всей видимости, макассарский малайский также является родным языком для молодого поколения, проживающего в городах и административных центрах этих трёх провинций. Более того, помимо этих трёх провинций в южной части острова Сулавеси, макассарским малайским пользуются в некоторых районах провинции Центральный Сулавеси (Сулавеси Тенгах), особенно при общении с жителями вышеупомянутых трёх провинций. Он также может использоваться при общении с жителями других провинций Восточной Индонезии и провинции Восточный Калимантан (Калимантан-Тимур).
Балийский малайский
Балийский малайский – диалект малайского языка, распространённый на острове Бали. Сами носители называют его Омонг Кампунг («язык деревни»). Балийский малайский является основным языком этнических малайцев, проживающих в северо-западной части острова, преимущественно в районах Мелая и Негара, уезде Джембрана. В настоящее время языку угрожает исчезновение.
Баканский малайский
Баканский малайский – это малайский изолект, распространённый на острове Бакан и прилегающих территориях к югу от Халмахеры, в провинции Северные Малуку. Баканский малайский считается довольно отличным от других малайских языков восточной Индонезии из-за своего архаичного словарного состава и близости к родственным языкам Борнео, таким как банджарский и брунейский малайский. Он также использовался в качестве вспомогательного языка при реконструкции прамалайского языка.
Дили малайский
Дили-малайский – это разновидность торгового малайского языка, на котором говорят в Дили, Восточный Тимор, особенно в районе Кампунг-Алор. По мнению специалистов, до того как стать родным языком для некоторых его носителей, этот язык изначально представлял собой пиджин (Bloomfield, 1933; Hall, 1966). В дальнейшем, в процессе развития, этот пиджин превратился в креольский язык, который использовался в более широком социальном общении (Todd, 1974:50). В связи с длительным историческим присутствием португальцев в Восточном Тиморе, ряд заимствований в дили-малайском языке происходит из португальского и тетумского языков, при незначительном влиянии других местных языков.
Горап
Горапский язык на 85% состоит из малайских лексем, но также содержит много слов из языка тернате, а порядок слов отличается как от австронезийских, так и от языков острова Халмахера. Дети больше не осваивают этот язык.