Традиционные китайские музыкальные инструменты: Классификация по материалам

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Chinese musical instruments are traditionally grouped into eight categories known as ([[wikt:八音). The eight categories are silk, bamboo, wood, stone, metal, clay, gourd and skin; other instruments considered traditional exist that may not fit these groups. The grouping of instruments in material categories in China is one of the first musical groupings ever devised.

Silk ([[wikt:絲) instruments are mostly stringed instruments (including those that are plucked, bowed, and struck). Since ancient times, the Chinese have used twisted silk for strings, though today metal or nylon are more frequently used. Instruments in the silk category include:

Name Image – 25 stringed zither with movable bridges (ancient sources say 14, 25 or 50 strings) ([[wikt:古箏) – 16–26 stringed zither with movable bridges ([[wikt:箜篌) – angular harp Phoenix headed konghou ([[wikt:鳳首箜篌 Konghou fengshou) – Arched harp. 10th century A. D., Bezeklik Caves, cave 48. (葫芦琴) – four stringed lute with gourd shape body used by the Naxi people of Yunnan. With frets like pipa, the structure of the huluqin is the same as that of the pipa and can be played with the pipa technique. ([[wikt:忽雷琴) – pear shaped lute slightly smaller than the , with 2 strings and body covered with snakeskin; it was used during the Tang dynasty but is no longer used ([[wikt:琵琶) – pear shaped fretted lute with 4 or 5 strings ([[wikt:柳琴) – small plucked, fretted lute with a pear shaped body and four and five strings – moon shaped lute in five sizes: , , , , and ; sometimes called (阮琴) ([[wikt:月琴) – plucked lute with a wooden body, a short fretted neck, and four strings tuned in pairs ([[wikt:秦琴) – plucked lute with a wooden body and fretted neck; also called (梅花琴, literally "plum blossom instrument", from its flower shaped body) ([[wikt:三弦) – plucked lute with body covered with snakeskin and long fretless neck; the ancestor of the Japanese – the instrument of the Jing people (Vietnamese people in China), a plucked, monochord zither with only one string, tuned to C3. ([[wikt:火不思) – a plucked long necked lute of Turkic origin ([[wikt:弹拨尔) – a fretted plucked long necked lute with five strings in three courses, used in Uyghur traditional music of Xinjiang ([[wikt:都塔尔) – a fretted plucked long necked lute with two strings, used in Uyghur traditional music of Xinjiang ([[wikt:热瓦普 or [[wikt:热瓦甫) – a fretless plucked long necked lute used in Uyghur traditional music of Xinjiang ([[wikt:天琴) – a 3 strings plucked lute of Zhuang people in Guangxi. ([[wikt:起奔) – a four strings plucked lute of Lisu people ([[wikt:弯琴) – shaped like a dragon boat. Its shape is very similar to Myanmar's Another variation of the held in the form of a harp with four strings was found in a painting of Feitian in Mogao caves, Dunhuang province. ([[wikt:孔琴) – A pear shaped with five strings similar to ukulele ([[wikt:冬不拉) – a
long necked Kazakh, Uzbek and Bashkir lute and a musical string instrument ([[wikt:其布厄) – The 4 strings Lisu people lute ([[wikt:赛玎) – The lute of Bulang people ([[wikt:玎崩巴) – a 4 strings lute of Dai people ([[wikt:德昂族丁琴) – a 4 strings lute of Palaung people ([[wikt:苏古笃) – a 4 trings Naxi people's lute with fretless fingerboard, and the body is traditionally made from snake skin. ([[wikt:考姆兹) – a long necked Dongxiangs lute with fretless fingerboard.

Instrument Image ([[wikt:胡琴) – family of vertical fiddles ([[wikt:二胡) – two stringed fiddle ([[wikt:中胡) – two stringed fiddle, lower pitch than an ([[wikt:高胡) – two stringed fiddle, higher pitch than an ; also called ([[wikt:粤) ([[wikt:板胡) – two stringed fiddle with a coconut resonator and wooden face, used primarily in northern China ([[wikt:京胡) – two stringed fiddle (piccolo ), very high pitched, used mainly for Beijing opera (京二胡) – used in Beijing opera ([[wikt:二弦) – a Chinese bowed string instrument in the huqin family of instruments. It has two strings and is used primarily in Cantonese music, most often in "hard string" chamber ensembles. ([[wikt:竹提琴) – a huqin (胡琴, vertical fiddle) with cylindrical bamboo resonator and paulownia soundboard used in old style Cantonese opera, both staged (Chinese: gu qiang Yueju, 古腔粤剧) and non staged (Chinese: gu qiang Yue qu, 古腔粤曲). ([[wikt:椰胡) – two stringed fiddle with coconut body, used primarily in Cantonese and Chaozhou music ([[wikt:大广弦) – two stringed fiddle used in Taiwan and Fujian, primarily by Min Nan and Hakka people; also called ([[wikt:大筒弦), (广弦), and (大管弦) ([[wikt:大筒) – two stringed fiddle used in the traditional music of Hunan (壳仔弦) – two stringed fiddle with coconut body, used in Taiwan opera (六角弦) – two stringed fiddle with hexagonal body, similar to the ; used primarily in Taiwan (鐵弦仔) – a two stringed fiddle with metal amplifying horn at the end of its neck, used in Taiwan; also called (鼓吹弦) (牛角胡) – a yak's horn fiddle used primarily among the Tibetan people – two stringed fiddle with gourd body used by the Zhuang of Guangxi – two stringed fiddle with horse bone body used by the Zhuang and Buyei peoples of southern China (土胡) – two stringed fiddle used by the Zhuang people of Guangxi (角胡) – two stringed fiddle used by the Gelao people of Guangxi, as well as the Miao and Dong (六胡) – six stringed fiddle of Mongolian people in Inner Mongolia ([[wikt:四胡) – four stringed fiddle with strings tuned in pairs (三胡) – 3 stringed with an additional bass string; developed in the 1970s – two stringed fiddle with fingerboard – two stringed fiddle with fingerboard ([[wikt:雷琴) – two stringed fiddle with fingerboard ([[wikt:低胡) – low pitched two stringed fiddles in the family, in three sizes: (小低胡) – small , tuned one octave below the (中低胡) – medium , tuned one octave below the (大低胡) – large , tuned two octaves below the (大胡) – another name for the – another name for the ([[wikt:革胡) – four stringed bass instrument, tuned and played like cello (低音革胡) – four stringed contrabass instrument, tuned and played like double bass ([[wikt:拉阮) – four stringed bowed instrument modeled on the cello (琶琴) – bowed pear shaped lute (大琶琴) – bass or (牛腿琴 or 牛巴腿) – two stringed fiddle used by the Dong people of Guizhou (馬頭琴) – (Mongolian: ) – Mongolian two stringed "horsehead fiddle" (奚琴) – ancient prototype of family of instruments (韶琴) – electric – bowed zither; also called (文枕琴) – a zither with 9 strings bowed ([[wikt:琤尼) – bowed zither; used by the Zhuang people of Guangxi ([[wikt:艾捷克) – four stringed bowed instrument used in Uyghur traditional music of Xinjiang; similar to ([[wikt:萨塔尔 or [[wikt:萨它尔) – long necked bowed lute with 13 strings used in Uyghur traditional music of Xinjiang. 1 playing string and 12 sympathetic strings. ([[wikt:胡西它尔) – a four stringed bowed instrument used in Uyghur traditional music of Xinjiang. Qiaoqin ([[wikt:桥琴) – cello like instrument with snakeskin resonator) from Shenyang Shenhu ([[wikt:桥琴) – a huqin (2 stringed vertical fiddle with snakeskin covered resonator) with a distinctive broad, nasal timbre that is used as the primary accompanying huqin (zhu hu, 主胡) in Huju (沪剧), a genre of local Chinese opera (difang xiqu, 地方戏曲) from Shanghai.

Instrument Image ([[wikt:揚琴) – hammered dulcimer ([[wikt:筑) – a zither similar to a , played with a bamboo mallet ([[wikt:牛筋琴) – a zither used to accompany traditional narrative singing in Wenzhou, Zhejiang province. Similar to a but played with a bamboo mallet.

(文琴) – a combination of the , , and with 50 or more steel strings. (青州挫琴) – strucked and bowed zither from Shandong, China.

The stone ([[wikt:石) category comprises various forms of stone chimes. Instrument Image – a rack of stone tablets that are hung by ropes from a wooden frame and struck using a mallet. (特鐘) – a single large stone tablet hung by a rope in a wooden frame and struck using a mallet

Instrument ImageDagu – (大鼓) – large drum played with two sticks Huapengu (花盆鼓) – flowerpot shaped large drum played with two sticks; also called ganggu (缸鼓)Huzuo Dagu (虎座大鼓)Huzuo Wujia Gu (虎座鳥架鼓)Jiangu (建鼓) Bangu (板鼓) – small, high pitched drum used in Beijing opera; also called danpigu (单皮鼓) Biangu (扁鼓) – flat drum, played with sticks Paigu (排鼓) – set of three to seven tuned drums played with sticksTanggu (堂鼓) – medium sized barrel drum played with two sticks; also called tonggu (同鼓) or xiaogu (小鼓) Biqigu (荸荠鼓) – a very small drum played with one stick, used in Jiangnan sizhuDiangu (点鼓; also called huaigu, 怀鼓) – a double headed frame drum played with a single wooden beater; used in the Shifangu ensemble music of Jiangsu province and to accompany to kunqu operaHuagu (花鼓) – flower drumYaogu (腰鼓) – waist drum Taipinggu (太平鼓) – flat drum with a handle; also called dangu (单鼓)Zhangu (战鼓 or 戰鼓) – war drum; played with two sticks. Bajiaogu (八角鼓) – octagonal tambourine used primarily in narrative singing from northern China．Yanggegu (秧歌鼓) – rice planting drumGaogu (鼛鼓) – large ancient drum used to for battlefield commands and large scale constructionBofu (搏拊) – ancient drum used to set tempoJiegu (羯鼓) – hourglass shaped drum used during the Tang dynastyTao (鼗; pinyin: táo) or taogu (鼗鼓) – a pellet drum used in ritual musicBolang Gu (波浪鼓; pinyin: bo lang gu) – a traditional Chinese pellet drum and toy Linggu (铃鼓)

Instrument ImageGudi (骨笛) – an ancient flute made of bone Hailuo (海螺) – conch shell Kouxian (口弦) – jaw harp, made of bamboo or metal. Yedi (叶笛) – tree leaf used as a wind instrument．Shuijingdi (水晶笛) – crystal flute. Zutongqin (竹筒琴) – bamboo tube zither Shu pi hao (树皮号, literally "tree bark horn"): a traditional horn made from coiled tree bark, used by the Dong people of Xinhuang Dong Autonomous County, western Huaihua, west central Hunan province, south central China, near the border with Guizhou province. The instrument, which is also used by the Tujia and Miao ethnic groups of this part of Hunan province, is made by first felling a young paulownia tree, then, using a sharp knife, slowly peeling off its thin bark in a long, winding strip several inches in width. This strip of bark is then coiled tightly to produce a long conical tube that is blown from the narrow end with a buzzed embouchure, in the manner of a horn.

Instrument Image Ethnic group Frame drum Frame drums are used by ethnic groups all over China. The style of the one pictured is used mainly by Mongolic, Tungusic, and Turkic peoples. Lusheng, or qeej – free reed gourd mouth organ of the Miao/Hmong people A free reed mouth organ with five or six pipes, played by various ethnic groups in southwest China and neighboring countries, such as the Miao people (or Hmong). Lilie (唎咧) – reed wind instrument with a conical bore played by the Li people of Hainan Flute played by the Miao

Chinese instruments are either played solo, collectively in large orchestras (as in the former imperial court) or in smaller ensembles (in teahouses or public gatherings). Normally, there is no conductor in traditional Chinese music, nor any use of musical scores or tablature in performance. Music was generally learned aurally and memorized by the musician(s) beforehand, then played without aid. As of the 20th century, musical scores have become more common, as has the use of conductors in larger orchestral type ensembles.