Введение
Местоположение, в окрестности которого функция проявляет нерегулярное поведение. Существенные сингулярности вещественнозначных функций.
essential singularities of real valued functions
В комплексном анализе существенная сингулярность функции — это "сильная" сингулярность, вблизи которой функция демонстрирует выраженное поведение. Категория существенной сингулярности представляет собой "оставшуюся" или базовую группу изолированных сингулярностей, которые особенно сложны в обработке: по определению они не подпадают ни под одну из двух других категорий сингулярностей, с которыми можно как-то справиться — устранимые сингулярности и полюса. На практике некоторые исследователи также включают неизолированные сингулярности; у них нет вычета.
Официальное описание
Рассмотрим открытое подмножество комплексной плоскости. Пусть z – элемент этого подмножества, а f – голоморфная функция. Точка z называется существенной сингулярностью функции f, если эта сингулярность не является ни полюсом, ни устранимой сингулярностью. Например, функция e^(1/z) имеет существенную сингулярность в точке z=0.
Альтернативные описания
Пусть – комплексное число, и предположим, что не определено в точке , но является аналитической в некоторой области комплексной плоскости, и что каждое открытое окрестность имеет непустое пересечение с .
If both and exist, then is a removable singularity of both and
If exists but does not exist (in fact ), then is a zero of and a pole of
Similarly, if does not exist (in fact ) but exists, then is a pole of and a zero of
If neither nor exists, then is an essential singularity of both and
Another way to characterize an essential singularity is that the Laurent series of at the point has infinitely many negative degree terms (i. e., the principal part of the Laurent series is an infinite sum). A related definition is that if there is a point for which no derivative of converges to a limit as tends to , then is an essential singularity of
On a Riemann sphere with a point at infinity, , the function has an essential singularity at that point if and only if the has an essential singularity at 0: i. e. neither nor exists. The Riemann zeta function on the Riemann sphere has only one essential singularity, at Indeed, every meromorphic function aside that is not a rational function has a unique essential singularity at
The behavior of holomorphic functions near their essential singularities is described by the Casorati–Weierstrass theorem and by the considerably stronger Picard's great theorem. The latter says that in every neighborhood of an essential singularity , the function takes on every complex value, except possibly one, infinitely many times. (The exception is necessary; for example, the function never takes on the value 0.)
Если оба предела и существуют, то – устранимая особая точка как для , так и для .
If both and exist, then is a removable singularity of both and
If exists but does not exist (in fact ), then is a zero of and a pole of
Similarly, if does not exist (in fact ) but exists, then is a pole of and a zero of
If neither nor exists, then is an essential singularity of both and
Another way to characterize an essential singularity is that the Laurent series of at the point has infinitely many negative degree terms (i. e., the principal part of the Laurent series is an infinite sum). A related definition is that if there is a point for which no derivative of converges to a limit as tends to , then is an essential singularity of
On a Riemann sphere with a point at infinity, , the function has an essential singularity at that point if and only if the has an essential singularity at 0: i. e. neither nor exists. The Riemann zeta function on the Riemann sphere has only one essential singularity, at Indeed, every meromorphic function aside that is not a rational function has a unique essential singularity at
The behavior of holomorphic functions near their essential singularities is described by the Casorati–Weierstrass theorem and by the considerably stronger Picard's great theorem. The latter says that in every neighborhood of an essential singularity , the function takes on every complex value, except possibly one, infinitely many times. (The exception is necessary; for example, the function never takes on the value 0.)
Если существует, но не существует (фактически, ), то – нуль функции , а – полюс функции . Аналогично, если не существует (фактически, ), но существует, то – полюс функции , а – нуль функции .
If both and exist, then is a removable singularity of both and
If exists but does not exist (in fact ), then is a zero of and a pole of
Similarly, if does not exist (in fact ) but exists, then is a pole of and a zero of
If neither nor exists, then is an essential singularity of both and
Another way to characterize an essential singularity is that the Laurent series of at the point has infinitely many negative degree terms (i. e., the principal part of the Laurent series is an infinite sum). A related definition is that if there is a point for which no derivative of converges to a limit as tends to , then is an essential singularity of
On a Riemann sphere with a point at infinity, , the function has an essential singularity at that point if and only if the has an essential singularity at 0: i. e. neither nor exists. The Riemann zeta function on the Riemann sphere has only one essential singularity, at Indeed, every meromorphic function aside that is not a rational function has a unique essential singularity at
The behavior of holomorphic functions near their essential singularities is described by the Casorati–Weierstrass theorem and by the considerably stronger Picard's great theorem. The latter says that in every neighborhood of an essential singularity , the function takes on every complex value, except possibly one, infinitely many times. (The exception is necessary; for example, the function never takes on the value 0.)
Если ни , ни не существуют, то – существенная особая точка как для , так и для .
If both and exist, then is a removable singularity of both and
If exists but does not exist (in fact ), then is a zero of and a pole of
Similarly, if does not exist (in fact ) but exists, then is a pole of and a zero of
If neither nor exists, then is an essential singularity of both and
Another way to characterize an essential singularity is that the Laurent series of at the point has infinitely many negative degree terms (i. e., the principal part of the Laurent series is an infinite sum). A related definition is that if there is a point for which no derivative of converges to a limit as tends to , then is an essential singularity of
On a Riemann sphere with a point at infinity, , the function has an essential singularity at that point if and only if the has an essential singularity at 0: i. e. neither nor exists. The Riemann zeta function on the Riemann sphere has only one essential singularity, at Indeed, every meromorphic function aside that is not a rational function has a unique essential singularity at
The behavior of holomorphic functions near their essential singularities is described by the Casorati–Weierstrass theorem and by the considerably stronger Picard's great theorem. The latter says that in every neighborhood of an essential singularity , the function takes on every complex value, except possibly one, infinitely many times. (The exception is necessary; for example, the function never takes on the value 0.)
Другой способ характеризовать существенную особую точку заключается в том, что ряд Лорана функции в точке имеет бесконечно много членов с отрицательной степенью (то есть, главная часть ряда Лорана является бесконечной суммой). Связанное определение состоит в том, что если существует точка , для которой ни одна производная функции не стремится к пределу при стремящемся к , то – существенная особая точка функции .
If both and exist, then is a removable singularity of both and
If exists but does not exist (in fact ), then is a zero of and a pole of
Similarly, if does not exist (in fact ) but exists, then is a pole of and a zero of
If neither nor exists, then is an essential singularity of both and
Another way to characterize an essential singularity is that the Laurent series of at the point has infinitely many negative degree terms (i. e., the principal part of the Laurent series is an infinite sum). A related definition is that if there is a point for which no derivative of converges to a limit as tends to , then is an essential singularity of
On a Riemann sphere with a point at infinity, , the function has an essential singularity at that point if and only if the has an essential singularity at 0: i. e. neither nor exists. The Riemann zeta function on the Riemann sphere has only one essential singularity, at Indeed, every meromorphic function aside that is not a rational function has a unique essential singularity at
The behavior of holomorphic functions near their essential singularities is described by the Casorati–Weierstrass theorem and by the considerably stronger Picard's great theorem. The latter says that in every neighborhood of an essential singularity , the function takes on every complex value, except possibly one, infinitely many times. (The exception is necessary; for example, the function never takes on the value 0.)
На сфере Римана с точкой в бесконечности , функция имеет существенную особую точку в этой точке тогда и только тогда, когда имеет существенную особую точку в 0, то есть ни , ни не существуют. Риманова дзета-функция на сфере Римана имеет только одну существенную особую точку, в . Действительно, каждая мероморфная функция, не являющаяся рациональной, имеет единственную существенную особую точку в .
If both and exist, then is a removable singularity of both and
If exists but does not exist (in fact ), then is a zero of and a pole of
Similarly, if does not exist (in fact ) but exists, then is a pole of and a zero of
If neither nor exists, then is an essential singularity of both and
Another way to characterize an essential singularity is that the Laurent series of at the point has infinitely many negative degree terms (i. e., the principal part of the Laurent series is an infinite sum). A related definition is that if there is a point for which no derivative of converges to a limit as tends to , then is an essential singularity of
On a Riemann sphere with a point at infinity, , the function has an essential singularity at that point if and only if the has an essential singularity at 0: i. e. neither nor exists. The Riemann zeta function on the Riemann sphere has only one essential singularity, at Indeed, every meromorphic function aside that is not a rational function has a unique essential singularity at
The behavior of holomorphic functions near their essential singularities is described by the Casorati–Weierstrass theorem and by the considerably stronger Picard's great theorem. The latter says that in every neighborhood of an essential singularity , the function takes on every complex value, except possibly one, infinitely many times. (The exception is necessary; for example, the function never takes on the value 0.)
Поведение голоморфных функций вблизи их существенных особых точек описывается теоремой Казорати — Вейерштрасса и значительно более сильной теоремой Пикара. Последняя утверждает, что в каждой окрестности существенной особой точки функция принимает каждое комплексное значение, за исключением, возможно, одного, бесконечно много раз. (Исключение необходимо; например, функция никогда не принимает значение 0.)
If both and exist, then is a removable singularity of both and
If exists but does not exist (in fact ), then is a zero of and a pole of
Similarly, if does not exist (in fact ) but exists, then is a pole of and a zero of
If neither nor exists, then is an essential singularity of both and
Another way to characterize an essential singularity is that the Laurent series of at the point has infinitely many negative degree terms (i. e., the principal part of the Laurent series is an infinite sum). A related definition is that if there is a point for which no derivative of converges to a limit as tends to , then is an essential singularity of
On a Riemann sphere with a point at infinity, , the function has an essential singularity at that point if and only if the has an essential singularity at 0: i. e. neither nor exists. The Riemann zeta function on the Riemann sphere has only one essential singularity, at Indeed, every meromorphic function aside that is not a rational function has a unique essential singularity at
The behavior of holomorphic functions near their essential singularities is described by the Casorati–Weierstrass theorem and by the considerably stronger Picard's great theorem. The latter says that in every neighborhood of an essential singularity , the function takes on every complex value, except possibly one, infinitely many times. (The exception is necessary; for example, the function never takes on the value 0.)