Aermacchi M-346: История разработки и применения учебно-боевого самолета.

Military training aircraft

The Aermacchi M 346 Master is a family of military twin engine transonic advanced jet trainers and light combat aircraft. Originally co developed with Yakovlev as the Yak/AEM 130, the partnership was dissolved in 2000 and then Alenia Aermacchi proceeded to separately develop the M 346 Master, while Yakolev continued work on the Yakovlev Yak 130. The first flight of the M 346 was performed in 2004. The type is currently operated by the air forces of Italy, Israel, Singapore, Greece, Turkmenistan and Poland. Since 2016 the manufacturer became Leonardo Finmeccanica as Alenia Aermacchi merged into the new Finmeccanica, finally rebranded as Leonardo in 2017.

In 1992, Aermacchi signed a cooperation agreement with Yakovlev to provide financial and technical support for the new trainer that the firm had been developing since 1991 for the Russian Air Force in competition with the Mikoyan MiG AT. Aermacchi also gained the right to modify and market the aircraft for the Western market. The resulting aircraft first flew in 1996 and was brought to Italy the following year to replace the aging MB 339. By this point, the aircraft was being marketed as the Yak/AEM 130. In February 1996, Russia provided initial funding for the Yak/AEM 130 and pledged to purchase up to 200 aircraft for the Russian Air Force. In October 1998, it was reported that the venture was increasingly becoming an Italian led effort due to a lack of financial support on the part of Russia. By July 2000, Aermacchi held a 50% stake in the development programme, and Yakovlev and Sokol had a 25% share each. In mid 2000, it was announced that differences in priorities between the two firms, and a lack of financial backing from the programme's Russian participants, had brought about an end to the partnership and that each firm would pursue development of the aircraft independently; Yakovlev received US$77 million for technical documents of the aircraft. Yakovlev would be able to sell the Yak 130 to countries such as those in the Commonwealth of Independent States, India, Slovakia and Algeria, while Aermacchi would be able to sell the M 346 to NATO countries, among others. In 2004, a contract for the development of a full mission simulator for the M 346 was awarded to CAE. Further production contracts for CAE's full mission simulator have since been issued.

On 7 June 2003, the first M 346 prototype rolled out; ground testing commenced shortly thereafter. On 15 July 2004, the first prototype conducted its maiden flight. In March 2008, the Chilean ENAER signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with Alenia Aermacchi at the FIDAE air show. On 10 April 2008, the first Low Rate Initial Production (LRIP 00) aircraft, produced in the final configuration (new landing gear and air brake, more composite parts), was rolled out. On 18 December 2008, Aermacchi announced that the M 346 had attained a maximum speed of Mach 1.15 (1,255 km/h, 678 knots, 780 mph), claiming the occasion to be the first in which an all Italian built aircraft had broken the sound barrier in 50 years. In May 2008, Boeing signed a Memorandum of Understanding to cooperate on the marketing, sales, training and support of two Aermacchi trainer aircraft, the M 346 and the M 311. On 20 June 2011, a Military Type Certification was granted to Alenia Aermacchi for the M 346 Master by the General Directorate for Aeronautical Armaments of the Italian Ministry of Defence in Rome. Throughout the certification process, the M 346 development aircraft made 180 test flights, totalling 200 flights across the course of the previous five months, during which over 3,300 test points were completed.

In the advanced jet trainer role, the original M 346 model is unarmed; however, in November 2015, it was reported that Alenia Aermacchi was close to finalising a combat capable dual role variant of the aircraft. During late 2017, a series of armed tests involving the AIM 9L missiles took place. In 2015, an armed variant, designated as the M 346 LCA (Light Combat Aircraft), was offered to Poland; this reportedly included a capability of operating the Brimstone air to ground missile. In February 2016, the newly created, consolidated Leonardo Finmeccanica company promoted the Aermacchi M346 in two new roles: companion training and dissimilar air combat training. In order to better replicate the flight performance and behavior of various enemy aircraft, both the g force and angle of attack can be independently selected in the flight control system; reportedly, existing customers have stated the type to be well suited to the aggressor role. Leonardo has offered the M 346 for Companion Training and Adversary/Red Air roles. In January 2021, Israeli and Greece ministers of defence announced plans to establish a wide ranging $1.68 billion security agreement that include the procurement of 10 M 346 aircraft and the establishment and operation of a flight school for the Hellenic Air Force by Elbit Systems, including provisions for simulators, training and logistic support.

The M 346 is designed for the main role of lead in fighter trainer, in which aircraft's performance and capabilities are used to deliver pilot training for the latest generation of combat fighter aircraft. Powered by a pair of Honeywell F124 turbofan dry engines, designed to reduce acquisition and operating costs, it is capable of transonic flight without using an afterburner; Alenia Aermacchi has claimed that the M 346's flight performance to be "second only to afterburner equipped aircraft". the per flying hour costs of the M346 are reportedly one tenth of those of the Eurofighter Typhoon. The radar cross section of the M346 in a standard configuration is reportedly 20 square meters; this can be reduced to a single square meter by installing a low observability kit which has been developed for the type. Other self protection systems that can be fitted include a Defensive Aids Support System (DASS) which includes Radar Warning Receiver (RWR), Missile Approach Warning System (MAWS) and Chaff and Flares Dispensers (C&FD). The high end, net centric communication suite of the M 346FA includes secure comms and Tactical Datalink, both NATO and non NATO. The combat capable M 346FA can perform ground attack, homeland defence and air policing missions and reconnaissance. Various munitions and stores can be carried, including IRIS T or AIM 9 Sidewinder air to air missiles, various air to surface missiles, anti ship missiles, free fall and laser guided bombs and rockets, a 12.7 mm gun pod, reconnaissance and targeting pods, and electronic warfare pods; weapon aiming is performed using the Helmet Mounted Display and the multifunction displays. All main systems are duplicated, and the flight system reconfigurable, to increase survivability and functionality in the event of battle damage being sustained. On 18 June 2009, Alenia Aermacchi announced they had received an order for the first six with an option for nine more. In September 2015, the Italian Air Force started their first training course using the M 346 trainer. In March 2016, Finmeccanica signed a contract worth over 300 million Euros with the Italian Ministry of Defence for nine M 346, bringing the number of aircraft ordered by Italy to 18. In February 2018, the Italian Air Force received its 18th M 346, concluding the force's acquisition program. In 2019, four more M 346 were delivered to the newly formed Italian Air Force/Leonardo International Flight Training School (IFTS) at Galatina Air Base.

In July 2010, the M 346 was selected by the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) to replace the ST Aerospace A 4SU Super Skyhawks in the Advanced Jet Training (AJT) role, based at BA 120 Cazaux Air Base in France. In a press release by the Singaporean Ministry of Defence on 28 September 2010, ST Aerospace was awarded the contract to acquire twelve M 346 and a ground based training system on behalf of RSAF. As stipulated in the contract, ST Aerospace acts as the main contractor in the maintenance of the aircraft after delivery by Alenia Aermacchi while Boeing supplies the training system. The RSAF holds the distinction of being the first export customer for the type. for Italy in return for the planes. It will operate as the IAF's main training jet to replace the McDonnell Douglas A 4H/N Skyhawk, which has served the IAF for over 40 years. On 19 July 2012, a contract was signed between Alenia Aermacchi and the Israeli Ministry of Defence to supply 30 M 346s, with the first delivery expected in the middle of 2014. The Israeli Air Force announced on 2 July 2013 that in Israeli service the M 346 would be named the Lavi, reusing the name given to the cancelled IAI Lavi. The IAF's first M 346 was rolled out in a ceremony at Alenia Aermacchi's factory in Venegono Superiore on March 20, 2014.

On 23 December 2013, it was announced that Poland had selected the M 346 to meet a requirement for an advanced jet trainer. A contract for eight aircraft was signed on 27 February 2014. The first two M 346s arrived at Dęblin in November 2016. The aircraft were initially not officially accepted due to non compliance with contract specifications. The delivery deadline was originally November 2016, but delays meant delivery and acceptance was not complete until 22 December 2017. In December 2017, Poland's Ministry of National Defence announced it was seeking financial penalties from Leonardo of up to 100 million zlotys (U. S. $28 million) over the delays. Additionally, the ministry had complained that the M 346 was not fully capable of simulating certain weapon systems for training purposes. On 19 November 2018, Leonardo's Aircraft Division together with Elbit Systems completed delivery of M 346 Full Mission Simulators (FMS) and Flight Training Devices (FTD) to the Polish Air Force (PLAF). This was initially scheduled to be completed by November 2016. In March 2018, Poland signed for an additional four M 346s and support package, plus options for a further four aircraft, and a support package. In December 2018, Poland signed for the additional four aircraft, as well as upgrades to the existing fleet of eight. Deliveries and upgrade work for the total of 16 M 346 is expected to run into 2022.

Alenia Aermacchi submitted the M 346 for the United States Air Force's T X program to replace the aging Northrop T 38 Talon, rebranding it as the Leonardo DRS T 100 Integrated Training System. Alenia originally intended to be the prime contractor, anticipating moving the final assembly location from Italy to the United States if the bid succeeded. About 350 aircraft were expected to be ordered, with further purchases leading to over 1,000 aircraft being purchased overall. In January 2013, Alenia Aermacchi signed a letter of intent with General Dynamics C4 Systems, who intended to serve as the prime contractor for the T X bid; however, General Dynamics announced their withdrawal in March 2015. On January 1, 2016, Alenia Aermacchi was absorbed into Leonardo S. p. A. In February 2016, it was announced that Raytheon, which would serve as the prime contractor, had teamed up with Leonardo to offer an advanced variant of the M 346 for the T X program called the T 100. On 25 January 2017, Raytheon announced that it had withdrawn as prime contractor and American partner in the T X competition. One of the sticking points had been price per unit: at the time the M 346 had a flyaway cost of $25 million, but Raytheon wanted Leonardo to reduce that by 30%. On 8 February 2017, Leonardo confirmed that it would remain in the T X competition alone, with Leonardo DRS, its American subsidiary, serving as prime contractor. In September 2017, it was announced that the T X program had selected the rival Boeing T 7 Red Hawk submission instead.

In October 2016, the Argentine Air Force also evaluated the M 346 as a potential combat fighter to replace the Dassault Mirage III and Mirage 5 aircraft it had retired in 2015, as well as the Douglas A 4R aircraft that remain in service with only limited capability. Argentina is speculated to be interested in 10 to 12 aircraft.

On 20 February 2020, the president of Azerbaijan announced that the country would buy an undisclosed number of M 346s. The Azerbaijani Air and Air Defence Force has a requirement to augment and replace its Soviet era Mikoyan MiG 29, Sukhoi Su 25, and Aero L 39 Albatros jets. The number of aircraft to be purchased is between 10 and 25 (10 plus an option for 15). Azerbaijani military leaders also considered the Yak 130 for the trainer requirement but selected the M 346 despite its higher price because of its lighter weight and higher maneuverability and problems with manufacturing of the engines for Yak 130. The official said the order involved delivery of 48 aircraft to be used for pilot training and light attack duties. A final request for proposals in 2010 had set the requirement at 20 trainers, 20 aircraft for combat duties, and the remainder would go toward the creation of an aerobatic team. However, by January 2010, negotiations to sign a contract had reportedly stalled over specifications. On 18 November 2011, the prototype, which had been on display at the Dubai Airshow, crashed after departing Dubai on return to Italy. The Advance European Pilot Training (AEPTJ) program – unofficially called Eurotraining – a consortium of 12 European nations to give advance & lead in fighter training with a common core course and training provided by a common aircraft – has contacted Alenia Aermacchi through the European Defence agency in 2010, for further information on the M 346. In May 2013, Alenia Aermacchi announced that the AEPTJ held a low priority for the firm and that " progress has been slow." On 11 May 2013, an Alenia operated M 346 crashed near the village of Piana Crixia, in Val Bormida, between the provinces of Cuneo and Savona, Italy, during a test flight. The pilot was able to eject successfully and survived the crash, but received serious injuries after jumping from the tree where his parachute had been entangled. The type was grounded for more than three months while the cause of the crash was investigated. In July 2021, Leonardo made a submission to the Irish Commission on the Defence Forces presenting the M 346FA as a light multi role fighter and advanced trainer for the Irish Air Corps. The commission has multiple tasks, including determining the future capability requirements for the Irish Defence Forces. Currently, the Irish Air Corps has a very limited air combat capability with eight Pilatus PC 9M training/light attack aircraft. The M 346FA could be a cheaper alternative to more expensive fighters and would be Ireland's first combat jet aircraft since the retirement of the six Fouga CM.170 Magister aircraft in 1999. In comparison to Ireland's current air combat capability, the M 346FA would be considered by many to be a step up, introducing features such as air to air missiles and onboard radar.