Введение
Династия Сефевидов (1501–1736) – правящая династия Ирана, придерживавшаяся учения двенадцати имамов (/'s//æ//f//ə//v//ɪ//d//, /'/s//ɑː//; دودمان صفوی, ). Она была одной из наиболее значимых династий в истории Ирана, правившей с 1501 по 1736 год. Её правление часто рассматривается как начало современной иранской истории, а также как одна из "пороховых империй". Шах Сефевид Исмаил I утвердил двенадцатишаитское направление ислама в качестве государственной религии Персидской империи, что стало одним из важнейших поворотных моментов в истории ислама. Династия Сефевидов берет свое начало в суфийском ордене Сефеви, основанном в городе Ардабиле, в иранском Азербайджане. Это была иранская династия курдского происхождения, однако в период своего правления представители династии заключали браки с туркменскими, грузинскими, черкесскими и понтийскими греческими вельможами. Тем не менее, для практических целей они говорили на турецком языке и были тюркизированы. Исходя из своей базы в Ардабиле, Сефевиды установили контроль над частями Большого Ирана и вновь утвердили иранскую идентичность региона, став первой коренной династией со времен империи Сасанидов, создавшей национальное государство, официально известное как Иран. Сефевиды правили с 1501 по 1722 год (с кратковременным восстановлением в период с 1729 по 1736 год и с 1750 по 1773 год) и в период своего расцвета контролировали территории, включающие современный Иран, Азербайджан, Бахрейн, Армению, восточную Грузию, части Северного Кавказа, включая Россию, Ирак, Кувейт и Афганистан, а также части Турции, Сирии, Пакистана, Туркменистана и Узбекистана. Несмотря на падение династии в 1736 году, её наследием стало возрождение Ирана как экономического центра между Востоком и Западом, создание эффективного государства и бюрократии, основанной на принципе разделения властей, архитектурные инновации и покровительство изящным искусствам. Представители династии считались потомками исламского пророка Мухаммеда, хотя многие ученые ставят под сомнение это утверждение. В настоящее время среди ученых существует консенсус относительно того, что семья Сефевидов происходила из иранского Курдистана.
The Safavid dynasty (/'//s//æ//f//ə//v//ɪ//d//, /'/s//ɑː// /; دودمان صفوی, ) was one of Iran's most significant ruling dynasties reigning from 1501 to 1736. Their rule is often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history, as well as one of the gunpowder empires. The Safavid Shāh Ismā'īl I established the Twelver denomination of Shīʿa Islam as the official religion of the Persian Empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam. The Safavid dynasty had its origin in the Safavid order of Sufism, which was established in the city of Ardabil in the Iranian Azerbaijan region. It was an Iranian dynasty of Kurdish origin, but during their rule they intermarried with Turkoman, Georgian, Circassian, and Pontic Greek dignitaries, nevertheless, for practical purposes, they were Turkish speaking and Turkified. From their base in Ardabil, the Safavids established control over parts of Greater Iran and reasserted the Iranian identity of the region, thus becoming the first native dynasty since the Sasanian Empire to establish a national state officially known as Iran. The Safavids ruled from 1501 to 1722 (experiencing a brief restoration from 1729 to 1736 and 1750 to 1773) and, at their height, controlled all of what is now Iran, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Armenia, eastern Georgia, parts of the North Caucasus including Russia, Iraq, Kuwait, and Afghanistan, as well as parts of Turkey, Syria, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Despite their demise in 1736, the legacy that they left behind was the revival of Iran as an economic stronghold between East and West, the establishment of an efficient state and bureaucracy based upon "checks and balances", their architectural innovations, and patronage for fine arts. family descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, although many scholars have cast doubt on this claim. There seems now to be a consensus among scholars that the Safavid family hailed from Iranian Kurdistan,
According to historians, including Vladimir Minorsky and Roger Savory, the Safavids were Turkish speakers of Iranian origin:
By the time of the establishment of the Safavid empire, the members of the family were Turkicized and Turkish speaking, and some of the Shahs composed poems in their then native Turkish language. Concurrently, the Shahs themselves also supported Persian literature, poetry and art projects including the grand Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp, while members of the family and some Shahs composed Persian poetry as well. The authority of the Safavids was religiously based, and their claim to legitimacy was founded on being direct male descendants of Ali, the cousin and son in law of Muhammad, and regarded by the Shiʻa as the first Imam. Furthermore, the dynasty was from the very start thoroughly intermarried with both Pontic Greek as well as Georgian lines. In addition, from the official establishment of the dynasty in 1501, the dynasty would continue to have many intermarriages with both Circassian as well as again Georgian dignitaries, especially with the accession of Tahmasp I.
По мнению историков, включая Владимира Минорского и Роджера Савори, Сефевиды были тюркскоговорящими иранцами:
The Safavid dynasty (/'//s//æ//f//ə//v//ɪ//d//, /'/s//ɑː// /; دودمان صفوی, ) was one of Iran's most significant ruling dynasties reigning from 1501 to 1736. Their rule is often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history, as well as one of the gunpowder empires. The Safavid Shāh Ismā'īl I established the Twelver denomination of Shīʿa Islam as the official religion of the Persian Empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam. The Safavid dynasty had its origin in the Safavid order of Sufism, which was established in the city of Ardabil in the Iranian Azerbaijan region. It was an Iranian dynasty of Kurdish origin, but during their rule they intermarried with Turkoman, Georgian, Circassian, and Pontic Greek dignitaries, nevertheless, for practical purposes, they were Turkish speaking and Turkified. From their base in Ardabil, the Safavids established control over parts of Greater Iran and reasserted the Iranian identity of the region, thus becoming the first native dynasty since the Sasanian Empire to establish a national state officially known as Iran. The Safavids ruled from 1501 to 1722 (experiencing a brief restoration from 1729 to 1736 and 1750 to 1773) and, at their height, controlled all of what is now Iran, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Armenia, eastern Georgia, parts of the North Caucasus including Russia, Iraq, Kuwait, and Afghanistan, as well as parts of Turkey, Syria, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Despite their demise in 1736, the legacy that they left behind was the revival of Iran as an economic stronghold between East and West, the establishment of an efficient state and bureaucracy based upon "checks and balances", their architectural innovations, and patronage for fine arts. family descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, although many scholars have cast doubt on this claim. There seems now to be a consensus among scholars that the Safavid family hailed from Iranian Kurdistan,
According to historians, including Vladimir Minorsky and Roger Savory, the Safavids were Turkish speakers of Iranian origin:
By the time of the establishment of the Safavid empire, the members of the family were Turkicized and Turkish speaking, and some of the Shahs composed poems in their then native Turkish language. Concurrently, the Shahs themselves also supported Persian literature, poetry and art projects including the grand Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp, while members of the family and some Shahs composed Persian poetry as well. The authority of the Safavids was religiously based, and their claim to legitimacy was founded on being direct male descendants of Ali, the cousin and son in law of Muhammad, and regarded by the Shiʻa as the first Imam. Furthermore, the dynasty was from the very start thoroughly intermarried with both Pontic Greek as well as Georgian lines. In addition, from the official establishment of the dynasty in 1501, the dynasty would continue to have many intermarriages with both Circassian as well as again Georgian dignitaries, especially with the accession of Tahmasp I.
К моменту основания империи Сефевидов члены семьи были тюркизированы и говорили на турецком языке, а некоторые шахи сочиняли стихи на своем тогдашнем родном турецком языке. Одновременно шахи поддерживали персидскую литературу, поэзию и художественные проекты, включая величественный "Шахнаме" Шаха Тахмаспа, в то время как члены семьи и некоторые шахи также сочиняли стихи на персидском языке. Власть Сефевидов основывалась на религиозных принципах, а их претензии на легитимность строились на утверждении о прямом мужском происхождении от Али, двоюродного брата и зятя Мухаммеда, которого шииты считают первым имамом. Кроме того, династия с самого начала активно заключала браки с представителями понтийских греков и грузинских родов. Более того, с момента официального основания династии в 1501 году продолжались многочисленные браки с черкесскими и грузинскими вельможами, особенно после восшествия на престол Тахмаспа I.
The Safavid dynasty (/'//s//æ//f//ə//v//ɪ//d//, /'/s//ɑː// /; دودمان صفوی, ) was one of Iran's most significant ruling dynasties reigning from 1501 to 1736. Their rule is often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history, as well as one of the gunpowder empires. The Safavid Shāh Ismā'īl I established the Twelver denomination of Shīʿa Islam as the official religion of the Persian Empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam. The Safavid dynasty had its origin in the Safavid order of Sufism, which was established in the city of Ardabil in the Iranian Azerbaijan region. It was an Iranian dynasty of Kurdish origin, but during their rule they intermarried with Turkoman, Georgian, Circassian, and Pontic Greek dignitaries, nevertheless, for practical purposes, they were Turkish speaking and Turkified. From their base in Ardabil, the Safavids established control over parts of Greater Iran and reasserted the Iranian identity of the region, thus becoming the first native dynasty since the Sasanian Empire to establish a national state officially known as Iran. The Safavids ruled from 1501 to 1722 (experiencing a brief restoration from 1729 to 1736 and 1750 to 1773) and, at their height, controlled all of what is now Iran, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Armenia, eastern Georgia, parts of the North Caucasus including Russia, Iraq, Kuwait, and Afghanistan, as well as parts of Turkey, Syria, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Despite their demise in 1736, the legacy that they left behind was the revival of Iran as an economic stronghold between East and West, the establishment of an efficient state and bureaucracy based upon "checks and balances", their architectural innovations, and patronage for fine arts. family descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, although many scholars have cast doubt on this claim. There seems now to be a consensus among scholars that the Safavid family hailed from Iranian Kurdistan,
According to historians, including Vladimir Minorsky and Roger Savory, the Safavids were Turkish speakers of Iranian origin:
By the time of the establishment of the Safavid empire, the members of the family were Turkicized and Turkish speaking, and some of the Shahs composed poems in their then native Turkish language. Concurrently, the Shahs themselves also supported Persian literature, poetry and art projects including the grand Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp, while members of the family and some Shahs composed Persian poetry as well. The authority of the Safavids was religiously based, and their claim to legitimacy was founded on being direct male descendants of Ali, the cousin and son in law of Muhammad, and regarded by the Shiʻa as the first Imam. Furthermore, the dynasty was from the very start thoroughly intermarried with both Pontic Greek as well as Georgian lines. In addition, from the official establishment of the dynasty in 1501, the dynasty would continue to have many intermarriages with both Circassian as well as again Georgian dignitaries, especially with the accession of Tahmasp I.
Культура
Семейство Сефевидов было грамотным с момента своего основания. Сохранились татийские и персидские стихотворения шейха Сафи ад-дина Ардабили, а также персидские стихотворения шейха Садра ад-дина. Большая часть сохранившейся поэзии Шаха Исмаила I написана под азербайджанским псевдонимом Хатаи. Сам Мирза, сын Шаха Исмаила, и некоторые более поздние авторы утверждают, что Исмаил сочинял стихи как на турецком, так и на персидском языках, однако до наших дней дошло лишь немного образцов его персидской поэзии. Сборник его стихов на азербайджанском языке был опубликован в виде Дивана. Шах Тахмасп, писавший стихи на персидском языке, также был художником, а Шах Аббас II известен как поэт, сочинявший стихи на азербайджанском языке. Сам Мирза, сын Исмаила I, сам был поэтом и писал свои стихи на персидском языке. Он также составил антологию современной поэзии.