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Введение
Политические выборы на государственные должности в Пакистане
Political elections for public offices in Pakistan
С момента своего образования в 1947 году Пакистан имеет несимметричное федеральное правительство и является федеральной парламентской демократической республикой. На национальном уровне народ Пакистана избирает двухпалатный законодательный орган – Парламент Пакистана. Парламент состоит из нижней палаты, называемой Национальным собранием, которая избирается напрямую, и верхней палаты, называемой Сенатом, чьи члены избираются избранными законодателями провинций. Глава правительства, премьер-министр, избирается большинством членов Национального собрания, а глава государства (и номинальный лидер), президент, избирается коллегией выборщиков, состоящей из обеих палат Парламента совместно с четырьмя провинциальными ассамблеями. Помимо национального парламента и провинциальных ассамблей, в Пакистане также действует более пяти тысяч избранных органов местного самоуправления. Избирательная комиссия Пакистана, конституционно учрежденное ведомство во главе с назначенным Главным комиссаром по выборам, осуществляет надзор за всеобщими выборами. Конституция Пакистана определяет (в базовом объеме) порядок проведения всеобщих выборов в части VIII, главе 2 и различных поправках к ней. Действует многопартийная система, Национальное собрание состоит из 342 мест, а Сенат – из 100 мест (после объединения с бывшими территориями ФАТА), избираемых от четырех провинций. Конституция предписывает проведение всеобщих выборов каждые пять лет по завершении срока полномочий Национального собрания или в случае его роспуска, а также проведение выборов в Сенат для избрания членов сроком на шесть лет. По закону, всеобщие выборы должны быть проведены в течение двух месяцев после завершения срока полномочий Национального собрания.
Since its establishment in 1947, Pakistan has had a non symmetric federal government and is a federal parliamentary democratic republic. At the national level, the people of Pakistan elect a bicameral legislature, the Parliament of Pakistan. The parliament consists of a lower house called the National Assembly, which is elected directly, and an upper house called the Senate, whose members are chosen by elected provincial legislators. The head of government, the Prime Minister, is elected by the majority members of the National Assembly and the head of state (and figurehead), the President, is elected by the Electoral College, which consists of both houses of Parliament together with the four provincial assemblies. In addition to the national parliament and the provincial assemblies, Pakistan also has more than five thousand elected local governments. The Election Commission of Pakistan, a constitutionally established institution chaired by an appointed and designated Chief Election Commissioner, supervises the general elections. The Pakistan Constitution defines (to a basic extent) how general elections are held in Part VIII, Chapter 2 and various amendments. A multi party system is in effect, with the National Assembly consisting of 342 seats and the Senate consisting of 100 seats (after ex FATA merger) elected from the four provinces. The Constitution dictates that the general elections be held every five years when the National Assembly has completed its term or has been dissolved and that the Senatorial elections be held to elect members for terms of six years. By law, general elections must be held within two months of the National Assembly completing its term.
Прошлые выборы
В период с 1947 по 1958 год в Пакистане не проводились прямые национальные выборы. Выборы в провинциях проводились время от времени. Первые прямые выборы в стране после обретения независимости состоялись в провинциальную ассамблею Пенджаба в период с 10 по 20 марта. Выборы проводились на 197 мест. В выборах на 189 мест участвовало 939 кандидатов, а остальные места были заполнены без конкуренции. В гонке участвовало семь политических партий. Выборы проводились на всеобщей основе с участием примерно одного миллиона избирателей. Явка избирателей оставалась низкой: в Лахоре она составила 30 процентов от зарегистрированных избирателей, а в сельских районах Пенджаба – значительно меньше. 8 декабря 1951 года в Северо-Западной пограничной провинции состоялись выборы в провинциальное законодательное собрание. В соответствии с тенденцией, которая повторялась на протяжении всей избирательной истории Пакистана, многие проигравшие обвиняли победителей в мошенничестве и фальсификации результатов выборов. Аналогично, в мае 1953 года состоялись выборы в провинциальное законодательное собрание Синда, которые также были омрачены обвинениями в фальсификации. В апреле 1954 года состоялись всеобщие выборы в Законодательное собрание Восточного Пакистана, на которых Пакистанская мусульманская лига потерпела поражение от альянса Объединенного фронта, представлявшего бенгальский национализм. Действующий премьер-министр Восточного Пакистана, господин Нурул Амин, потерял свое место в парламенте, уступив ветерану студенческого движения и деятелю языкового движения Халеку Навазу Хану в своем родном избирательном округе Нандайл в округе Майменсингх. Сокрушительное поражение Нурула Амина от молодого лидера Объединенного фронта фактически исключило Пакистанскую мусульманскую лигу из политического ландшафта тогдашнего Восточного Пакистана. Всеобщие выборы в Пакистане в 1970 году стали первыми прямыми всеобщими выборами после обретения Пакистаном независимости от Британской Индии. После десятилетий борьбы военное правительство было вынуждено передать власть демократически избранным должностным лицам. В Восточном Пакистане выборы были представлены как референдум о самоуправлении для бенгальских граждан Пакистана, которые составляли почти 55% населения Пакистана и еще не получили прав, сопоставимых с правами жителей Западного Пакистана. Выборы выиграла Лига Авами, получив 167 мест из 313, и Шейх Муджибур Рахман должен был стать первым демократически избранным премьер-министром Пакистана. Однако военное правительство, по просьбе лидера оппозиции Зульфикара Али Бхутто, отказалось передать власть избранному парламенту, что привело к началу войны за освобождение Бангладеш. + Результаты политических партий на всеобщих выборах при военном правительстве (С) Политические партии 1970 1985 Лига Авами (AL) Пакистанская народная партия (PPP) Джамаат-и Ислами (JeI) Пакистанская мусульманская лига (PML) PML (Совет) (PML C) Джамиат Улема-и Ислам (JUI) PML (Конвенция) (PML (C)) Национальная партия Авами (Вали) (NAP(W)) Демократическая партия Пакистана (PDP) Независимые Общее количество мест Общее количество мест в Государственном парламенте 300 200 Главный избирательный комиссар (С) Абдус Саттар Карам Иллахи Чохан Выборы при президенте (С) Яхья Хан Зия-уль-Хак Явка избирателей 63,0% 52,9% Всеобщие выборы 1985 года были беспартийными, однако многие технократы принадлежали к той или иной партии.
Between 1947 and 1958, there were no direct elections held in Pakistan at the national level. Provincial elections were held occasionally. The West Pakistan provincial elections were described as "a farce, a mockery and a fraud upon the electorate"
The first direct elections held in the country after independence were for the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab between 10–20 March, The elections were held for 197 seats. As many as 939 candidates contested the election for 189 seats, while the remaining seats were filled unopposed. Seven political parties were in the race. The election was held on an universal basis with approximately one million voters. The turnout remained low: in Lahore, the turnout was 30 percent of the listed voters, and in rural areas of Punjab it was much lower. On 8 December 1951 the North West Frontier Province held elections for Provincial legislature seats. In a pattern that would be repeated throughout Pakistan's electoral history, many of those who lost accused the winners of cheating and rigging the elections. Similarly, in May, 1953 elections to the Provincial legislature of Sindh were held and they were also marred by accusations of rigging. In April 1954, the general elections were held for the East Pakistan Legislative Assembly, in which the Pakistan Muslim League lost to the pan Bengali nationalist United Front alliance. Incumbent Prime Minister of East Pakistan Mr. Nurul Amin lost his parliament seat to a veteran student leader and language movement stalwart Khaleque Nawaz Khan in Mr. Amin's home constituency Nandail of Mymensingh district. Nurul Amin's crushing defeat to young Turk of United front alliance effectively eliminates Pakistan Muslim League from the political landscape of the then East Pakistan. The 1970 Pakistani general election, was the first direct general election after independence of Pakistan from British India. After a decades long struggle, the military government was forced to transfer power to democratically elected officials. In East Pakistan, the election was portrayed as referendum on self governance for the Bengali citizens of Pakistan, who made up nearly 55% of Pakistan's population and were yet not given rights consistent with those of West Pakistanis. The election was won by the Awami League, having 167 seats out of 313, and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was to be the first democratically elected Prime Minister of Pakistan. But the military government, at the request of opposition leader Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, refused to transfer power to the elected Parliament, causing the beginning of the Bangladesh Liberation War. + Political parties' performances in general elections under military government(s) Political parties 1970 1985Awami League (AL) Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) Jamaat e Islami (JeI) Pakistan Muslim League (PML) PML (Council) (PML C) Jamiat Ulema e Islam (JUI) PML (Convention) (PML (C)) National Awami Party (Wali) (NAP(W)) Pakistan Democratic Party (PDP) Independents Total Seats Total seats in State Parliament 300 200Chief Election Commissioner(s) Abdus Sattar Karam Illahi ChohanElections under President(s) Yahya Khan Zia ul HaqVoter turnout 63%.0 52.9%
All data and calculations are provided by Election Commission of Pakistan as the public domain. The general elections in 1985 were non partisan general elections, but many technocrats belonged to the one party to another.
Общие выборы с 1977 по 2013 год
После освобождения Восточного Пакистана в стране была восстановлена демократия. В 1977 году состоялись всеобщие выборы, но из-за насилия, спровоцированного правым ПНА, было введено военное положение против левоориентированной Пакистанской народной партии, или ПНП. В 1988 году вновь состоялись всеобщие выборы, которые ознаменовали приход к власти ПНП, однако правительство было распущено через два года из-за ситуации с беззаконием в стране. В 1990 году на всеобщих выборах правый альянс сформировал правительство, но был отправлен в отставку в 1993 году после распада альянса. Всеобщие выборы 1993 года привели к формированию правительства ПНП, которая получила большинство мест в парламенте. Премьер-министр Беназир Бхутто принимала важные решения в период своего правления, включая укрепление образования, обороны и внешней политики, а также активно продвигала свои внутренние программные инициативы. Несмотря на жесткую риторику, положение премьер-министра Бхутто ухудшилось в ее родной провинции Синд, и она потеряла поддержку после смерти своего младшего брата. Слухи о масштабных коррупционных делах также подорвали ее репутацию в стране, и в 1996 году она была отправлена в отставку президентом, которого выбрала сама. Всеобщие выборы 1997 года принесли правоцентристской Пакистанской мусульманской лиге (Н), или ПМЛ (Н), безоговорочный мандат в стране и большинство в парламенте. Несмотря на популярность Шарифа в 1998 году и его мирные инициативы в 1999 году, генерал Мушарраф организовал заговор против Шарифа, обвинив его в угоне самолета и выдвинув обвинения в терроризме в военном суде, что привело к падению правительства Шарифа. По приказу Верховного суда генерал Мушарраф провел всеобщие выборы в 2002 году, лишив Шарифа и Беназир Бхутто возможности занимать государственные должности. Зафар Уллах Джамали стал премьер-министром в 2002 году, а в 2004 году его сменил Шаукат Азиз. После трагических терактов 11 сентября в Соединенных Штатах и безоговорочной поддержки Мушаррафом американской войны в Афганистане его авторитет в стране был серьезно подорван. В неудачной попытке распустить судебную систему Мушарраф потерял власть. Всеобщие выборы 2008 года позволили ПНП, при поддержке левого альянса, укрепить оппозицию Мушаррафу, хотя страна столкнулась с проблемами перебоев в электроснабжении, правопорядка, внешней политики и плохих экономических показателей. На выборах 2013 года ПМЛ (Н) выиграла 166 мест в Национальной ассамблее и сформировала правительство. + Результаты политических партий на всеобщих выборах с 1977 года.
After the Liberation of East Pakistan, democracy returned to the country. In 1977, the general elections were held but due to election violence instigated by the right wing PNA, the martial law took advance against the left oriented Pakistan Peoples Party, or PPP. In 1988, the general elections were held again which marked the PPP coming in power but dismissed in two years following the lawlessness situation in the country. In 1990, the general elections saw the right wing alliance forming the government but dismissed in 1993 after the alliance collapsed. The general elections in 1993 saw the PPP forming government after successfully seeking plurality in the Parliament. Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto made critical decisions during her era, ranging from working to strengthening the education, defense, foreign policy and pressed her policies hard to implement her domestic program initiatives. Despite her tough rhetoric, Prime Minister Bhutto's own position deteriorated in her native province, Sindh, and lost her support following the death of her younger brother. Tales of high scale corruption cases also maligned her image in the country and was dismissed from her post by her own hand picked president in 1996. The 1997 general elections saw the centre right, Pakistan Muslim League (N), or PML (N), ging the exclusive mandate in the country and supermajority in the parliament. Despite Sharif's popularity in 1998 and popular peace initiatives in 1999, the conspiracy was hatched against Sharif by General Musharraf, who accused Sharif of hijacking the plane and pressed terrorism charges against Sharif in the military courts; thus ending Sharif's government. Ordered by the Supreme Court, General Musharraf held general election in 2002, preventing Sharif and Benazir Bhutto from keeping the public office. With Zafarullah Jamali becoming the Prime Minister in 2002, he left the office for Shaukat Aziz in 2004. After the deadly 9/11 attacks in the United States and Musharraf's unconditional policy to support the American war in Afghanistan, further damaged Musharraf's credibility in the country. In an unsuccessful attempt to dismiss the Judicial system, Musharraf dramatically fall from power. The 2008 general elections allowed the PPP, assisted by the left wing alliance, further consolidated n opposition to Musharraf, though it was plagued with loadshedding, law and order situations, foreign policy issues, and poor economic performances. In elections held in 2013, the PML (N) won 166 seats in the National Assembly and formed the government. + Political parties performances in General elections since 1977 Political parties 1977 1988 1990 1993 1997 2002 2008 2013 Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) 155 93 45 89 18 81 124 42Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML (N)) 8 54 106 73 137 19 91 166Muttahida Qaumi Movement (P) 0 13 15 0 12 17 25 18Awami National Party (ANP) 17 2 6 3 10 0 13 1Jamiat Ulema e Islam (F) (JUI(F)) 0 7 6 0 2 0 0 10Pakistan Tehreek e Insaaf (PTI) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 35Pakistan Muslim League(Q) (PML (Q)) 0 0 0 0 0 118 54 2Jamaat e Islami (JeI) 11 1 6 3 0 63 0 3 Independents\Others ** 8 38 30 42 28 36 21 28Government Government after election ML PPP PML (N) PPP PML (N) PML (Q) PPP PML (N)Total Seats Total seats in State Parliament 200 207 207 207 207 342 340 342Voter turnout Estimated election voter turnout 63.1% 43.07% 45.46% 40.28% 35.42% 41.08% 44.23% 55.02%
All data and calculations are provided by Election Commission of Pakistan as the public domain. All elections were contested under a separate electorate system, the 1990 elections had allegations of vote rigging confirmed by foreign observers. The 'MQM' contested the 1988 elections under the name Muhajir Qaumi Mahaz, it boycotted the 1993 National elections.
After the Liberation of East Pakistan, democracy returned to the country. In 1977, the general elections were held but due to election violence instigated by the right wing PNA, the martial law took advance against the left oriented Pakistan Peoples Party, or PPP. In 1988, the general elections were held again which marked the PPP coming in power but dismissed in two years following the lawlessness situation in the country. In 1990, the general elections saw the right wing alliance forming the government but dismissed in 1993 after the alliance collapsed. The general elections in 1993 saw the PPP forming government after successfully seeking plurality in the Parliament. Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto made critical decisions during her era, ranging from working to strengthening the education, defense, foreign policy and pressed her policies hard to implement her domestic program initiatives. Despite her tough rhetoric, Prime Minister Bhutto's own position deteriorated in her native province, Sindh, and lost her support following the death of her younger brother. Tales of high scale corruption cases also maligned her image in the country and was dismissed from her post by her own hand picked president in 1996. The 1997 general elections saw the centre right, Pakistan Muslim League (N), or PML (N), ging the exclusive mandate in the country and supermajority in the parliament. Despite Sharif's popularity in 1998 and popular peace initiatives in 1999, the conspiracy was hatched against Sharif by General Musharraf, who accused Sharif of hijacking the plane and pressed terrorism charges against Sharif in the military courts; thus ending Sharif's government. Ordered by the Supreme Court, General Musharraf held general election in 2002, preventing Sharif and Benazir Bhutto from keeping the public office. With Zafarullah Jamali becoming the Prime Minister in 2002, he left the office for Shaukat Aziz in 2004. After the deadly 9/11 attacks in the United States and Musharraf's unconditional policy to support the American war in Afghanistan, further damaged Musharraf's credibility in the country. In an unsuccessful attempt to dismiss the Judicial system, Musharraf dramatically fall from power. The 2008 general elections allowed the PPP, assisted by the left wing alliance, further consolidated n opposition to Musharraf, though it was plagued with loadshedding, law and order situations, foreign policy issues, and poor economic performances. In elections held in 2013, the PML (N) won 166 seats in the National Assembly and formed the government. + Political parties performances in General elections since 1977 Political parties 1977 1988 1990 1993 1997 2002 2008 2013 Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) 155 93 45 89 18 81 124 42Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML (N)) 8 54 106 73 137 19 91 166Muttahida Qaumi Movement (P) 0 13 15 0 12 17 25 18Awami National Party (ANP) 17 2 6 3 10 0 13 1Jamiat Ulema e Islam (F) (JUI(F)) 0 7 6 0 2 0 0 10Pakistan Tehreek e Insaaf (PTI) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 35Pakistan Muslim League(Q) (PML (Q)) 0 0 0 0 0 118 54 2Jamaat e Islami (JeI) 11 1 6 3 0 63 0 3 Independents\Others ** 8 38 30 42 28 36 21 28Government Government after election ML PPP PML (N) PPP PML (N) PML (Q) PPP PML (N)Total Seats Total seats in State Parliament 200 207 207 207 207 342 340 342Voter turnout Estimated election voter turnout 63.1% 43.07% 45.46% 40.28% 35.42% 41.08% 44.23% 55.02%
All data and calculations are provided by Election Commission of Pakistan as the public domain. All elections were contested under a separate electorate system, the 1990 elections had allegations of vote rigging confirmed by foreign observers. The 'MQM' contested the 1988 elections under the name Muhajir Qaumi Mahaz, it boycotted the 1993 National elections.
After the Liberation of East Pakistan, democracy returned to the country. In 1977, the general elections were held but due to election violence instigated by the right wing PNA, the martial law took advance against the left oriented Pakistan Peoples Party, or PPP. In 1988, the general elections were held again which marked the PPP coming in power but dismissed in two years following the lawlessness situation in the country. In 1990, the general elections saw the right wing alliance forming the government but dismissed in 1993 after the alliance collapsed. The general elections in 1993 saw the PPP forming government after successfully seeking plurality in the Parliament. Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto made critical decisions during her era, ranging from working to strengthening the education, defense, foreign policy and pressed her policies hard to implement her domestic program initiatives. Despite her tough rhetoric, Prime Minister Bhutto's own position deteriorated in her native province, Sindh, and lost her support following the death of her younger brother. Tales of high scale corruption cases also maligned her image in the country and was dismissed from her post by her own hand picked president in 1996. The 1997 general elections saw the centre right, Pakistan Muslim League (N), or PML (N), ging the exclusive mandate in the country and supermajority in the parliament. Despite Sharif's popularity in 1998 and popular peace initiatives in 1999, the conspiracy was hatched against Sharif by General Musharraf, who accused Sharif of hijacking the plane and pressed terrorism charges against Sharif in the military courts; thus ending Sharif's government. Ordered by the Supreme Court, General Musharraf held general election in 2002, preventing Sharif and Benazir Bhutto from keeping the public office. With Zafarullah Jamali becoming the Prime Minister in 2002, he left the office for Shaukat Aziz in 2004. After the deadly 9/11 attacks in the United States and Musharraf's unconditional policy to support the American war in Afghanistan, further damaged Musharraf's credibility in the country. In an unsuccessful attempt to dismiss the Judicial system, Musharraf dramatically fall from power. The 2008 general elections allowed the PPP, assisted by the left wing alliance, further consolidated n opposition to Musharraf, though it was plagued with loadshedding, law and order situations, foreign policy issues, and poor economic performances. In elections held in 2013, the PML (N) won 166 seats in the National Assembly and formed the government. + Political parties performances in General elections since 1977 Political parties 1977 1988 1990 1993 1997 2002 2008 2013 Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) 155 93 45 89 18 81 124 42Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML (N)) 8 54 106 73 137 19 91 166Muttahida Qaumi Movement (P) 0 13 15 0 12 17 25 18Awami National Party (ANP) 17 2 6 3 10 0 13 1Jamiat Ulema e Islam (F) (JUI(F)) 0 7 6 0 2 0 0 10Pakistan Tehreek e Insaaf (PTI) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 35Pakistan Muslim League(Q) (PML (Q)) 0 0 0 0 0 118 54 2Jamaat e Islami (JeI) 11 1 6 3 0 63 0 3 Independents\Others ** 8 38 30 42 28 36 21 28Government Government after election ML PPP PML (N) PPP PML (N) PML (Q) PPP PML (N)Total Seats Total seats in State Parliament 200 207 207 207 207 342 340 342Voter turnout Estimated election voter turnout 63.1% 43.07% 45.46% 40.28% 35.42% 41.08% 44.23% 55.02%
All data and calculations are provided by Election Commission of Pakistan as the public domain. All elections were contested under a separate electorate system, the 1990 elections had allegations of vote rigging confirmed by foreign observers. The 'MQM' contested the 1988 elections under the name Muhajir Qaumi Mahaz, it boycotted the 1993 National elections.
Все данные и расчеты предоставлены Избирательной комиссией Пакистана как общедоступные. Все выборы проводились по системе раздельного избирательного округа, на выборах 1990 года были подтверждены иностранными наблюдателями сообщения о фальсификациях на выборах. "MQM" участвовала в выборах 1988 года под названием Мухаджир Кауми Махаз и бойкотировала национальные выборы 1993 года.
After the Liberation of East Pakistan, democracy returned to the country. In 1977, the general elections were held but due to election violence instigated by the right wing PNA, the martial law took advance against the left oriented Pakistan Peoples Party, or PPP. In 1988, the general elections were held again which marked the PPP coming in power but dismissed in two years following the lawlessness situation in the country. In 1990, the general elections saw the right wing alliance forming the government but dismissed in 1993 after the alliance collapsed. The general elections in 1993 saw the PPP forming government after successfully seeking plurality in the Parliament. Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto made critical decisions during her era, ranging from working to strengthening the education, defense, foreign policy and pressed her policies hard to implement her domestic program initiatives. Despite her tough rhetoric, Prime Minister Bhutto's own position deteriorated in her native province, Sindh, and lost her support following the death of her younger brother. Tales of high scale corruption cases also maligned her image in the country and was dismissed from her post by her own hand picked president in 1996. The 1997 general elections saw the centre right, Pakistan Muslim League (N), or PML (N), ging the exclusive mandate in the country and supermajority in the parliament. Despite Sharif's popularity in 1998 and popular peace initiatives in 1999, the conspiracy was hatched against Sharif by General Musharraf, who accused Sharif of hijacking the plane and pressed terrorism charges against Sharif in the military courts; thus ending Sharif's government. Ordered by the Supreme Court, General Musharraf held general election in 2002, preventing Sharif and Benazir Bhutto from keeping the public office. With Zafarullah Jamali becoming the Prime Minister in 2002, he left the office for Shaukat Aziz in 2004. After the deadly 9/11 attacks in the United States and Musharraf's unconditional policy to support the American war in Afghanistan, further damaged Musharraf's credibility in the country. In an unsuccessful attempt to dismiss the Judicial system, Musharraf dramatically fall from power. The 2008 general elections allowed the PPP, assisted by the left wing alliance, further consolidated n opposition to Musharraf, though it was plagued with loadshedding, law and order situations, foreign policy issues, and poor economic performances. In elections held in 2013, the PML (N) won 166 seats in the National Assembly and formed the government. + Political parties performances in General elections since 1977 Political parties 1977 1988 1990 1993 1997 2002 2008 2013 Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) 155 93 45 89 18 81 124 42Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML (N)) 8 54 106 73 137 19 91 166Muttahida Qaumi Movement (P) 0 13 15 0 12 17 25 18Awami National Party (ANP) 17 2 6 3 10 0 13 1Jamiat Ulema e Islam (F) (JUI(F)) 0 7 6 0 2 0 0 10Pakistan Tehreek e Insaaf (PTI) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 35Pakistan Muslim League(Q) (PML (Q)) 0 0 0 0 0 118 54 2Jamaat e Islami (JeI) 11 1 6 3 0 63 0 3 Independents\Others ** 8 38 30 42 28 36 21 28Government Government after election ML PPP PML (N) PPP PML (N) PML (Q) PPP PML (N)Total Seats Total seats in State Parliament 200 207 207 207 207 342 340 342Voter turnout Estimated election voter turnout 63.1% 43.07% 45.46% 40.28% 35.42% 41.08% 44.23% 55.02%
All data and calculations are provided by Election Commission of Pakistan as the public domain. All elections were contested under a separate electorate system, the 1990 elections had allegations of vote rigging confirmed by foreign observers. The 'MQM' contested the 1988 elections under the name Muhajir Qaumi Mahaz, it boycotted the 1993 National elections.
Общие выборы 2008 года
Эти выборы привели к сильным результатам для PPP и Пакистанской мусульманской лиги (Наваз) (PML N), которые подписали Бурбанское соглашение в ответ на итоги выборов. Выборы в Пакистане состоялись 18 февраля 2008 года после переноса с 8 января. Изначально они были назначены для избрания членов Национальной ассамблеи Пакистана, нижней палаты Меджлис-э-Шура (парламента страны). Две основные оппозиционные партии Пакистана, PPP и PML (N), выиграли большинство мест на выборах. PPP и PML (N) сформировали новое коалиционное правительство с Юсуфом Разой Гилани в качестве премьер-министра Пакистана. После выборов Первез Мушарраф признал, что процесс был свободным и справедливым. Он признал поражение PML (Q) и пообещал сотрудничать с новым парламентом. Явка избирателей на выборах составила 35 170 435 человек (44%). Довыборы на 28 мест (23 провинциальных и 5 национальных) неоднократно откладывались, и большинство из них состоялись 26 июня 2008 года.
This election led to strong showings for the PPP and the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) (PML N), who signed the Bhurban Accord in response to the election results. The election was held in Pakistan on 18 February 2008, after being postponed from 8 January,he original date was intended to elect members of the National Assembly of Pakistan, the lower house of the Majlis e Shoora (the nation's parliament). Pakistan's two main opposition parties, the PPP and the PML (N) won the majority of seats in the election. The PPP and PML (N) formed the new coalition government with Yousaf Raza Gillani as Prime Minister of Pakistan. Following the election, Pervez Musharraf acknowledged that the process had been free and fair. He conceded the defeat of the PML (Q) and pledged to work with the new Parliament. The voter turnout for the election was 35,170,435 people (44%). By elections for 28 seats (23 provincial and 5 national) have been delayed numerous times, with most of them now held on being 26 June 2008. PartiesVotes%Elected seatsReserved seats (women)Reserved seats (minorities)TotalPercentilePakistan Peoples Party10,606,48630.6%97234124Pakistan Muslim League (N)6,781,44519.6%7117391Pakistan Muslim League (Q)7,989,81723.0%4210254Muttahida Qaumi Movement2,507,8137.4%195125Awami National Party700,4792.0%103013Muttahida Majlis e Amal Pakistan
Jamiat Ulema e Islam (F)772,7982.2%6107Pakistan Muslim League (F)4105Pakistan Peoples Party (Sherpao)140,7070.4%1001National Peoples Party1001Balochistan National Party (Awami)1001Independents180018Total (turnout 44%)
Note: Tehreek e Insaf, Jamaat e Islami, Jamiat Ulema e Pakistan, Tehrik e Jafaria Pakistan and Jamiat Ahle Hadith Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party did not participate.34,665,978100%2706010340Source: Election Commission of Pakistan, Election Pakistan: 2008 General Elections Adam Carr's Electoral Archive
This election led to strong showings for the PPP and the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) (PML N), who signed the Bhurban Accord in response to the election results. The election was held in Pakistan on 18 February 2008, after being postponed from 8 January,he original date was intended to elect members of the National Assembly of Pakistan, the lower house of the Majlis e Shoora (the nation's parliament). Pakistan's two main opposition parties, the PPP and the PML (N) won the majority of seats in the election. The PPP and PML (N) formed the new coalition government with Yousaf Raza Gillani as Prime Minister of Pakistan. Following the election, Pervez Musharraf acknowledged that the process had been free and fair. He conceded the defeat of the PML (Q) and pledged to work with the new Parliament. The voter turnout for the election was 35,170,435 people (44%). By elections for 28 seats (23 provincial and 5 national) have been delayed numerous times, with most of them now held on being 26 June 2008. PartiesVotes%Elected seatsReserved seats (women)Reserved seats (minorities)TotalPercentilePakistan Peoples Party10,606,48630.6%97234124Pakistan Muslim League (N)6,781,44519.6%7117391Pakistan Muslim League (Q)7,989,81723.0%4210254Muttahida Qaumi Movement2,507,8137.4%195125Awami National Party700,4792.0%103013Muttahida Majlis e Amal Pakistan
Jamiat Ulema e Islam (F)772,7982.2%6107Pakistan Muslim League (F)4105Pakistan Peoples Party (Sherpao)140,7070.4%1001National Peoples Party1001Balochistan National Party (Awami)1001Independents180018Total (turnout 44%)
Note: Tehreek e Insaf, Jamaat e Islami, Jamiat Ulema e Pakistan, Tehrik e Jafaria Pakistan and Jamiat Ahle Hadith Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party did not participate.34,665,978100%2706010340Source: Election Commission of Pakistan, Election Pakistan: 2008 General Elections Adam Carr's Electoral Archive
This election led to strong showings for the PPP and the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) (PML N), who signed the Bhurban Accord in response to the election results. The election was held in Pakistan on 18 February 2008, after being postponed from 8 January,he original date was intended to elect members of the National Assembly of Pakistan, the lower house of the Majlis e Shoora (the nation's parliament). Pakistan's two main opposition parties, the PPP and the PML (N) won the majority of seats in the election. The PPP and PML (N) formed the new coalition government with Yousaf Raza Gillani as Prime Minister of Pakistan. Following the election, Pervez Musharraf acknowledged that the process had been free and fair. He conceded the defeat of the PML (Q) and pledged to work with the new Parliament. The voter turnout for the election was 35,170,435 people (44%). By elections for 28 seats (23 provincial and 5 national) have been delayed numerous times, with most of them now held on being 26 June 2008. PartiesVotes%Elected seatsReserved seats (women)Reserved seats (minorities)TotalPercentilePakistan Peoples Party10,606,48630.6%97234124Pakistan Muslim League (N)6,781,44519.6%7117391Pakistan Muslim League (Q)7,989,81723.0%4210254Muttahida Qaumi Movement2,507,8137.4%195125Awami National Party700,4792.0%103013Muttahida Majlis e Amal Pakistan
Jamiat Ulema e Islam (F)772,7982.2%6107Pakistan Muslim League (F)4105Pakistan Peoples Party (Sherpao)140,7070.4%1001National Peoples Party1001Balochistan National Party (Awami)1001Independents180018Total (turnout 44%)
Note: Tehreek e Insaf, Jamaat e Islami, Jamiat Ulema e Pakistan, Tehrik e Jafaria Pakistan and Jamiat Ahle Hadith Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party did not participate.34,665,978100%2706010340Source: Election Commission of Pakistan, Election Pakistan: 2008 General Elections Adam Carr's Electoral Archive
Примечание: Tehreek-e-Insaf, Jamaat-e-Islami, Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan, Tehrik-e-Jafaria Pakistan и Jamiat Ahle Hadith Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party не участвовали.
This election led to strong showings for the PPP and the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) (PML N), who signed the Bhurban Accord in response to the election results. The election was held in Pakistan on 18 February 2008, after being postponed from 8 January,he original date was intended to elect members of the National Assembly of Pakistan, the lower house of the Majlis e Shoora (the nation's parliament). Pakistan's two main opposition parties, the PPP and the PML (N) won the majority of seats in the election. The PPP and PML (N) formed the new coalition government with Yousaf Raza Gillani as Prime Minister of Pakistan. Following the election, Pervez Musharraf acknowledged that the process had been free and fair. He conceded the defeat of the PML (Q) and pledged to work with the new Parliament. The voter turnout for the election was 35,170,435 people (44%). By elections for 28 seats (23 provincial and 5 national) have been delayed numerous times, with most of them now held on being 26 June 2008. PartiesVotes%Elected seatsReserved seats (women)Reserved seats (minorities)TotalPercentilePakistan Peoples Party10,606,48630.6%97234124Pakistan Muslim League (N)6,781,44519.6%7117391Pakistan Muslim League (Q)7,989,81723.0%4210254Muttahida Qaumi Movement2,507,8137.4%195125Awami National Party700,4792.0%103013Muttahida Majlis e Amal Pakistan
Jamiat Ulema e Islam (F)772,7982.2%6107Pakistan Muslim League (F)4105Pakistan Peoples Party (Sherpao)140,7070.4%1001National Peoples Party1001Balochistan National Party (Awami)1001Independents180018Total (turnout 44%)
Note: Tehreek e Insaf, Jamaat e Islami, Jamiat Ulema e Pakistan, Tehrik e Jafaria Pakistan and Jamiat Ahle Hadith Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party did not participate.34,665,978100%2706010340Source: Election Commission of Pakistan, Election Pakistan: 2008 General Elections Adam Carr's Electoral Archive
Источник: Избирательная комиссия Пакистана, Election Pakistan: 2008 General Elections Adam Carr's Electoral Archive.
This election led to strong showings for the PPP and the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) (PML N), who signed the Bhurban Accord in response to the election results. The election was held in Pakistan on 18 February 2008, after being postponed from 8 January,he original date was intended to elect members of the National Assembly of Pakistan, the lower house of the Majlis e Shoora (the nation's parliament). Pakistan's two main opposition parties, the PPP and the PML (N) won the majority of seats in the election. The PPP and PML (N) formed the new coalition government with Yousaf Raza Gillani as Prime Minister of Pakistan. Following the election, Pervez Musharraf acknowledged that the process had been free and fair. He conceded the defeat of the PML (Q) and pledged to work with the new Parliament. The voter turnout for the election was 35,170,435 people (44%). By elections for 28 seats (23 provincial and 5 national) have been delayed numerous times, with most of them now held on being 26 June 2008. PartiesVotes%Elected seatsReserved seats (women)Reserved seats (minorities)TotalPercentilePakistan Peoples Party10,606,48630.6%97234124Pakistan Muslim League (N)6,781,44519.6%7117391Pakistan Muslim League (Q)7,989,81723.0%4210254Muttahida Qaumi Movement2,507,8137.4%195125Awami National Party700,4792.0%103013Muttahida Majlis e Amal Pakistan
Jamiat Ulema e Islam (F)772,7982.2%6107Pakistan Muslim League (F)4105Pakistan Peoples Party (Sherpao)140,7070.4%1001National Peoples Party1001Balochistan National Party (Awami)1001Independents180018Total (turnout 44%)
Note: Tehreek e Insaf, Jamaat e Islami, Jamiat Ulema e Pakistan, Tehrik e Jafaria Pakistan and Jamiat Ahle Hadith Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party did not participate.34,665,978100%2706010340Source: Election Commission of Pakistan, Election Pakistan: 2008 General Elections Adam Carr's Electoral Archive
Избирательная комиссия Пакистана
Обязанности по проведению выборов установлены в Конституции Пакистана. Избирательная комиссия Пакистана, основанная в 1956 году, осуществляет организацию выборов в палаты парламента, четыре провинциальные ассамблеи, а также выборы на иные государственные должности, которые могут быть установлены законом или до принятия соответствующего закона парламентом. В состав Избирательной комиссии входит главный комиссар по выборам в качестве председателя (являющийся судьей или отставным судьей Верховного суда, либо высокопоставленным государственным служащим, прослужившим не менее 20 лет или вышедшим на пенсию в ранге BPS 22, либо технократом) и четыре назначенных члена от каждой из четырех провинций, каждый из которых является судьей одного из четырех высших судов провинций; все они назначаются президентом на основании конституции. Президент, после утверждения консультаций с главными судьями высших судов четырех провинций и главным комиссаром по выборам, конституционно утверждает назначения членов Избирательной комиссии.
The duties of conducting elections are established in the Constitution of Pakistan. Established in 1956, the Election Commission of Pakistan holds the purpose of elections to houses of Parliament, four provincial assemblies and for election of such other public offices as may be specified by law or until such law is made by the Parliament. The Election Commission is composed of the Chief Election Commissioner as its chairman (who is a judge or retired judge of the Supreme Court or a senior civil servant who has served at least 20 years or has retired in BPS 22 or is a technocrat) and four appointed members from each four provinces, each of whom is a judge of the four high courts of the four provinces; all appointed by the president by constitution. After approving the consultations from the chief justices of high courts of four provinces and the chief election commissioner, the president constitutionally approves the appointments of the designated members of the Election Commission.
Квалификация для членства в Парламенте
Лицо, являющееся гражданином Пакистана, зарегистрированное в качестве избирателя в любом избирательном списке в соответствии с Законом об избирательных списках 1974 года, и в случае Национальной/провинциальной ассамблей не моложе 25 лет, а в случае Сената – не моложе 30 лет, обладающее хорошей репутацией и не являющееся общеизвестным нарушителем исламских предписаний, имеющее достаточные знания исламских учений и практики, знающее обязательные предписания ислама и воздерживающееся от совершения тяжких грехов, являющееся рассудительным, праведным и умеренным, честным и надежным, не осужденное за преступление, связанное с моральной непристойностью или за дачу ложных показаний, и не совершавшее после образования Пакистана действий, направленных против целостности страны или против идеологии Пакистана, а также имеющее высшее образование, может участвовать в выборах и стать членом Парламента или провинциальной ассамблеи.
A person who is a citizen of Pakistan, is enrolled as a voter in any electoral roll under the Electoral Rolls Act 1974 and in case of National/Provincial Assemblies is not less than 25 years of age and in case of Senate not less than 30 years of age, is of good character and is not commonly known as one who violates Islamic injunctions, has adequate knowledge of Islamic teachings and practices, obligatory duties prescribed by Islam as well as abstains from major sin, is sagacious, righteous and non profligate, honest and ameen, has not been convicted for a crime involving moral turpitude or for giving false evidence, and has not, after establishment of Pakistan, worked against the integrity of the country or opposed the ideology of Pakistan and is graduate, can contest the elections and become a member of the Parliament or a Provincial Assembly.
Квалификация избирателей
Лицо, являющееся гражданином Пакистана, достигшее возраста 18 лет к первому дню января года, в котором составляются или пересматриваются списки избирателей, не признанное компетентным судом недееспособным и являющееся или считающееся проживающим в избирательном округе, может быть внесено в списки избирателей данного округа. Только граждане, зарегистрированные в списках избирателей, имеют право голосовать.
A person, who is a citizen of Pakistan, is not less than 18 years of age on the first day of January of the year in which the rolls are prepared or revised, is not declared by a competent court to be of unsound mind and is or is deemed to be a resident of an electoral area, can get their selves enrolled as a voter in that electoral area. The citizens registered on the electoral rolls are only eligible to cast their votes.