Мускугские языки юго-востока США

Language family of Southeast US

Muskogean (also Muskhogean, Muskogee) is a Native American language family spoken in different areas of the Southeastern United States. Though the debate concerning their interrelationships is ongoing, the Muskogean languages are generally divided into two branches, Eastern Muskogean and Western Muskogean. Typologically, Muskogean languages are agglutinative. One documented language, Apalachee, is extinct and the remaining languages are critically endangered.

The Muskogean family consists of six languages that are still spoken: Alabama, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee (previously referred to as Creek), Koasati, and Mikasuki, as well as the now extinct Apalachee, Houma, and Hitchiti (the last is generally considered a dialect of Mikasuki). "Seminole" is listed as one of the Muskogean languages in Hardy's list, but it is generally considered a dialect of Muscogee rather than a separate language, as she comments. The major subdivisions of the family have long been controversial, but the following lower level groups are universally accepted: Choctaw–Chickasaw, Alabama–Koasati, Hitchiti–Mikasuki, and Muscogee. Because Apalachee is extinct, its precise relationship to the other languages is uncertain; Mary Haas and Pamela Munro both classify it with the Alabama–Koasati group.

A third proposed classification is that of Geoffrey Kimball, who envisions a threeway split among the languages, with "Western Muskogean" (Choctaw Chickasaw), "Eastern Muskogean" (Muscogee), and "Central Muskogean" (Alabama Koasati and Hitchiti Mikasuki). However, Kimball's classification has not received as much support as either Haas's or Munro's.

Several sparsely attested languages have been claimed to be Muskogean languages. George Broadwell suggested that the languages of the Yamasee and Guale were Muskogean. However, William Sturtevant argued that the "Yamasee" and "Guale" data were Muscogee and that the language(s) spoken by the Yamasee and Guale people remain unknown. It is possible that the Yamasee were an amalgamation of several different ethnic groups and did not speak a single language. Chester B. DePratter describes the Yamasee as consisting mainly of speakers of Hitchiti and Guale. The historian Steven Oatis also describes the Yamasee as an ethnically mixed group that included people from Muskogean speaking regions, such as the early colonial era native towns of Hitchiti, Coweta, and Cussita. The Pensacola and Chatot (or Chacato) people are reported to have spoken the same Muskogean language, which may have been closely related to Choctaw. Sparse evidence indicates that a Muskogean language was spoken by at least some of the people of the paramount chiefdom of Cofitachequi in northeastern South Carolina. If so, that would be the most eastern outpost of Muskogean. The people of Cofitichequi were probably absorbed by nearby Siouan and Iroquoian speakers in the late 17th century. A vocabulary of the Houma may be another underdocumented Western Muskogean language or a version of Mobilian Jargon. Mobilian Jargon is a pidgin based on Western Muskogean.

The best known connection proposed between Muskogean and other languages is Mary Haas' Gulf hypothesis, in which she conceived of a macrofamily comprising Muskogean and a number of language isolates of the southeastern US: Atakapa, Chitimacha, Tunica, and Natchez. While well known, the Gulf grouping is now generally rejected by historical linguists. A number of Muskogean scholars continue to believe that Muskogean is related to Natchez.

Most family languages display lexical accent on nouns and grammatical case, which distinguishes the nominative from the oblique. Nouns do not obligatorially inflect for gender or number.

Proto Muskogean lexical reconstructions by Booker (2005) are as follows. no. gloss Proto Muskogean branch 1 dove, pigeon *pačiCi 2 stem, stalk *apiCi 3 rock *taliCi 4 tooth *notiCi 5 skunk *koniCo 6 (to) bloom *pakanli 7 arrow *θakiCi 8 night *niθaki 9 yellow shafted pucker *xʷitokxaki 10 mulberry *kʷixiCi 11 (to) copy, imitate *a xokʷa 12 behind *yokʷala 13 pokeweed *kosikʷaCa 14 (to) have ringworm *xiClampakʷi 15 overtake *¢aCki 16 (to) sleep *no¢i 17 fox *čolaCa 18 crawfish *sakačiCo 19 otter *osana 20 (to) boil *moxoθi 21 pass through *lompotVli 22 peel off *čilaxʷa 23 pull, hold *xalato 24 seed (in fruit) *nixiliCi 25 ashes *ixistoko 26 (to) sit (pl) *kaxa 27 land *ixakanika 28 (to) vomit) *axowita 29 medicine *axinlisi 30 axe *čaxaxʷi 31 duck *xʷočo 32 (to) name *xocixʷa 33 screech owl *xaxʷonlo 34 grandfather *axʷaCo 35 (to) beat, stir up *kʷaxʷo 36 (to) gnaw *kalixʷi 37 fall off *čilaxʷa 38 (to) whip, lash *loCkanxʷo 39 chief, king *minkkoCo 40 (to) protrude *xʷama 41 bone *xʷoniCi 42 liver, marrow *lopiCi 43 (to) scratch, slice *kalaxʷa 44 back (of body) *θali 45 spring (of water) *kaliCi 46 (to) doctor *alikci 47 horn *(i )lapi 48 cuckoo *talonktaCi 49 grubworm *yolaCa 50 turtle *lok¢iCa 51 (to) go *aya 52 crane *watonlaka 53 wildcat *kowiCi 54 cricket *šalontakiCa 55 squash *šoksiCi 56 ant *šonkkʷani 57 skin, rind *axʷakšopi 58 son *ošiCi 59 tendon, muscle, blood vessel, intestine *xʷikši 60 yellow, green, brown *lakna 61 trout *¢akliCo 62 two *toklo 63 sifting basket *sakla 64 soft shelled turtle *xolakwaCa 65 hole, hollow *olakkʷi 66 sun *xasiCi 67 (to) offer *wayli 68 hoe *loyli 69 (to) mark *čawli 70 persimmon *xoθkoxʷa 71 mushroom *paktiCo 72 sack, bag *sokča 73 ghost *silopi 74 turkey *xʷakito 75 betsy bug *i¢sonksiCo 76 (to) beg, plead for *kosapi 77 hear *xaklo 78 earthworm *lakapčo 79 peach *tapakonla 80 (of liquid) *¢itko 81 flat and wide *patakxa 82 wise *ko¢tini 83 small *i¢katini 84 (to) shoot at and hit *i¢xo 85 smoke *ičkoči 86 mother *ičkiCi 87 rectum *ičkoCkʷiko 88 (to) inflate *sokpaxʷa 89 destroy, ruin *xokpani 90 (to) adhere to *alokpa 91 (to) pucker *wiliksi Proto Eastern Muskogean 92 double *poktaCa 93 tree *iktiCo 94 frog *sokaktiCi 95 pass wind *xok¢o 96 upper arm *sakkʷaCa 97 astringent tasting *tikkʷa 98 opossum *sokxaCa 99 rabbit *čokxʷiCi 100 jaw, chin *notakxʷa 101 bramble, briar *kʷakčoko Proto Eastern Muskogean 102 rib, side *nak¢iCi 103 flea *kastiCo 104 (to) drink *isko 105 rot, decay *toskʷi 106 knee *in tolkopa 107 father *iθkiCi 108 (to) steal *xoθkopa 109 young *ximanixta 110 day *nixtaka 111 river *xaxčaCi 112 hungry *xox(ʷ)čaxʷa 113 different *im alaxka 114 (to) pinch *yikixʷla 115 skin *xalkʷiCi 116 wife *xaliki Proto Eastern Muskogean 117 (to) forget *ilxosi Proto Eastern Muskogean 118 (to) grow, sprout *xolxʷanti 119 white oak *kʷalyiCa 120 pine *colyi Proto Eastern Muskogean 121 (to) raise animals *apoykʷa 122 (to) eat (a meal) *impa 123 (to) come *ominti 124 pawpaw *onkʷiCo 125 breast *ipinsiki 126 (to) hide *xolamxi 127 buy *lonxʷa 128 (to) weave *taCθa 129 (to) get warm from a heat source *iCθi 130 (to) shoot at *xonC¢a 131 war *hoCli 132 (to) die *iCli 133 pepper *xoCma 134 (to) want, need *kʷaCna 135 road *xinaCi 136 dark *tampki 137 stout *lampko 138 snake *¢inCtiCo 139 hard, rigid *wantxa Proto Eastern Muskogean 140 shoot at *xonC¢a 141 (to) cloak oneself *anCči 142 whippoorwill *xačokkʷilankkʷila 143 Canada goose *axankxaCa 144 grasshopper *xatankxʷaCo 145 grass *panxsi 146 true *anxli 147 hand, lower arm *ilmkʷi 148 (to) rain *oynkʷa 149 whoop like an Indian *paynxa 150 (to) flow *xoxʷayxna 151 heavy *waylki 152 buy *čowmpa 153 (to) suck *sočonka 154 frost *xitontiki 155 (to) play a game *xompani Proto Eastern Muskogean 156 winter *oθanxʷaCi 157 (to) pierce *lompotVli