Введение
В области математики, называемой гомологической алгеброй, t-структура — это способ аксиоматизации свойств абелевой подкатегории производной категории. t-структура на состоит из двух подкатегорий треугольной категории или стабильной бесконечномерной категории, которые абстрагируют идею комплексов, чья когомология обращается в нуль в положительных, соответственно, отрицательных степенях. В одной и той же категории может существовать множество различных t-структур, и взаимодействие между этими структурами имеет последствия для алгебры и геометрии. Понятие t-структуры возникло в работах Бейлинсона, Бернштейна, Делиня и Габбера по перверсивным пучкам. Определение
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
Зафиксируем треугольную категорию с функтором сдвига . t-структура на — это пара полных подкатегорий, каждая из которых стабильна относительно изоморфизмов, удовлетворяющих следующим трем аксиомам. Если X — объект и Y — объект , то
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
Если X — объект , то X[1] также является объектом . Аналогично, если Y — объект , то Y[1] также является объектом . Если A — объект , то существует выделенный треугольник такой, что X — объект и Y — объект .
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
Можно показать, что подкатегории и замкнуты относительно расширений в . В частности, они стабильны относительно конечных прямых сумм. Предположим, что — t-структура на . В этом случае для любого целого числа n мы определяем как полную подкатегорию объекты которой имеют вид , где — объект . Аналогично, — это полная подкатегория объектов , где — объект . Более кратко, мы определяем
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
С этой нотацией аксиомы выше можно переписать следующим образом:
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
Если X — объект и Y — объект , то
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
и если A — объект , то существует выделенный треугольник такой, что X — объект и Y — объект .
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
Сердце или ядро t-структуры — это полная подкатегория , состоящая из объектов, содержащихся как в , так и в , то есть .
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
Сердце t-структуры — это абелева категория (в то время как треугольная категория аддитивна, но почти никогда не абелева), и она стабильна относительно расширений. Треугольную категорию с выбранной t-структурой иногда называют t-категорией. Вариации
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
Очевидно, что для определения t-структуры достаточно зафиксировать целые числа m и n и указать и . Некоторые авторы определяют t-структуру как пару .
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
Две подкатегории и определяют друг друга. Объект X принадлежит тогда и только тогда, когда для всех объектов Y в , и наоборот. То есть — левые и правые ортогональные дополнения друг друга. Следовательно, достаточно указать только одну из подкатегорий и , а поскольку эти подкатегории полны по определению, достаточно указать их объекты. Вышеуказанная нотация адаптирована к изучению когомологий. Когда целью является изучение гомологий, используется немного другая нотация. Гомологическая t-структура на — это пара такая, что если мы определим
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
тогда — (когомологическая) t-структура на . То есть определение такое же, за исключением того, что верхние индексы заменяются нижними индексами, а роли и меняются местами. Если мы определим
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
тогда аксиомы для гомологической t-структуры можно записать явно следующим образом:
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
Если X — объект и Y — объект , то
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
и если A — объект , то существует выделенный треугольник такой, что X — объект и Y — объект .
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
Примеры
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
Природная t-структура
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
Наиболее фундаментальный пример t-структуры — это природная t-структура на производной категории. Пусть — абелева категория, и пусть — ее производная категория. Тогда природная t-структура определяется парой подкатегорий .
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
Из этого следует, что в этом случае третья аксиома для t-структуры, существование определенного выделенного треугольника, может быть сделана явной следующим образом. Предположим, что — комплекс коцепей со значениями в . Определим
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
Очевидно, что и что существует короткая точная последовательность комплексов
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
Эта точная последовательность обеспечивает требуемый выделенный треугольник. Этот пример можно обобщить до точных категорий (в смысле Квиллена). Существуют также аналогичные t-структуры для ограниченных, ограниченных сверху и ограниченных снизу производных категорий. Если — абелева подкатегория , то полная подкатегория , состоящая из тех комплексов, чья когомология лежит в , имеет аналогичную t-структуру, ядром которой является .
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
Перверсивные пучки
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
Категория перверсивных пучков, по определению, является ядром так называемой перверсивной t-структуры на производной категории категории пучков на комплексно-аналитическом пространстве X или (при работе с l-адическими пучками) алгебраическом многообразии над конечным полем. Как было объяснено выше, ядро стандартной t-структуры просто содержит обычные пучки, рассматриваемые как комплексы, сосредоточенные в степени 0. Например, категория перверсивных пучков на (возможно, сингулярной) алгебраической кривой X (или аналогично, возможно, сингулярной поверхности) разработана таким образом, чтобы она содержала, в частности, объекты вида
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
где — включение точки, — обычный пучок, — гладкая открытая подсхема и — локально постоянный пучок на U. Обратите внимание на сдвиг в соответствии с размерностью Z и U соответственно. Этот сдвиг заставляет категорию перверсивных пучков быть хорошо определенной на сингулярных пространствах. Простые объекты в этой категории — это пучки пересечений когомологий подмногообразий с коэффициентами в неприводимой локальной системе. Эта t-структура была введена Бейлинсоном, Бернштейном и Делинем. Бейлинсон показал, что производная категория ядра фактически эквивалентна исходной производной категории пучков. Это пример общего факта, что треугольную категорию можно наделять несколькими различными t-структурами.
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
Градированные модули
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
Нестандартный пример t-структуры на производной категории (градированных) модулей над градуированным кольцом имеет свойство, что ее ядро состоит из комплексов
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
где — модуль, порожденный его (градированной) степенью n. Эта t-структура, называемая геометрической t-структурой, играет важную роль в двойственности Козуля.
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
Спектры
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
Категория спектров наделена t-структурой, порожденной, в вышеуказанном смысле, единственным объектом, а именно сферическим спектром. Категория — это категория связных спектров, то есть тех, чьи отрицательные гомотопические группы обращаются в нуль. (В областях, связанных с теорией гомотопий, обычно используются гомологические соглашения, в отличие от когомологических, поэтому в этом случае обычно заменяют "" (верхний индекс) на "" (нижний индекс). Используя это соглашение, категорию связных спектров обозначают как .)
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
Мотивы
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
Предполагаемый пример в теории мотивов — так называемая мотивная t-структура. Ее (предполагаемое) существование тесно связано с определенными стандартными предположениями об алгебраических циклах и предположениями об исчезновении, такими как предположение Бейлинсона — Суле.
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
Функторы усечения
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
В приведенном выше примере природной t-структуры на производной категории абелевой категории выделенный треугольник, гарантированный третьей аксиомой, был построен усечением. Как операции над категорией комплексов, усечения и являются функториальными, и полученная короткая точная последовательность комплексов является естественной в . Используя это, можно показать, что существуют функторы усечения на производной категории и что они индуцируют естественный выделенный треугольник. Фактически, это пример общего явления. Хотя аксиомы t-структуры не предполагают существования функторов усечения, такие функторы всегда можно построить и они по существу уникальны. Предположим, что — треугольная категория и — t-структура. Точное утверждение состоит в том, что включающие функторы
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
имеют сопряженные. Это функторы
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
такие, что
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
Кроме того, для любого объекта из , существует единственный
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
такой, что d и коединица и единица сопряжений вместе определяют выделенный треугольник
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
С точностью до уникального изоморфизма это единственный выделенный треугольник вида с и объектами и , соответственно. Из существования этого треугольника следует, что объект лежит в (соответственно, ) тогда и только тогда, когда . Таким образом, — левые и правые ортогональные дополнения друг друга.
Fix a triangulated category with translation functor A t structure on is a pair of full subcategories, each of which is stable under isomorphism, which satisfy the following three axioms. If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
If X is an object of , then X[1] is also an object of Similarly, if Y is an object of , then Y[ 1] is also an object of If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of It can be shown that the subcategories and are closed under extensions in In particular, they are stable under finite direct sums. Suppose that is a t structure on In this case, for any integer n, we define to be the full subcategory of whose objects have the form , where is an object of Similarly, is the full subcategory of objects , where is an object of More briefly, we define
With this notation, the axioms above may be rewritten as:
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
The heart or core of the t structure is the full subcategory consisting of objects contained in both and , that is,
The heart of a t structure is an abelian category (whereas a triangulated category is additive but almost never abelian), and it is stable under extensions. A triangulated category with a choice of t structure is sometimes called a t category. Variations
It is clear that, to define a t structure, it suffices to fix integers m and n and specify and Some authors define a t structure to be the pair
The two subcategories and determine each other. An object X is in if and only if for all objects Y in , and vice versa. That is, are left and right orthogonal complements of each other. Consequently, it is enough to specify only one of and Moreover, because these subcategories are full by definition, it is enough to specify their objects. The above notation is adapted to the study of cohomology. When the goal is to study homology, slightly different notation is used. A homological t structure on is a pair such that, if we define
then is a (cohomological) t structure on That is, the definition is the same except that upper indices are converted to lower indices and the roles of and are swapped. If we define
then the axioms for a homological t structure may be written explicitly as
If X is an object of and Y is an object of , then
and If A is an object of , then there exists a distinguished triangle such that X is an object of and Y is an object of
Examples
The natural t structure
The most fundamental example of a t structure is the natural t structure on a derived category. Let be an abelian category, and let be its derived category. Then the natural t structure is defined by the pair of subcategories
It follows immediately that
In this case, the third axiom for a t structure, the existence of a certain distinguished triangle, can be made explicit as follows. Suppose that is a cochain complex with values in Define
It is clear that and that there is a short exact sequence of complexes
This exact sequence furnishes the required distinguished triangle. This example can be generalized to exact categories (in the sense of Quillen). There are also similar t structures for the bounded, bounded above, and bounded below derived categories. If is an abelian subcategory of , then the full subcategory of consisting of those complexes whose cohomology is in has a similar t structure whose heart is
Perverse sheaves
The category of perverse sheaves is, by definition, the core of the so called perverse t structure on the derived category of the category of sheaves on a complex analytic space X or (working with l adic sheaves) an algebraic variety over a finite field. As was explained above, the heart of the standard t structure simply contains ordinary sheaves, regarded as complexes concentrated in degree 0. For example, the category of perverse sheaves on a (possibly singular) algebraic curve X (or analogously a possibly singular surface) is designed so that it contains, in particular, objects of the form
where is the inclusion of a point, is an ordinary sheaf, is a smooth open subscheme and is a locally constant sheaf on U. Note the presence of the shift according to the dimension of Z and U respectively. This shift causes the category of perverse sheaves to be well behaved on singular spaces. The simple objects in this category are the intersection cohomology sheaves of subvarieties with coefficients in an irreducible local system. This t structure was introduced by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne. It was shown by Beilinson that the derived category of the heart is in fact equivalent to the original derived category of sheaves. This is an example of the general fact that a triangulated category may be endowed with several distinct t structures. Graded modules
A non standard example of a t structure on the derived category of (graded) modules over a graded ring has the property that its heart consists of complexes
where is a module generated by its (graded) degree n. This t structure called geometric t structure plays a prominent role in Koszul duality. Spectra
The category of spectra is endowed with a t structure generated, in the sense above, by a single object, namely the sphere spectrum. The category is the category of connective spectra, i. e., those whose negative homotopy groups vanish. (In areas related to homotopy theory, it is common to use homological conventions, as opposed to cohomological ones, so in this case it is common to replace "" (superscript) by "" (subscript). Using this convention, the category of connective spectra is denoted as .) Motives
A conjectural example in the theory of motives is the so called motivic t structure. Its (conjectural) existence is closely related to certain standard conjectures on algebraic cycles and vanishing conjectures, such as the Beilinson Soulé conjecture. Truncation functors
In the above example of the natural t structure on the derived category of an abelian category, the distinguished triangle guaranteed by the third axiom was constructed by truncation. As operations on the category of complexes, the truncations and are functorial, and the resulting short exact sequence of complexes is natural in Using this, it can be shown that there are truncation functors on the derived category and that they induce a natural distinguished triangle. In fact, this is an example of a general phenomenon. While the axioms for a t structure do not assume the existence of truncation functors, such functors can always be constructed and are essentially unique. Suppose that is a triangulated category and that is a t structure. The precise statement is that the inclusion functors
admit adjoints. These are functors
such that
Moreover, for any object of , there exists a unique
such that d and the counit and unit of the adjunctions together define a distinguished triangle
Up to unique isomorphism, this is the unique distinguished triangle of the form with and objects of and , respectively. It follows from the existence of this triangle that an object lies in (resp. ) if and only if (resp. ). The existence of implies the existence of the other truncation functors by shifting and taking opposite categories. If is an object of , the third axiom for a t structure asserts the existence of an in and a morphism fitting into a certain distinguished triangle. For each , fix one such triangle and define The axioms for a t structure imply that, for any object of , we have
with the isomorphism being induced by the morphism This exhibits as a solution to a certain universal mapping problem. Standard results on adjoint functors now imply that is unique up to unique isomorphism and that there is a unique way to define on morphisms that makes it a right adjoint. This proves the existence of and hence the existence of all the truncation functors. Repeated truncation for a t structure behaves similarly to repeated truncation for complexes. If , then there are natural transformations
which yield natural equivalences
Cohomology functors
The nth cohomology functor is defined as
As the name suggests, this is a cohomological functor in the usual sense for a triangulated category. That is, for any distinguished triangle , we obtain a long exact sequence
In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted instead of The cohomology functors take values in the heart By one of the repeated truncation identities above, up to natural equivalence it is equivalent to define
For the natural t structure on a derived category , the cohomology functor is, up to quasi isomorphism, the usual nth cohomology group of a complex. However, considered as functors on complexes, this is not true. Consider, for example, as defined in terms of the natural t structure. By definition, this is
This complex is non zero in degrees and , so it is clearly not the same as the zeroth cohomology group of the complex However, the non trivial differential is an injection, so the only non trivial cohomology is in degree , where it is , the zeroth cohomology group of the complex It follows that the two possible definitions of are quasi isomorphic. A t structure is non degenerate if the intersection of all , as well as the intersection of all , consists only of zero objects. For a non degenerate t structure, the collection of functors is conservative. Moreover, in this case, (resp. ) may be identified with the full subcategory of those objects for which for (resp. ). Exact functors
For , let be a triangulated category with a fixed t structure Suppose that is an exact functor (in the usual sense for triangulated categories, that is, up to a natural equivalence it commutes with translation and preserves distinguished triangles). Then is:
Left t exact if ,
Right t exact if , and
t exact if it is both left and right t exact. It is elementary to see that if is fully faithful and t exact, then an object of is in (resp. ) if and only if is in (resp. ). It is also elementary to see that if is another left (resp. right) t exact functor, then the composite is also left (resp. right) t exact. The motivation for the study of one sided t exactness properties is that they lead to one sided exactness properties on hearts. Let be the inclusion. Then there is a composite functor
It can be shown that if is left (resp. right) exact, then is also left (resp. right) exact, and that if is also left (resp. right) exact, then
If is right (resp. left) t exact, and if is in (resp. ), then there is a natural isomorphism (resp. ). If are exact functors with left adjoint to , then is right t exact if and only if is left t exact, and in this case, are a pair of adjoint functors
Constructions of t structures
Let be a t structure on If n is an integer, then the translation by n t structure is The dual t structure is the t structure on the opposite category defined by
Let be a triangulated subcategory of a triangulated category If is a t structure on , then
is a t structure on if and only if is stable under the truncation functor When this condition holds, the t structure is called the induced t structure. The truncation and cohomology functors for the induced t structure are the restriction to of those on Consequently, the inclusion of in is t exact, and
To construct the category of perverse sheaves, it is important to be able to define a t structure on a category of sheaves over a space by working locally in that space. The precise conditions necessary for this to be possible can be abstracted somewhat to the following setup. Suppose that there are three triangulated categories and two morphisms
satisfying the following properties. There are two sequences of triples of adjoint functors and The functors , , and are full and faithful, and they satisfy There are unique differentials making, for every K in , exact triangles
In this case, given t structures and on and , respectively, there is a t structure on defined by
This t structure is said to be the gluing of the t structures on U and F. The intended use cases are when , , and are bounded below derived categories of sheaves on a space X, an open subset U, and the closed complement F of U. The functors and are the usual pullback and pushforward functors. This works, in particular, when the sheaves in question are left modules over a sheaf of rings on X and when the sheaves are ℓ adic sheaves. Many t structures arise by means of the following fact: in a triangulated category with arbitrary direct sums, and a set of compact objects in , the subcategories
can be shown to be a t structure. The resulting t structure is said to be generated by
Given an abelian subcategory of a triangulated category , it is possible to construct a subcategory of and a t structure on that subcategory whose heart is .
На стабильных ∞-категориях
Элементарная теория t-структур переносится на случай ∞-категорий с небольшими изменениями. Пусть – стабильная ∞-категория. t-структура на определяется как t-структура на её гомотопической категории (которая является триангулированной категорией). t-структура на ∞-категории может быть обозначена либо гомологически, либо кохомологически, как и в случае триангулированной категории. Предположим, что – ∞-категория с гомотопической категорией и что – t-структура на . Тогда, для каждого целого числа n, мы определяем и как полные подкатегории , порожденные объектами из и , соответственно. Определим
to be the inclusion functors. Just as in the case of a triangulated category, these admit a right and a left adjoint, respectively, the truncation functors
These functors satisfy the same repeated truncation identities as in the triangulated category case. The heart of a t structure on is defined to be the ∞ subcategory The category is equivalent to the nerve of its homotopy category The cohomology functor is defined to be , or equivalently
The existence of means that is, by definition, a localization functor. In fact, there is a bijection between t structures on and certain kinds of localization functors called t'' localizations. These are localization functors L whose essential image is closed under extension, meaning that if is a fiber sequence with X and Z in the essential image of L, then Y is also in the essential image of L. Given such a localization functor L, the corresponding t structure is defined byt localization functors can also be characterized in terms of the morphisms f for which Lf is an equivalence. A set of morphisms S in an ∞ category is quasisaturated if it contains all equivalences, if any 2 simplex in with two of its non degenerate edges in S has its third non degenerate edge in S, and if it is stable under pushouts. If is a localization functor, then the set S of all morphisms f for which Lf is an equivalence is quasisaturated. Then L is a t localization functor if and only if S is the smallest quasisaturated set of morphisms containing all morphisms
The derived category of an abelian category has several subcategories corresponding to different boundedness conditions. A t structure on a stable ∞ category can be used to construct similar subcategories. Specifically,
These are stable subcategories of One says that is left bounded (with respect to the given t structure) if , right bounded if , and bounded if
It is also possible to form a left or right completion with respect to a t structure. This is analogous to formally adjoining directed limits or directed colimits. The left completion of is the homotopy limit of the diagram
The right completion is defined dually. The left and right completions are themselves stable ∞ categories which inherit a canonical t structure. There is a canonical map from to either of its completions, and this map is t'' exact. We say that is left complete or right complete if the canonical map to its left or right completion, respectively, is an equivalence.
как функторы включения. Как и в случае триангулированной категории, они допускают правое и левое сопряженные, соответственно – функторы усечения. Эти функторы удовлетворяют тем же повторным тождествам усечения, что и в случае триангулированной категории. Сердце t-структуры на определяется как ∞-подкатегория . Категория эквивалентна нерву её гомотопической категории . Когомологический функтор определяется как , или, эквивалентно, . Существование означает, что по определению является функтором локализации. Фактически, существует биекция между t-структурами на и определенными типами функторов локализации, называемых t"-локализациями. Это функторы локализации L, чей существенный образ замкнут относительно расширений, то есть, если – точная последовательность с X и Z в существенном образе L, то Y также находится в существенном образе L. Для заданного такого функтора локализации L, соответствующая t-структура определяется функторами локализации, которые также могут быть охарактеризованы в терминах морфизмов f, для которых Lf является эквивалентностью. Множество морфизмов S в ∞-категории называется квазинасыщенным, если оно содержит все эквивалентности, если любой 2-симплекс в с двумя его невырожденными ребрами в S имеет третье невырожденное ребро в S, и если оно стабильно относительно прообразов. Если – функтор локализации, то множество S всех морфизмов f, для которых Lf является эквивалентностью, квазинасыщено. Тогда L является t-локализационным функтором тогда и только тогда, когда S является наименьшим квазинасыщенным множеством морфизмов, содержащим все морфизмы . Производная категория абелевой категории имеет несколько подкатегорий, соответствующих различным условиям ограниченности. t-структура на стабильной ∞-категории может быть использована для построения подобных подкатегорий. В частности,
to be the inclusion functors. Just as in the case of a triangulated category, these admit a right and a left adjoint, respectively, the truncation functors
These functors satisfy the same repeated truncation identities as in the triangulated category case. The heart of a t structure on is defined to be the ∞ subcategory The category is equivalent to the nerve of its homotopy category The cohomology functor is defined to be , or equivalently
The existence of means that is, by definition, a localization functor. In fact, there is a bijection between t structures on and certain kinds of localization functors called t'' localizations. These are localization functors L whose essential image is closed under extension, meaning that if is a fiber sequence with X and Z in the essential image of L, then Y is also in the essential image of L. Given such a localization functor L, the corresponding t structure is defined byt localization functors can also be characterized in terms of the morphisms f for which Lf is an equivalence. A set of morphisms S in an ∞ category is quasisaturated if it contains all equivalences, if any 2 simplex in with two of its non degenerate edges in S has its third non degenerate edge in S, and if it is stable under pushouts. If is a localization functor, then the set S of all morphisms f for which Lf is an equivalence is quasisaturated. Then L is a t localization functor if and only if S is the smallest quasisaturated set of morphisms containing all morphisms
The derived category of an abelian category has several subcategories corresponding to different boundedness conditions. A t structure on a stable ∞ category can be used to construct similar subcategories. Specifically,
These are stable subcategories of One says that is left bounded (with respect to the given t structure) if , right bounded if , and bounded if
It is also possible to form a left or right completion with respect to a t structure. This is analogous to formally adjoining directed limits or directed colimits. The left completion of is the homotopy limit of the diagram
The right completion is defined dually. The left and right completions are themselves stable ∞ categories which inherit a canonical t structure. There is a canonical map from to either of its completions, and this map is t'' exact. We say that is left complete or right complete if the canonical map to its left or right completion, respectively, is an equivalence.
– это стабильные подкатегории . Говорят, что лево-ограничена (относительно данной t-структуры), если , право-ограничена, если , и ограничена, если . Также возможно сформировать левое или правое завершение относительно t-структуры. Это аналогично формальному присоединению направленных пределов или направленных копределов. Левое завершение – это гомотопический предел диаграммы . Правое завершение определяется дуально. Левое и правое завершения сами по себе являются стабильными ∞-категориями, которые наследуют каноническую t-структуру. Существует каноническое отображение из в любое из его завершений, и это отображение t"-точное. Мы говорим, что лево-завершено или право-завершено, если каноническое отображение в его левое или правое завершение, соответственно, является эквивалентностью.
to be the inclusion functors. Just as in the case of a triangulated category, these admit a right and a left adjoint, respectively, the truncation functors
These functors satisfy the same repeated truncation identities as in the triangulated category case. The heart of a t structure on is defined to be the ∞ subcategory The category is equivalent to the nerve of its homotopy category The cohomology functor is defined to be , or equivalently
The existence of means that is, by definition, a localization functor. In fact, there is a bijection between t structures on and certain kinds of localization functors called t'' localizations. These are localization functors L whose essential image is closed under extension, meaning that if is a fiber sequence with X and Z in the essential image of L, then Y is also in the essential image of L. Given such a localization functor L, the corresponding t structure is defined byt localization functors can also be characterized in terms of the morphisms f for which Lf is an equivalence. A set of morphisms S in an ∞ category is quasisaturated if it contains all equivalences, if any 2 simplex in with two of its non degenerate edges in S has its third non degenerate edge in S, and if it is stable under pushouts. If is a localization functor, then the set S of all morphisms f for which Lf is an equivalence is quasisaturated. Then L is a t localization functor if and only if S is the smallest quasisaturated set of morphisms containing all morphisms
The derived category of an abelian category has several subcategories corresponding to different boundedness conditions. A t structure on a stable ∞ category can be used to construct similar subcategories. Specifically,
These are stable subcategories of One says that is left bounded (with respect to the given t structure) if , right bounded if , and bounded if
It is also possible to form a left or right completion with respect to a t structure. This is analogous to formally adjoining directed limits or directed colimits. The left completion of is the homotopy limit of the diagram
The right completion is defined dually. The left and right completions are themselves stable ∞ categories which inherit a canonical t structure. There is a canonical map from to either of its completions, and this map is t'' exact. We say that is left complete or right complete if the canonical map to its left or right completion, respectively, is an equivalence.