Введение
Персидский титул Падишах (پادشاه; от персидского: pād [или древнеперсидского: *pati], 'хозяин' и shāh, 'король'), иногда транслитерируемый как padeshah, patshah, padshah или badshah (پادشاه; padişah, ; , ), является высшим суверенным титулом персидского происхождения. Форма слова известна уже из среднеперсидского, или языка пахлави, как pātaxšā(h) или pādixšā(y). Среднеперсидский *pād может происходить от авестанского *paiti и соотносится с титулом Pati. *Xšāy, 'править', и *xšāyaθiya, 'король', восходят к древнеперсидскому. Он был принят рядом монархов, претендующих на высший ранг, приблизительно эквивалентный древнеперсидскому понятию «Великий царь», а позднее – правителями после Ахеменидов и могольскими императорами Индии. Однако в некоторые периоды он использовался более широко для обозначения независимых мусульманских правителей, как, например, в «Худуд аль-Алам» X века, где даже некоторые мелкие князья Афганистана именуются pādshā(h)/pādshāʼi/pādshāy. Следующие монархи носили титул Падишах – первые два фактически командовавшие крупными западноазиатскими империями:
Padishah (پادشاه; ; from Persian: pād [or Old Persian: *pati], 'master', and shāh, 'king'), sometimes romanised as padeshah, patshah, padshah or badshah (پادشاه; ; padişah, ; , ), is a superlative sovereign title of Persian origin. A form of the word is known already from Middle Persian, or Pahlavi language, as pātaxšā(h) or pādixšā(y). Middle Persian pād may stem from Avestan paiti, and is akin to Pati (title). Xšāy, "to rule", and xšāyaθiya, "king", are from Old Persian. It was adopted by several monarchs claiming the highest rank, roughly equivalent to the ancient Persian notion of "Great King", and later adopted by post Achaemenid and the Mughal emperors of India. However, in some periods it was used more generally for autonomous Muslim rulers, as in the Hudud al 'Alam of the 10th century, where even some petty princes of Afghanistan are called pādshā(h)/pādshāʼi/pādshāy. The rulers on the following thrones – the first two effectively commanding major West Asian empires – were styled Padishah:
The Shahanshah of Iran, originating mainly with the Safavids
The Padishah of the Ottoman Empire
The Badshah of Hindustan, used by the Mughals
Some Seljuk rulers, like Grand Seljuk Ahmad Sanjar (as padishah i sharq u gharb, a translation of the Arabic malik al mashriq wa al maghrib [King of the East and the West]), Sultan of Rum Kaykhusraw I (as Padishah of Islam), and Sultan of Rum Kayqubad I (as pādshāh). Mongol Ilkhan Ghazan took the title Padshah i Islam after he converted to Islam in 1295, possibly in order to undermine the religious prestige of the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt. The title Ilkhan, that came into use c. 1259–1265, may be an equivalent of Padishah, if it is taken to mean "sovereign khan" (and not "subordinate khan" as often posited). Miangul Golshahzada Abdul Wadud (predecessor styled Amir i shariat, successors [Khān and] Wali) of the Pakistani North West Frontier state of Swat, who called himself badshah from November 1918 to March 1926. Ahmad Shah Durrani, who founded the Durrani Empire in 1747 with the title Pādshah i Afghanistan in Persian and Badcha Da Afghanistan in the Pashto language. The Sadduzai were overthrown in 1823 but there was a brief restoration by Shah Shujah in 1839 with the help of British India & Ranjit Singh and the Sikh Empire. The title became dormant from his assassination in 1842 until 1926 when Amanullah Khan resurrected it (official from 1937) and was finally laid to rest with the abdication of Mohammed Zahir Shah in 1973 following a coup; at other times the Afghan monarchy used the style Emir (Amir al Momenin) or Malik ("King"). The last Basha bey of Tunisia, Muhammad VIII al Amin (proclaimed bey on 15 May 1943), adopted the sovereign style padshah 20 March 1956 – 25 July 1957. The female monarch Razia of the Delhi Sultanate used the masculine title padshah. The compound Pādshah i Ghazi ("Victorious Emperor") is only recorded for two individual rulers:
Ahmad Shah Durrani, Emperor of the Durrani Empire
Rustam i Dauran, Aristu i Zaman, Asaf Jah IV, Muzaffar ul Mamaluk, Nizam ul Mulk, Nizam ud Daula, Nawab Mir Farkhunda 'Ali Khan Bahadur [Gufran Manzil], Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Ayn waffadar Fidvi i Senliena, Iqtidar i Kishwarsitan Muhammad Akbar Shah Padshah i Ghazi, Nizam of Hyderabad
The Sikhs usе the term Padishah for God and the 10 gurus. Padishah is also used for the 10th and last Guru of Sikhs Guru Gobind Singh. Like many titles, the word Padishah was also often used as a name, either by nobles with other (in this case always lower) styles, or even by commoners. Padshah Begum is the title of consorts of padishahs.
Шаханшах Ирана, происходящий главным образом из династии Сефевидов
Падишах Османской империи
Бадшах Индостана, использовавшийся моголами
Некоторые сельджукские правители, такие как великий сельджук Ахмад Санджар (как padishah i sharq u gharb, перевод арабского malik al mashriq wa al maghrib [Владыка Востока и Запада]), султан Рума Кайхусрав I (как Падишах Ислама) и султан Рума Кейкубад I (как pādshāh). Монгольский ильхан Газан принял титул Падишах Ислама после обращения в ислам в 1295 году, возможно, чтобы подорвать религиозный авторитет мамлюкского султаната в Египте. Титул Ильхан, появившийся около 1259–1265 годов, может быть эквивалентом Падишаха, если понимать его как «суверенный хан» (а не «подчинённый хан», как часто предполагается). Миангуль Голшахзада Абдул Вадуд (предшественник носил титул Амир и Шариат, преемники – [Хан и] Вали) из пакистанского Северо-Западной пограничной провинции Сват, именовал себя бадшахом с ноября 1918 года по март 1926 года. Ахмад Шах Дуррани, основавший империю Дуррани в 1747 году с титулом Pādshah i Afghanistan на персидском языке и Badcha Da Afghanistan на языке пушту. Саддузаи были свергнуты в 1823 году, но в 1839 году Шах Шуджа восстановил их при помощи Британской Индии и Ранджита Сингха и империи сикхов. Титул оставался неиспользуемым с момента его убийства в 1842 году до 1926 года, когда Аманулла Хан возродил его (официально с 1937 года), и окончательно был упразднён с отречением Мохаммеда Захира Шаха в 1973 году после государственного переворота; в другое время афганская монархия использовала титул Эмир (Амир аль-Моменин) или Малик («Царь»). Последний бей Баша Туниса, Мухаммад VIII аль-Амин (провозглашён беем 15 мая 1943 года), принял суверенный титул падшах 20 марта 1956 года – 25 июля 1957 года. Женщина-монарх Разия из Делийского султаната использовала мужской титул падшах. Соединение Pādshah i Ghazi («Победоносный император») зафиксировано лишь для двух правителей:
Padishah (پادشاه; ; from Persian: pād [or Old Persian: *pati], 'master', and shāh, 'king'), sometimes romanised as padeshah, patshah, padshah or badshah (پادشاه; ; padişah, ; , ), is a superlative sovereign title of Persian origin. A form of the word is known already from Middle Persian, or Pahlavi language, as pātaxšā(h) or pādixšā(y). Middle Persian pād may stem from Avestan paiti, and is akin to Pati (title). Xšāy, "to rule", and xšāyaθiya, "king", are from Old Persian. It was adopted by several monarchs claiming the highest rank, roughly equivalent to the ancient Persian notion of "Great King", and later adopted by post Achaemenid and the Mughal emperors of India. However, in some periods it was used more generally for autonomous Muslim rulers, as in the Hudud al 'Alam of the 10th century, where even some petty princes of Afghanistan are called pādshā(h)/pādshāʼi/pādshāy. The rulers on the following thrones – the first two effectively commanding major West Asian empires – were styled Padishah:
The Shahanshah of Iran, originating mainly with the Safavids
The Padishah of the Ottoman Empire
The Badshah of Hindustan, used by the Mughals
Some Seljuk rulers, like Grand Seljuk Ahmad Sanjar (as padishah i sharq u gharb, a translation of the Arabic malik al mashriq wa al maghrib [King of the East and the West]), Sultan of Rum Kaykhusraw I (as Padishah of Islam), and Sultan of Rum Kayqubad I (as pādshāh). Mongol Ilkhan Ghazan took the title Padshah i Islam after he converted to Islam in 1295, possibly in order to undermine the religious prestige of the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt. The title Ilkhan, that came into use c. 1259–1265, may be an equivalent of Padishah, if it is taken to mean "sovereign khan" (and not "subordinate khan" as often posited). Miangul Golshahzada Abdul Wadud (predecessor styled Amir i shariat, successors [Khān and] Wali) of the Pakistani North West Frontier state of Swat, who called himself badshah from November 1918 to March 1926. Ahmad Shah Durrani, who founded the Durrani Empire in 1747 with the title Pādshah i Afghanistan in Persian and Badcha Da Afghanistan in the Pashto language. The Sadduzai were overthrown in 1823 but there was a brief restoration by Shah Shujah in 1839 with the help of British India & Ranjit Singh and the Sikh Empire. The title became dormant from his assassination in 1842 until 1926 when Amanullah Khan resurrected it (official from 1937) and was finally laid to rest with the abdication of Mohammed Zahir Shah in 1973 following a coup; at other times the Afghan monarchy used the style Emir (Amir al Momenin) or Malik ("King"). The last Basha bey of Tunisia, Muhammad VIII al Amin (proclaimed bey on 15 May 1943), adopted the sovereign style padshah 20 March 1956 – 25 July 1957. The female monarch Razia of the Delhi Sultanate used the masculine title padshah. The compound Pādshah i Ghazi ("Victorious Emperor") is only recorded for two individual rulers:
Ahmad Shah Durrani, Emperor of the Durrani Empire
Rustam i Dauran, Aristu i Zaman, Asaf Jah IV, Muzaffar ul Mamaluk, Nizam ul Mulk, Nizam ud Daula, Nawab Mir Farkhunda 'Ali Khan Bahadur [Gufran Manzil], Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Ayn waffadar Fidvi i Senliena, Iqtidar i Kishwarsitan Muhammad Akbar Shah Padshah i Ghazi, Nizam of Hyderabad
The Sikhs usе the term Padishah for God and the 10 gurus. Padishah is also used for the 10th and last Guru of Sikhs Guru Gobind Singh. Like many titles, the word Padishah was also often used as a name, either by nobles with other (in this case always lower) styles, or even by commoners. Padshah Begum is the title of consorts of padishahs.
Ахмад Шах Дуррани, император империи Дуррани
Рустам и Дауран, Аристо и Заман, Асаф Джах IV, Музаффар-уль Мамалук, Низам-уль Мульк, Низам-уд Даула, Наваб Мир Фархунда Али Хан Бахадур [Гуфран Манзил], Сипах Салар, Фатх Джанг, Айн Вафдар Фидви и Сенлиена, Иктидар и Кишварситан Мухаммад Акбар Шах Падшах и Гази, Низам Хайдарабада
Padishah (پادشاه; ; from Persian: pād [or Old Persian: *pati], 'master', and shāh, 'king'), sometimes romanised as padeshah, patshah, padshah or badshah (پادشاه; ; padişah, ; , ), is a superlative sovereign title of Persian origin. A form of the word is known already from Middle Persian, or Pahlavi language, as pātaxšā(h) or pādixšā(y). Middle Persian pād may stem from Avestan paiti, and is akin to Pati (title). Xšāy, "to rule", and xšāyaθiya, "king", are from Old Persian. It was adopted by several monarchs claiming the highest rank, roughly equivalent to the ancient Persian notion of "Great King", and later adopted by post Achaemenid and the Mughal emperors of India. However, in some periods it was used more generally for autonomous Muslim rulers, as in the Hudud al 'Alam of the 10th century, where even some petty princes of Afghanistan are called pādshā(h)/pādshāʼi/pādshāy. The rulers on the following thrones – the first two effectively commanding major West Asian empires – were styled Padishah:
The Shahanshah of Iran, originating mainly with the Safavids
The Padishah of the Ottoman Empire
The Badshah of Hindustan, used by the Mughals
Some Seljuk rulers, like Grand Seljuk Ahmad Sanjar (as padishah i sharq u gharb, a translation of the Arabic malik al mashriq wa al maghrib [King of the East and the West]), Sultan of Rum Kaykhusraw I (as Padishah of Islam), and Sultan of Rum Kayqubad I (as pādshāh). Mongol Ilkhan Ghazan took the title Padshah i Islam after he converted to Islam in 1295, possibly in order to undermine the religious prestige of the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt. The title Ilkhan, that came into use c. 1259–1265, may be an equivalent of Padishah, if it is taken to mean "sovereign khan" (and not "subordinate khan" as often posited). Miangul Golshahzada Abdul Wadud (predecessor styled Amir i shariat, successors [Khān and] Wali) of the Pakistani North West Frontier state of Swat, who called himself badshah from November 1918 to March 1926. Ahmad Shah Durrani, who founded the Durrani Empire in 1747 with the title Pādshah i Afghanistan in Persian and Badcha Da Afghanistan in the Pashto language. The Sadduzai were overthrown in 1823 but there was a brief restoration by Shah Shujah in 1839 with the help of British India & Ranjit Singh and the Sikh Empire. The title became dormant from his assassination in 1842 until 1926 when Amanullah Khan resurrected it (official from 1937) and was finally laid to rest with the abdication of Mohammed Zahir Shah in 1973 following a coup; at other times the Afghan monarchy used the style Emir (Amir al Momenin) or Malik ("King"). The last Basha bey of Tunisia, Muhammad VIII al Amin (proclaimed bey on 15 May 1943), adopted the sovereign style padshah 20 March 1956 – 25 July 1957. The female monarch Razia of the Delhi Sultanate used the masculine title padshah. The compound Pādshah i Ghazi ("Victorious Emperor") is only recorded for two individual rulers:
Ahmad Shah Durrani, Emperor of the Durrani Empire
Rustam i Dauran, Aristu i Zaman, Asaf Jah IV, Muzaffar ul Mamaluk, Nizam ul Mulk, Nizam ud Daula, Nawab Mir Farkhunda 'Ali Khan Bahadur [Gufran Manzil], Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Ayn waffadar Fidvi i Senliena, Iqtidar i Kishwarsitan Muhammad Akbar Shah Padshah i Ghazi, Nizam of Hyderabad
The Sikhs usе the term Padishah for God and the 10 gurus. Padishah is also used for the 10th and last Guru of Sikhs Guru Gobind Singh. Like many titles, the word Padishah was also often used as a name, either by nobles with other (in this case always lower) styles, or even by commoners. Padshah Begum is the title of consorts of padishahs.
Сикхи используют термин Падишах для обозначения Бога и десяти гуру. Падишах также используется для обозначения десятого и последнего гуру сикхов, Гуру Гобинд Сингха. Как и многие титулы, слово Падишах часто использовалось в качестве имени, либо дворянами с другими (в данном случае всегда более низкими) титулами, либо даже простолюдинами. Падшах Бегум – титул супруг падишахов.
Padishah (پادشاه; ; from Persian: pād [or Old Persian: *pati], 'master', and shāh, 'king'), sometimes romanised as padeshah, patshah, padshah or badshah (پادشاه; ; padişah, ; , ), is a superlative sovereign title of Persian origin. A form of the word is known already from Middle Persian, or Pahlavi language, as pātaxšā(h) or pādixšā(y). Middle Persian pād may stem from Avestan paiti, and is akin to Pati (title). Xšāy, "to rule", and xšāyaθiya, "king", are from Old Persian. It was adopted by several monarchs claiming the highest rank, roughly equivalent to the ancient Persian notion of "Great King", and later adopted by post Achaemenid and the Mughal emperors of India. However, in some periods it was used more generally for autonomous Muslim rulers, as in the Hudud al 'Alam of the 10th century, where even some petty princes of Afghanistan are called pādshā(h)/pādshāʼi/pādshāy. The rulers on the following thrones – the first two effectively commanding major West Asian empires – were styled Padishah:
The Shahanshah of Iran, originating mainly with the Safavids
The Padishah of the Ottoman Empire
The Badshah of Hindustan, used by the Mughals
Some Seljuk rulers, like Grand Seljuk Ahmad Sanjar (as padishah i sharq u gharb, a translation of the Arabic malik al mashriq wa al maghrib [King of the East and the West]), Sultan of Rum Kaykhusraw I (as Padishah of Islam), and Sultan of Rum Kayqubad I (as pādshāh). Mongol Ilkhan Ghazan took the title Padshah i Islam after he converted to Islam in 1295, possibly in order to undermine the religious prestige of the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt. The title Ilkhan, that came into use c. 1259–1265, may be an equivalent of Padishah, if it is taken to mean "sovereign khan" (and not "subordinate khan" as often posited). Miangul Golshahzada Abdul Wadud (predecessor styled Amir i shariat, successors [Khān and] Wali) of the Pakistani North West Frontier state of Swat, who called himself badshah from November 1918 to March 1926. Ahmad Shah Durrani, who founded the Durrani Empire in 1747 with the title Pādshah i Afghanistan in Persian and Badcha Da Afghanistan in the Pashto language. The Sadduzai were overthrown in 1823 but there was a brief restoration by Shah Shujah in 1839 with the help of British India & Ranjit Singh and the Sikh Empire. The title became dormant from his assassination in 1842 until 1926 when Amanullah Khan resurrected it (official from 1937) and was finally laid to rest with the abdication of Mohammed Zahir Shah in 1973 following a coup; at other times the Afghan monarchy used the style Emir (Amir al Momenin) or Malik ("King"). The last Basha bey of Tunisia, Muhammad VIII al Amin (proclaimed bey on 15 May 1943), adopted the sovereign style padshah 20 March 1956 – 25 July 1957. The female monarch Razia of the Delhi Sultanate used the masculine title padshah. The compound Pādshah i Ghazi ("Victorious Emperor") is only recorded for two individual rulers:
Ahmad Shah Durrani, Emperor of the Durrani Empire
Rustam i Dauran, Aristu i Zaman, Asaf Jah IV, Muzaffar ul Mamaluk, Nizam ul Mulk, Nizam ud Daula, Nawab Mir Farkhunda 'Ali Khan Bahadur [Gufran Manzil], Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Ayn waffadar Fidvi i Senliena, Iqtidar i Kishwarsitan Muhammad Akbar Shah Padshah i Ghazi, Nizam of Hyderabad
The Sikhs usе the term Padishah for God and the 10 gurus. Padishah is also used for the 10th and last Guru of Sikhs Guru Gobind Singh. Like many titles, the word Padishah was also often used as a name, either by nobles with other (in this case always lower) styles, or even by commoners. Padshah Begum is the title of consorts of padishahs.
Османская империя
В Османской империи титул падишаха был исключительно зарезервирован для османского султана, поскольку османская канцелярия редко и неохотно именовала иностранных монархов падишахами. Императорам Габсбургов, соответственно, этот титул не присваивался и к ним обращались лишь как к "королям Вены" (beç kıralı). Мир в Зситватореке в 1606 году стал первым случаем, когда Высокая Порта признала Рудольфа II равным падишаху. Договор в Кучук-Кайнарджи в 1774 году предоставил аналогичные привилегии Российской империи.
В османских источниках
Согласно «Искендернаме» Ахмеди, одному из самых ранних османских источников, Орхан и Мурад I, помимо титулов султан и бей, также носили титул падишах.