Терроризм в Канаде: Обзор и Угрозы

Overview of terrorism in Canada
Terrorism and mass attacks in Canada includes acts of terrorism, as well as mass shootings, vehicle ramming attacks, mass stabbings, and other such acts committed in Canada that people may associate with terroristic tactics but have not been classified as terrorism by the Canadian legal system. (For example, the 2018 Toronto shooting was a mass shooting that law enforcement officials did not connect to terrorism.) The Criminal Code of Canada defines terrorist activity to include an "act or omission undertaken, in or outside Canada, for a political, religious or ideological purpose, that is intended to intimidate the public with regard to its security, including its economic security, or to compel a person, government or organization (whether in or outside Canada) to do or refrain from doing any act, and that intentionally causes one of a number of specific forms of serious harm." Two other ministers with particularly crucial roles with respect to counter terrorism are the Ministers of Foreign Affairs and of National Defence. The Canadian government uses the National Terrorism Threat Level (NTTL) to identify the probability of terrorism occurring in Canada. as of 2021, Canada's current threat level is "Medium," which means that a "violent act of terrorism could occur;" it has been at this level since October 2014.

Overall issues of national security fall under the jurisdiction of the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness, who heads Public Safety Canada (PSC). The Public Prosecution Service of Canada (PPSC), under the Attorney General of Canada, prosecutes offenses on behalf of the Canadian government, including those involving national security such as terrorist activities. The Criminal Code of Canada defines terrorist activity to include an "act or omission undertaken, in or outside Canada, for a political, religious or ideological purpose, that is intended to intimidate the public with regard to its security, including its economic security, or to compel a person, government or organization (whether in or outside Canada) to do or refrain from doing any act, and that intentionally causes one of a number of specific forms of serious harm." The Act specifically provides that "for the Governor in Council to establish by regulation a list on which, on the recommendation of the Minister of Public Safety, any entity may be placed." Similar to the JVTA, amendments made to the State Immunity Act, allow for countries listed by the federal government as state supporters of terrorism to be sued in Canadian courts for loss or damage resulting from its involvement in terrorism anywhere in the world. From 1 December 2011 to 31 July 2012, families of the passengers and crew who died on Air India Flight 182 on 23 June 1985 have been offered a one time ex gratia payment by Canadian government, as "a demonstration of solicitude and recognition for the administrative disdain families experienced in the years following" the tragedy. Payments have been made to eligible applicants for 275 victims. Moreover, every June 23, some Canadians observe National Day of Remembrance for Victims of Terrorism to honour the victims.

In terms of emergency response, leadership of the Minister of Public Safety is granted by the Emergency Management Act. The chief means through which the Public Safety Minister facilitates their emergency response is through the Government Operations Centre (GOC). The GOC, on behalf of the federal government, supports response coordination across the government and others. Project Thread was a police operation in 2003 that resulted in the arrest of 24 immigrants in the Greater Toronto Area amidst allegations that they formed a threat to national security, and maintained "suspected ties to al Qaeda."

DateLocationDetailsAlleged motiveTypeApril 17, 1840Queenston, ONBenjamin Lett, an Anglo Irish Canadian filibusterer, bombs the Brock's Monument, which honoured British general Sir Isaac Brock. The explosion did serious and irreparable damage to the monument although it failed to bring it down. Opposition to British rule in CanadaBombingOctober 1864Montreal, QCHistorians have discussed the potential for a conspiracy to have partially formed when agents of the Confederate Secret Service hosted a visit to Montreal by John Wilkes Booth, the future assassin of U. S. President Abraham Lincoln. After police shot Booth in 1865, they found a money order for $184,000 drawn from the Montreal Branch of the Ontario Bank. Anti LincolnAssassination conspiracyApril 7, 1868Ottawa, ONThomas D'Arcy McGee, one of the Fathers of Confederation, is assassinated by an alleged Irish nationalist or Fenian rebel sympathizer named Patrick J. Whelan. Irish nationalismAssassinationNovember 25, 1965Toronto, ONCroatian nationalists bomb the Yugoslav consulate at 377 Spadina Road in Toronto. The blast "destroyed the door, door jamb, cement threshold, and foyer ceiling, and heavily damaged a vestibule and anteroom;" it blew out the door and windows, and collapsed part of the first floor ceiling. No people were killed. Anti Tito (Croatian nationalism)BombingSeptember 22, 1966Ottawa, ONA bazooka attack on the Cuban embassy in Ottawa is made. Anti Castro (Cuban nationalism)BazookaOctober 5, 1966Ottawa, ONAnti Castro forces bomb the offices of the Cuban trade delegation in Ottawa. Anti CastroBombingJanuary 29, 1967Ottawa and Toronto, ONThe Yugoslav embassy in Ottawa and the consulate in Toronto are among 6 Yugoslav offices in North America attacked as part of a synchronized bombing, on the eve of the anniversary of the adoption of Yugoslavia’s constitution. (The other bombs went off in the embassy of Washington, D. C., and the consulates in Chicago, New York, and San Francisco.) The explosion destroyed windows in 15 houses, 35 apartments, and 6 nearby stores. No people were killed. Anti poperyBombingMarch 12, 1985Ottawa, ON1985 Turkish embassy attack in Ottawa: a group belonging to the Armenian Revolutionary Army seize the Embassy of the Republic of Turkey in Ottawa, killing a Canadian security guard. Pro LebanonVehicular hijackingAugust 28, 1988Surrey, BCIndo Canadian Times editor Tara Singh Hayer is shot and partially paralyzed, probably due to his statements connected to the Flight 182 investigation. Anti materialismBombing1960sBritish ColumbiaArson and bombings by SOF (Sons of Freedom), mostly conducted in the nude, took place throughout the 1960s:

August 25, 1960 — A section of a Canadian Pacific Railway track near Thrums, BC, is bombed. Pieces of the timing device (including a watch) were found at the scene by police. Three members of SOF (Sons of Freedom) were convicted for the incident and received jail terms ranging from 6 to 12 years. 1961 — a railway bridge in Nelson, BC is bombed. Anti materialismBombing and arson1963 1970Montreal, QC, and Ottawa, ONFront de libération du Québec (FLQ), a separatist group, begins a bombing campaign at the average rate of one every ten days, detonating over 950 bombs in total and culminating in the 1970 October Crisis. Targets included English owned businesses, banks, McGill University, and the homes of prominent English speakers. April 21, 1963 — FLQ bombing of the Canadian Army Recruiting Centre in Montreal, killing Sgt. Wilfred V. O'Neil. late 1960s — FLQ places a bomb in a mailbox next to the Canadian Tire store on Wellington Street in Ottawa. February 13, 1969– Montreal Stock Exchange bombing: FLQ sets off a powerful bomb that rips through the Montreal Stock Exchange causing massive destruction and seriously injuring 27 people. February 22, 1969 — FLQ terrorist bomb explodes at Liberal Party social club in Montreal, injuring two people. June 24, 1970 — FLQ places a bomb in a window well of the National Defence Headquarters on Lisgar Street in Ottawa. The explosion killed a cleaning lady. Quebec nationalismBombing campaignJanuary 29, 1965Edmonton, ABEdmonton aircraft bombing: Two U. S. jets (F 84s) being overhauled by Northwest Industries in Edmonton are destroyed and a third damaged when a left wing group protesting the Vietnam War dynamites the planes; a security guard is killed during the incident. Anti Vietnam WarBombingJuly 8, 1965Vancouver, BC (origin)Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 21 bombing: A bomb destroys a commercial Douglas DC 6B airliner flying from Vancouver to Whitehorse, killing all 52 people on board. The case remains unsolved. UnknownBombingMay 18, 1966Ottawa, ONPaul Joseph Chartier's attempt to bomb the House of Commons fails when the device goes off prematurely in a Centre Block washroom, killing Chartier. anti Canadian governmentBombingOctober 5, 1970Montréal, QcBritish diplomat James Cross and (on October 10) Quebec Minister of Labour Pierre Laporte are kidnapped by the FLQ in Montreal. (Laporte's dead body was discovered in the trunk of a car in Montreal on October 17, and the murderers were arrested on December 26; Cross was released on December 3. )Quebec nationalismKidnapping & assassinationOctober 14, 1982OntarioThe anarchist group Squamish Five bombs a Litton Industries factory north of Toronto, that is manufacturing guidance devices for American cruise missiles, injuring ten. AnarchismBombing1983Toronto, ONActivist Henry Morgentaler was attacked by a man wielding garden shears; the attack was blocked by feminist activist Judy Rebick, who was standing nearby. Anti abortionStabbing attemptMay 8, 1984Quebec City, QCSoldier Denis Lortie, a federalist, entered the National Assembly of Quebec with the intent of killing René Lévesque and the deputies of the Parti Québécois. By chance, he came in too early, so fails to kill any deputies; though, he kills 3 other people and wounds 13. Unarmed employee René Jalbert negotiated with Lortie for several hours and convinced him to give up his gun and be arrested. Jalbert was decorated the next week. Anti Quebec nationalismMass shooting and assassination attemptJune 23, 1985Montreal, QC (origin) and Tokyo, JapanTwo attacks carried out by Sikh extremists living in British Columbia:Anti abortionBombingNovember 8, 1994Vancouver, BCDr. Garson Romalis is shot in the leg. Anti abortionShootingApril 20, 1995Charlottetown, PEIRoger Charles Bell (alias Loki 7), a high school teacher, places a bomb outside Province House at the Prince Edward Island legislature, injuring one. The explosion occurred several minutes after a class of school children passed through the area, and one day after the Oklahoma City bombing attack in the United States. The 1995 attack was part of a string of bombings by Bell, which began in 1988 with a pipe bomb denoting in a flower bed outside the Provincial Court in Charlottetown; followed by a garbage can explosion in Halifax's Point Pleasant Park in 1994; ending in 1996 with undetonated explosives that were planted at a Charlottetown propane station. "revenge at society"BombingNovember 10, 1995Ancaster, ONDr. Hugh Short is shot in the elbow. Anti abortionStabbingSeptember 20, 2000Montreal, QCThe Brigade d'autodéfense du français bombs the St. Nicholas Antiochian Orthodox Church in Montreal where an English fundraiser was to be held. Quebec nationalismBombing2001Montreal, QCSecond Cup firebombing: The FLQ/Brigade d'autodéfense du français firebombs three Second Cup locations in Montreal. They were targeted because of the company's use of its incorporated English name "Second Cup". Rhéal Mathieu, a previously convicted FLQ terrorist, was convicted for all three bombings. Seven McDonald's restaurants were also firebombed. Quebec nationalismBombing2006Ottawa, ON2006 Ontario terrorism plot: Canadian counter terrorism forces arrest 18 terrorists (dubbed the "Toronto 18") inspired by al Qaeda. They are accused of planning to detonate truck bombs; to open fire in a crowded area; and to storm the Canadian Broadcasting Centre, the Canadian Parliament building, the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) headquarters, and the parliamentary Peace Tower, to take hostages and to behead the Prime Minister and other leaders. Islamic extremismBombing / shooting / assassination conspiracyOctober 2008 to July 2009Dawson Creek, BC2008–09 British Columbia pipeline bombings: six natural gas pipelines owned by EnCana Corp. in Dawson Creek, were bombed after letters were sent to a local newspaper opposing the gas industry. EnvironmentalismBombingAugust 2010Ottawa, ONMisbahuddin Ahmed, a former hospital technician, is arrested (later convicted in July 2014) of conspiring to knowingly facilitate a terrorist activity, of participation in the activities of a terrorist group, and of possession of explosives with intent to do harm. Islamic extremismConspiracySeptember 4, 2012Montreal, QC2012 Montreal shooting: The night of the Quebec provincial elections, Richard Bain, an anglophone Quebecer, attempted to assassinate Parti Québécois leader and Premier elect Pauline Marois at a victory gathering in Montreal. He also set fire to the Métropolis concert hall where the event was being held. A man was killed and another was injured in the terrorist act. It is said that Bain's ultimate goal was to kill Marois following the Parti Québécois victory. Bain was arrested shortly after the attack. On August 23, 2016, Bain was found guilty of second degree murder, and on November 18, was sentenced to life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after 20 years. Anti Quebec nationalismShooting2013Toronto, ON2013 Via Rail Canada terrorism plot: Chiheb Esseghaier and Raed Jaser of Montreal and Toronto, respectively, are charged as part of an alleged Al Qaeda plot to derail a Toronto bound train from New York on the Canadian side of the border. Canadian Muslims helped to foil the alleged plot. The suspects said they were arrested based on their appearance. Islamic extremism (allegiance to Al Qaeda)Bombing conspiracyJune 4, 2014Moncton, NBMoncton shootings: Justin Bourque, a 24 year old, shot five officers from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), killing three and severely injuring two. Bourque admittedly planned to kill as many officers as he could, in an attempt to start a rebellion against what he considers an oppressive, corrupt government that he insists is suppressing the freedom of most Canadians and serving only the rich. Islamic extremismVehicle rammingOctober 22, 2014Ottawa, ON2014 shootings at Parliament Hill: Michael Zehaf Bibeau, a convert to Islam, fatally shoots Corporal Nathan Cirillo, a Canadian soldier on ceremonial sentry duty at the National War Memorial, and then forced his way into Canada's parliament building, where he has a shootout with parliament security personnel. He is shot 31 times and dies at the scene. Zehaf Bibeau made a video prior to the attack in which he expressed his motives as being related "to Canada's foreign policy and in respect of his religious beliefs. "Islamic extremism and anti Canadian foreign policyShootingAugust 10, 2016Strathroy, ONAaron Driver is killed in a confrontation with police after detonating an explosive in the back seat of a taxi. The confrontation followed a tip from the FBI that Driver had made a "martyrdom video" and was planning an attack on an urban area. Islamic extremism (allegiance to ISIS)Bombing (failed)January 29, 2017Quebec City, QCQuebec City mosque shooting: During evening prayer at the Islamic Cultural Centre mosque in Quebec City, one gunman enters and opens fire on Muslim worshipers, killing 6 people and injuring 19 (5 critically). The gunman called police from a second location about 20 minutes after the shooting and was arrested by Quebec police without incident. The gunman, Alexandre Bissonnette from Quebec City, was inspired by extreme right wing views on Muslims, refugees, and feminists, which he shared online and at Laval University. He was also a supporter of Rassemblement National leader Marine Le Pen of France and U. S. President Donald Trump. IslamophobiaShootingSeptember 30, 2017Edmonton, AB2017 Edmonton attack: 30 year old Abdulahi Sharif drives into Edmonton police constable Mike Chernyk, then stabs him near Commonwealth Stadium, fleeing and later hitting four pedestrians with a rental truck during a police pursuit. Police have investigated the incident as an act of terrorism and confirmed the presence of an ISIS flag in the van that struck the police officer. Sharif was confirmed by RCMP assistant commissioner Marlin Degrand as a Somali national known to the RCMP and Edmonton Police as having past displayed signs of extremism. Islamic extremism (allegiance to ISIS)Vehicle ramming and stabbingApril 23, 2018Toronto, ONToronto van attack: after 25 year old Alek Minassian's van attack in Toronto, a Facebook post was uncovered which tied him to predominantly male online communities wherein terminology such as "Incel Rebellion", "Beta Uprising," and "Beta Male Uprising" is used, referring to a violent response to sexlessness. Minassian was reported to have self identified as an incel, an abbreviation of involuntary celibacy, which describes the state of being unable to find a romantic or sexual relationship despite desiring one. Misogynist terrorism / incel extremismVehicle rammingJuly 22, 2018Toronto, ON2018 Toronto shooting: Faisal Hussain killed 2 and injured 13 on Toronto's Danforth Avenue. Authorities were unable to determine a motive despite a year long investigation. Hussain was alleged to have been inspired by Elliot Rodger (part of the incel movement). Daesh claimed responsibility but law enforcement rejected this claim. Islamic extremism (allegiance to ISIS)Hammer attackFebruary 24, 2020Toronto, ON2020 Toronto machete attack: A 17 year old boy stabs a female spa worker to death, attempts to kill her coworker, and injures another at a sensual massage parlour in Toronto. On May 19, the Toronto Police Service said the attack was attributed to the incel ideology and was being considered an act of terrorism. Misogynist terrorism / incel extremismStabbingJune 6, 2021London, ONLondon, Ontario truck attack: A man uses a pickup truck to run down a family of five, killing four and seriously injuring the fifth. The family is alleged to have been targeted because they were visibly Muslim. IslamophobiaVehicle rammingApril 1, 2023Surrey, B. CA man was stabbed and wounded in the throat on a bus in Surrey by an Islamic State sympathyzer. Islamic extremismStabbing attack

March 5, 2015 — While new anti terrorism law was under consideration and months before federal election, four Conservative Party Members of Parliament (Denis Lebel, Steven Blaney, Christian Paradis and Maxime Bernier) in Quebec received letters with white powder (Anthrax hoaxes) and message "Conservateurs, vous serez anéantis," which translates to "Conservatives, you will be annihilated" at their constituency offices.

The Combating Terrorism Act, which came into force in July 2013, was put in place with the intent to prevent and deter individuals from leaving Canada for particular terrorism related purposes. In 2018, the Canadian government states that there has not been an increase, nor does it expect an increase, in the number of Canadian Extremist Travellers (CETs) who have returned to Canada. The total number of CETs identified by the government includes around 190 individuals who have a nexus to Canada, and near 60 who have returned. The following are some extremists around the world with Canadian connections. Xristos Katsiroubas and Ali Medlej (Algeria) — two high school friends from London, Ontario who went to Morocco in 2011, and then onwards to Mauritania, Niger, and Libya, where they are said to have trained under Algerian terrorist Mokhtar Belmokhtar. Both were killed after taking part in a terrorist attack in the In Amenas hostage crisis in January 2013, which killed 38 hostages at an Algerian gas plant. Andre Poulin (Syria) — a man from Timmins, Ontario who subscribed to violent extremist views in 2008. Arriving in Syria in 2012, he is considered to have been killed fighting at the al Minakh airfield in August 2013. Ali Mohamed Dirie (Syria) — a former member of the "Toronto 18" previously imprisoned for plotting terrorist attacks in Ontario. Within a year of his release, Dirie travelled to Syria and joined a terrorist group. Damian Clairmont or Mustafa al Gharib (Syria) — a man Calgary, Alberta who subscribed to violent extremist views. He is presumed to have been killed in infighting between terrorist groups in Syria. Mahad Ali Dhore (Somalia) — a man who crossed into Somalia while visiting Kenya to join an al Shabaab training camp. He is considered to have been killed while helping conduct an April 2013 terrorist attack in Mogadishu.