Шарль Гратиот: Жизнь и карьера военного инженера США

United States Army officer

Charles Chouteau Gratiot (August 29, 1786 – May 18, 1855) was born in St. Louis, Spanish Upper Louisiana Territory, now the present day State of Missouri. He was the son of Charles Gratiot, Sr., a fur trader in the Illinois country during the American Revolution, and Victoire Chouteau, who was from an important mercantile family. His father became a wealthy merchant, during the early years of St. Louis. After 1796, Charles was raised in the large stone house purchased by his father in St. Louis, near the Mississippi River. He made a career out of being a U. S. Army military engineer, becoming the Chief Engineer of the United States Corps of Engineers, and supervised construction of a number of important projects. He was dismissed by William Henry Harrison, which led to a protracted controversy.

President Thomas Jefferson personally appointed him (and 3 other young Missouri men) as a United States Military Academy cadet in July 1804. The U. S. Military Academy at West Point, New York, was the first school of engineering in the United States and graduated its first class in 1802. As General William Henry Harrison's Chief Engineer in the War of 1812, he distinguished himself by planning and building Fort Meigs in 1813. He also rebuilt Fort St. Joseph, later renamed Fort Gratiot in his honor. In 1814 he took part in the attack of the Battle of Mackinac Island. He received the Thanks of Congress for his efforts during the war. "He was superintending engineer of the construction of the defenses of Hampton Roads, 1819–1829. He became chief engineer of the army in May, 1828 and was brevetted brigadier. On the pretext of discrepancies in Gratiot's accounts, he was dismissed from the army in 1838. Thereafter, he worked as a clerk in the General Land Office in Washington. Lee was much shaken by Gratiot's dismissal and studied the matter closely. He came to the conclusion that Gratiot was an honest man, the victim of a cabal. See George W. Cullum, Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U. S. Military Academy at West Point (New York, 1868, 2 vols. ), 1, 99–100. See also Douglas S. Freeman, R. E. Lee: A Biography (New York, 1934–1935, 4 vols. ), 1, 157–158."

On May 24, 1828, Gratiot was appointed colonel of engineers, brevet brigadier general, and Chief Engineer. It is said that the General of the Army, Alexander Macomb, was of the opinion that President Martin Van Buren's actions were too harsh. They had two children:
Marie Victoire Gratiot (1820–1878). Married Charles François Frédéric, marquis de Montholon Sémonville. Had issue. Julia Augusta Gratiot (1824–1895). Married Charles Pierre Chouteau. Had issue.

His remains are interred in section 13 of Calvary Cemetery in St. Louis, Missouri. Fort Gratiot, Michigan, was named after Gratiot, who oversaw its reconstruction in 1814 to guard the mouth of the St. Clair River at Lake Huron. Gratiot Avenue, an early roadway between Detroit and Port Huron, Michigan, was named for the fort near Port Huron, which was in turn named for Gratiot. Construction started in Detroit in 1829, and the roadway was completed in the same year to Mount Clemens. The rest was finished in 1833. Sections of the roadway are designated as state highways M 3 or M 19, and before I 94 was built, Gratiot Avenue was the main link between the two cities. Gratiot is the namesake of the village of Gratiot, Ohio. Point Gratiot, Point Gratiot Light (a/k/a Dunkirk Lighthhouse) and Point Gratiot Park in Dunkirk, New York are also named for him. Gratiot County, Michigan is named for Gratiot. It was described by the Territorial Legislature in 1831. By 1837, the Territory had been admitted to the Union as a state; in 1855 the State Legislature authorized the organization of Gratiot County—the death year of the county's namesake.

This article contains public domain text from Portraits and Profiles of Chief Engineers: Colonel Charles Gratiot. Information about his parents at the Lewis and Clark Expedition page from National Park Service.