Диеты и религиозные пищевые ограничения

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An individual's diet is the sum of food and drink that one habitually consumes. Dieting is the practice of attempting to achieve or maintain a certain weight through diet. People's dietary choices are often affected by a variety of factors, including ethical and religious beliefs, clinical need, or a desire to control weight. Not all diets are considered healthy. Some people follow unhealthy diets through habit, rather than through a conscious choice to eat unhealthily. Terms applied to such eating habits include "junk food diet" and "Western diet". Many diets are considered by clinicians to pose significant health risks and minimal long term benefit. This is particularly true of "crash" or "fad" diets – short term, weight loss plans that involve drastic changes to a person's normal eating habits. Only diets covered on Wikipedia are listed under alphabetically sorted headings.

Some people's dietary choices are influenced by their religious, spiritual or philosophical beliefs. Buddhist diet: While Buddhism does not have specific dietary rules, some Buddhists practice vegetarianism based on Mahayana Buddhism's strict interpretation of the first of the Five Precepts. Hindu diet: It is popular for followers of Hinduism to follow lacto vegetarian diets (though most do not), based on the principle of ahimsa (non harming). Jain diet: Due to how the Jain faith interprets ahisma, vegetarianism is considered mandatory for followers; a lacto vegetarian diet or vegan diet in particular is considered appropriate for Jains. Most Jains also abstain from consuming root vegetables in order to prevent harming insects, worms and microorganisms when they are uprooted. Most also partake in some form of fasting. If an otherwise Halal animal was subject to torture by humans, its meat can still be considered non permissible for Muslims. I tal: A set of principles which influences the diet of many members of the Rastafari movement. One principle is that natural foods should be consumed. Emphasis is put on consuming produce that is fresh, organic and ideally grown at home or locally. Another principle involves avoiding "unclean" types of food; the definition which is influenced by Biblical teachings. In order to preserve "life energy" Rastafarians encourage teetotalism, and many Rastafarians interpret I tal to advocate vegetarianism or veganism as well. Many followers do view seafood as an acceptable addition to an I tal diet but they restrict which kinds they permit; fish over a foot long are typically avoided and all shellfish are eschewed as they are not Kosher animals—unlike finned fish with scales. Kosher diet: Food permissible under Kashrut, the set of Jewish dietary laws, is said to be Kosher. Some foods and food combinations are non Kosher, and failure to prepare food in accordance with Kashrut can make otherwise permissible foods non Kosher. Seventh day Adventist diet: Combines the Kosher food rules of Judaism with prohibitions against alcoholic beverages and (sometimes) caffeinated beverages. There is emphasis on consuming whole foods. Meat consumption is heavily discouraged but not necessarily disallowed; about half of Adventists are lacto ovo vegetarians. Vegan and pescetarian diets are also more popular among Adventists compared to the general public but other Adventists are still willing to eat Kosher meats. Word of Wisdom diet: The name of a section of the Doctrine and Covenants, a book of scripture accepted by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints. Dietary advice includes (1) wholesome plants "in the season thereof", (2) eating meat sparingly and only "in times of winter, or of cold, or famine", and (3) grain as the "staff of life". Unlike injunctions against tobacco, alcohol, coffee and tea—compliance with meat avoidance has always remained optional among the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints and emphasis on refraining from meat has largely been dropped. An official church publication states, "modern methods of refrigeration now make it possible to preserve meat in any season".

A desire to lose weight is a common motivation to change dietary habits, as is a desire to maintain an existing weight. Many weight loss diets are considered by some to entail varying degrees of health risk, and some are not widely considered to be effective. This is especially true of "crash" or "fad" diets. Many of the diets listed below could fall into more than one subcategory. Where this is the case, it is noted in that diet's entry.

A very low calorie diet is consuming fewer than 800 calories per day. Such diets are normally followed under the supervision of a doctor. Zero calorie diets are also included. Inedia (breatharian diet): A diet in which no food is consumed, based on the belief that prana but not food is necessary for human subsistence. KE diet (feeding tube diet): A diet in which an individual feeds through a feeding tube and does not eat anything. The Last Chance diet: General premise is that the dieter will consume only one low calorie high protein beverage daily. This equated to no more than 400 calories per day. Tongue Patch Diet: Stitching a Marlex patch to the tongue to make eating painful. Daily calories are then limited to 800 per day maximum in liquid form.

Atkins diet: A low carbohydrate diet, popularized by nutritionist Robert Atkins in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Proponents argue that this approach is a more successful way of losing weight than low calorie diets; critics argue that a low carb approach poses increased health risks. The Atkins diet consists of four phases (Induction, Balancing, Fine Tuning and Maintenance) with a gradual increase in consumption of carbohydrates as the person goes through the phases. Dukan Diet: A multi step diet based on high protein and limited carbohydrate consumption. It starts with two steps intended to facilitate short term weight loss, followed by two steps intended to consolidate these losses and return to a more balanced long term diet. Kimkins: A heavily promoted diet for weight loss, found to be fraudulent. South Beach Diet: Diet developed by the Miami based cardiologist Arthur Agatston, who says that the key to losing weight quickly and getting healthy is not cutting all carbohydrates and fats from the diet, but choosing the right carbs and the right fats. Stillman diet: A carbohydrate restricted diet that predates the Atkins diet, allowing consumption of specific food ingredients.

McDougall's starch diet is a high calorie, high fiber, low fat diet that is based on starches such as potatoes, rice, and beans which excludes all animal foods and added vegetable oils. John A. McDougall draws on historical observation of how many civilizations around the world throughout time have thrived on starch foods.

Detox diets involve either not consuming or attempting to flush out substances that are considered unhelpful or harmful. Examples include restricting food consumption to foods without colorings or preservatives, taking supplements, or drinking large amounts of water. The latter practice in particular has drawn criticism, as drinking significantly more water than recommended levels can cause hyponatremia. There is no scientific evidence of any benefit from detox diets, and so they are considered to be pseudoscientific. Juice fasting: A form of detox diet, in which nutrition is obtained solely from fruit and vegetable juices. The health implications of such diets are disputed. Master Cleanse: A modified juice fast that substitutes tea and lemonade for food.

A vegetarian diet is one which excludes meat. Vegetarians also avoid food containing by products of animal slaughter, such as animal derived rennet and gelatin. Fruitarian diet: A diet which predominantly consists of raw fruit. Lacto vegetarianism: A vegetarian diet that includes certain types of dairy, but excludes eggs and foods which contain animal rennet. A common diet among followers of several religions, including Hinduism, Sikhism and Jainism, based on the principle of Ahimsa (non harming). Ovo vegetarianism: A vegetarian diet that includes eggs, but excludes dairy. Ovo lacto vegetarianism: A vegetarian diet that includes eggs and dairy. Sometimes semi vegetarian and flexitarian diets are defined as distinct from one another, where the former is defined as abstaining from red meat while the latter simply entails only eating meat infrequently. Pescetarianism: A diet which includes seafood, but not poultry, other white meat or meat from mammals. Pollotarianism: A diet which includes poultry, but no other white meat, seafood or meat from mammals. Kangatarian: A diet originating from Australia. In addition to foods permissible in a vegetarian diet, kangaroo meat is also consumed. The name is a protologism that may have started out as a joke rather than a dietary term or identifying label that was ever intended to be taken seriously or used unironically. Planetary health diet: Dietary paradigms that have the following aims: to feed a growing world's population, to greatly reduce the worldwide number of deaths caused by poor diet, and to be environmentally sustainable as to prevent the collapse of the natural world. Plant based diet: A broad term to describe diets in which animal products do not form a large proportion of the diet. Under some definitions a plant based diet is fully vegetarian; under others it is possible to follow a plant based diet whilst occasionally consuming meat.