Введение
Мурсили III, также известный как Урхи Тешуб, был царем хеттов, взошедшим на трон Хеттской империи (Нового царства) в Тархунтассе после смерти своего отца. Он приходился двоюродным братом Тудалии IV и царице Маатхорнеферуре. Он правил приблизительно в 1282–1275 гг. до н.э. (средняя хронология) или в 1272–1265 гг. до н.э. (короткая хронология).
Биография
Он был старшим из выживших сыновей Муватали II. Он был внуком Мурсили II. Во время своего правления Мурсили III вернул столицу из Тархунтассы (как это было при Муватали) обратно в Хаттусу (KBo 21.15 i 11 12). Однако ассирийцы захватили Ханигальбат, что серьезно подорвало его легитимность как правителя Хеттской империи. На седьмом году правления Мурсили III напал и захватил контроль над региональными опорными пунктами своего дяди Хаттусили – Хакписсы и Нерика – в пределах Хеттской империи, чтобы устранить Хаттусили как угрозу престолу. Хакписса служила центром власти Хаттусили, а Нерик находился под его влиянием благодаря занимаемой должности верховного жреца. Затем Хаттусили в известном тексте говорит: «Семь лет я подчинялся [царю]. Но по божественному велению и по настоянию людей, Урхи Тешуб попытался уничтожить меня. Он отнял у меня Хакписсу и Нерик. Теперь я больше не буду ему подчиняться. Я объявил ему войну. Но я не совершил преступления, восставая против него с колесницами или во дворце. Я обратился к нему цивилизованно: «Ты начал вражду со мной. Теперь ты – Великий царь, а я – царь всего лишь одной крепости. Это всё, что ты мне оставил. Приди же! Иштар…»
"For seven years I submitted [to the king]. But at a divine command and with human urging, Urhi Tesub sought to destroy me. He took Hakpissa and Nerik from me. Now I submitted to him no longer. I made war against him. But I committed no crime in doing so, by rising up against him with chariots or in the palace. In civilised manner I communicated thus with him: 'You have begun hostilities with me. Now you are Great King, but I am king of only one fortress. That is all you have left me. Come! [[Ishtar
Consequently, Mursili III's reign was seven years. In the subsequent revolt, Hatusilli gathered a considerable force. This included natural allies from his local strongholds of Nerik and Hakpissa, as well as many non aligned Hittites who were impressed with his record of service to the Hittite Empire. His strategic military victory over Ramesses II of Egypt in the 1274 BC Battle of Kadesh was favourably contrasted with the rather "undistinguished and largely unproven occupant of the throne of Hattusa" – Urhi Teshub/Mursilis III – who had lost Hanigalbat to Assyria in his reign. Hattusili's forces even included elements of the Kaska peoples who were sworn enemies of the Hittites. Hatusilli quickly defeated Mursili III and seized the throne from his nephew; he then succeeded to power as King Hattusili III. After his victory, Hattusili appointed Mursili's brother or brother in law, Kurunta, as the vassal king over Tarhuntassa in order to win the latter's loyalty. [[File:Sirkeli entferntes Relief2. jpg|thumb|The erased rock relief at Sirkeli Höyük that is believed to be of Mursili III
Mursili fled to Egypt, the land of his country's enemy, after the failure of his plots to oust his uncle from the throne. Hattusili III responded to this event by demanding that Ramesses II extradite his nephew back to Hatti. This letter precipitated a crisis in relations between Egypt and Hatti when Ramesses denied any knowledge of Mursili's whereabouts in his country and the two empires came dangerously close to war. However, both kings eventually decided to resolve the issue by making peace in Year 21 of Ramesses II. An extradition clause was also included in the treaty. Mursili III soon thereafter disappears from history after his sojourn in Egypt. Mursili III seemingly had a son. A certain Hartapu calls himself a great king and son of the great king Mursili, who normally is identified with Mursili III. Hartapu likely has ruled Tarhuntassa in the 2nd half of the 13th century BC.
Следовательно, правление Мурсили III длилось семь лет. В последовавшем восстании Хаттусили собрал значительные силы. В их числе были естественные союзники из его местных опорных пунктов Нерик и Хакписса, а также многие хетты, не примкнувшие ни к одной стороне, впечатленные его службой Хеттской империи. Его стратегическая военная победа над Рамсесом II в битве при Кадеше в 1274 г. до н.э. резко контрастировала с «непримечательным и в значительной степени недоказанным правителем трона Хаттусы» – Урхи Тешубом/Мурсилисом III, который потерял Ханигальбат в пользу Ассирии во время своего правления. В войсках Хаттусили даже были представители народа каска, извечных врагов хеттов. Хаттусили быстро победил Мурсили III и отстранил его от трона; затем он сам стал царём Хаттусили III. После победы Хаттусили назначил брата или шурина Мурсили, Курунту, вассальным царём Тархунтассы, чтобы обеспечить его лояльность. [[Файл:Sirkeli entferntes Relief2. jpg|thumb|Стертый рельеф в Сиркели-Хёйюке, предположительно изображающий Мурсили III]]
"For seven years I submitted [to the king]. But at a divine command and with human urging, Urhi Tesub sought to destroy me. He took Hakpissa and Nerik from me. Now I submitted to him no longer. I made war against him. But I committed no crime in doing so, by rising up against him with chariots or in the palace. In civilised manner I communicated thus with him: 'You have begun hostilities with me. Now you are Great King, but I am king of only one fortress. That is all you have left me. Come! [[Ishtar
Consequently, Mursili III's reign was seven years. In the subsequent revolt, Hatusilli gathered a considerable force. This included natural allies from his local strongholds of Nerik and Hakpissa, as well as many non aligned Hittites who were impressed with his record of service to the Hittite Empire. His strategic military victory over Ramesses II of Egypt in the 1274 BC Battle of Kadesh was favourably contrasted with the rather "undistinguished and largely unproven occupant of the throne of Hattusa" – Urhi Teshub/Mursilis III – who had lost Hanigalbat to Assyria in his reign. Hattusili's forces even included elements of the Kaska peoples who were sworn enemies of the Hittites. Hatusilli quickly defeated Mursili III and seized the throne from his nephew; he then succeeded to power as King Hattusili III. After his victory, Hattusili appointed Mursili's brother or brother in law, Kurunta, as the vassal king over Tarhuntassa in order to win the latter's loyalty. [[File:Sirkeli entferntes Relief2. jpg|thumb|The erased rock relief at Sirkeli Höyük that is believed to be of Mursili III
Mursili fled to Egypt, the land of his country's enemy, after the failure of his plots to oust his uncle from the throne. Hattusili III responded to this event by demanding that Ramesses II extradite his nephew back to Hatti. This letter precipitated a crisis in relations between Egypt and Hatti when Ramesses denied any knowledge of Mursili's whereabouts in his country and the two empires came dangerously close to war. However, both kings eventually decided to resolve the issue by making peace in Year 21 of Ramesses II. An extradition clause was also included in the treaty. Mursili III soon thereafter disappears from history after his sojourn in Egypt. Mursili III seemingly had a son. A certain Hartapu calls himself a great king and son of the great king Mursili, who normally is identified with Mursili III. Hartapu likely has ruled Tarhuntassa in the 2nd half of the 13th century BC.
Мурсили бежал в Египет, страну врага его народа, после провала его заговоров по свержению дяди. Хаттусили III отреагировал на это, потребовав от Рамсеса II выдать его племянника в Хатти. Это письмо спровоцировало кризис в отношениях между Египтом и Хатти, когда Рамзес отрицал знание о местонахождении Мурсили в его стране, и две империи оказались на грани войны. Однако оба царя в конечном итоге решили урегулировать вопрос, заключив мир на 21-м году правления Рамсеса II. В договор также было включено положение об экстрадиции. Вскоре после этого Мурсили III исчезает из истории после пребывания в Египте. У Мурсили III, по-видимому, был сын. Некий Хартапу называет себя великим царём и сыном великого царя Мурсили, которого обычно отождествляют с Мурсили III. Хартапу, вероятно, правил Тархунтассой во второй половине XIII века до н.э.
"For seven years I submitted [to the king]. But at a divine command and with human urging, Urhi Tesub sought to destroy me. He took Hakpissa and Nerik from me. Now I submitted to him no longer. I made war against him. But I committed no crime in doing so, by rising up against him with chariots or in the palace. In civilised manner I communicated thus with him: 'You have begun hostilities with me. Now you are Great King, but I am king of only one fortress. That is all you have left me. Come! [[Ishtar
Consequently, Mursili III's reign was seven years. In the subsequent revolt, Hatusilli gathered a considerable force. This included natural allies from his local strongholds of Nerik and Hakpissa, as well as many non aligned Hittites who were impressed with his record of service to the Hittite Empire. His strategic military victory over Ramesses II of Egypt in the 1274 BC Battle of Kadesh was favourably contrasted with the rather "undistinguished and largely unproven occupant of the throne of Hattusa" – Urhi Teshub/Mursilis III – who had lost Hanigalbat to Assyria in his reign. Hattusili's forces even included elements of the Kaska peoples who were sworn enemies of the Hittites. Hatusilli quickly defeated Mursili III and seized the throne from his nephew; he then succeeded to power as King Hattusili III. After his victory, Hattusili appointed Mursili's brother or brother in law, Kurunta, as the vassal king over Tarhuntassa in order to win the latter's loyalty. [[File:Sirkeli entferntes Relief2. jpg|thumb|The erased rock relief at Sirkeli Höyük that is believed to be of Mursili III
Mursili fled to Egypt, the land of his country's enemy, after the failure of his plots to oust his uncle from the throne. Hattusili III responded to this event by demanding that Ramesses II extradite his nephew back to Hatti. This letter precipitated a crisis in relations between Egypt and Hatti when Ramesses denied any knowledge of Mursili's whereabouts in his country and the two empires came dangerously close to war. However, both kings eventually decided to resolve the issue by making peace in Year 21 of Ramesses II. An extradition clause was also included in the treaty. Mursili III soon thereafter disappears from history after his sojourn in Egypt. Mursili III seemingly had a son. A certain Hartapu calls himself a great king and son of the great king Mursili, who normally is identified with Mursili III. Hartapu likely has ruled Tarhuntassa in the 2nd half of the 13th century BC.
В популярной культуре
В романе "Потерянная доблесть любви" Э. А. Картера одним из главных героев является Урхи Тешуб.