Американская миссионерка в Китае: Трагедия Минни Вотрин
Minnie Vautrin
Вильгельмина Вотрин: американская миссионерка в Китае, спасла тысячи беженцев во время Нанкинской резни. Дневники, трагическая судьба и признание в Китае.
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Содержание
Введение
Вильгельмина "Минни" Воутрин (27 сентября 1886 – 14 мая 1941) – американская миссионерка, автор дневника, педагог и президент колледжа Гинлинг. Христианская миссионерка в Китае на протяжении 28 лет, она прославилась заботой и защитой как минимум 10 000 китайских беженцев во время Нанкинской резни, ведя в то время дневник, который впоследствии был опубликован. Она даже осмеливалась бросать вызов японским властям, требуя документы в попытке защитить гражданских лиц, находившихся в ее колледже. Выжив в Нанкинской зоне безопасности с 1937 года, она вернулась в Соединенные Штаты в мае 1940 года. Год спустя, в состоянии крайнего стресса и травмы, вызванных Нанкинской резней, она плотно заперла свой дом, включила газ и покончила жизнь самоубийством в Америке. Она была удостоена награды китайским правительством за гуманитарную деятельность во время Нанкинской резни.
American missionary in China
Wilhelmina "Minnie" Vautrin (September 27, 1886 – May 14, 1941) was an American missionary, diarist, educator and president of Ginling College. A Christian missionary in China for 28 years, she became known for caring and protecting at least 10,000 Chinese refugees during the Nanjing Massacre in China, during which she kept a now published diary, at times even challenging the Japanese authorities for documents in an attempt to protect the civilians staying at her college. After surviving in the Nanking Safety Zone from 1937, she returned to the United States in May 1940. One year later, she sealed her house tightly, turned on the gas and committed suicide in America due to extreme stress and trauma from the Nanjing Massacre. by the Chinese government for her humanitarian work during the Nanjing Massacre.
Ранние годы и образование
Вильгельмина Воутрин родилась в Секоре, округ Клейтон, штат Иллинойс, 27 сентября 1886 года, в семье Полин (урождённой Лор) и Эдмонда Луиса Воутрина. Её отец Эдмонд, считавший себя французом, иммигрировал из часто оспариваемой области Лотарингии в Соединенные Штаты. Он прибыл в округ Клейтон, штат Иллинойс, в 1883 году, чтобы пройти обучение кузнечному делу у своего дяди в Пеории, а позже переехал в соседний Секор, где женился на Полин. Минни была вторым из трёх детей пары; её старший брат умер в младенчестве. Когда Минни было шесть лет, её мать умерла от неустановленных причин. После этого Минни отправили в несколько разных приемных семей. Три года спустя суд разрешил ей вернуться домой к отцу, где она взяла на себя множество домашних обязанностей и при этом преуспевала в учебе. Позже учительница вспоминала Воутрин, отметив, что «Минни была прирожденным учеником. Она могла добиться успеха почти во всем, за что бралась, и была искренней христианкой». После начальной школы Воутрин поступила в среднюю школу Секор. В то время Воутрин работала на нескольких подработках, чтобы накопить на дальнейшее обучение, а также занималась волонтерской деятельностью в местных церквях. В 1903 году Воутрин была принята в Иллинойсский государственный педагогический университет в Нормале, штат Иллинойс. Из-за ограниченных финансовых средств Воутрин приходилось работать, и учеба несколько раз откладывалась. Тем не менее, она окончила университет в 1907 году, заняв первое место в своем классе из 93 студентов и выступив с речью на выпускной церемонии. Она преподавала математику в средней школе Лерой, штат Иллинойс, прежде чем продолжить обучение в Университете Иллинойса. В этом университете Воутрин была президентом Студенческого добровольческого движения по зарубежным миссиям. Она окончила университет в 1912 году с отличием, получив степень бакалавра наук (A.B. in Science).
Wilhelmina Vautrin was born in Secor, Clayton County, Illinois on September 27, 1886, to Pauline (née Lohr) and Edmond Louis Vautrin. Her father Edmond, who considered himself French, immigrated from the often contested Lorraine region to the United States. He arrived in Clayton County, Illinois in 1883 to undergo a blacksmithing apprenticeship with his uncle in Peoria, and later moved to nearby Secor, where he married Pauline. Minnie was the second of the couple's three children; her elder brother died as an infant. When Minnie was six years old, her mother died of unrecorded causes. After this, Minnie was sent to several different foster homes. Three years later, the courts permitted her to return home to her father, where she assumed many household chores as well as excelled in school. A teacher later remembered Vautrin, commenting that "Minnie was a born student She could excel in most anything she tried, and was a genuinely Christian girl." After primary school, Vautrin attended Secor High School. During that time, Vautrin worked several part time jobs to save for further schooling, as well as volunteered at local churches. Vautrin was accepted to Illinois State Normal University in Normal, Illinois in 1903. Her limited finances meant Vautrin had to work, and delayed her studies several times. She nonetheless graduated in 1907, ranked first in her class of 93 students and delivered a speech at the commencement. She taught mathematics at LeRoy High School, Illinois before continuing her studies at the University of Illinois. At that university, Vautrin was president of the Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions. She graduated in 1912 as salutatorian of her class with an A. B. in Science.
Миссионерская карьера
Университетский пастор рекомендовал Ваутрин вербовщикам из Общества иностранных христианских миссионеров, которые попросили её заменить преподавателя в Китае. Когда Ваутрин получила этот запрос в 1912 году, христианские миссии в Китае, облегчаемые такими организациями, как Общество иностранных христианских миссионеров, начали процветать благодаря договорам, положившим конец Первой опиумной войне (1840–1842) и Второй опиумной войне (1863–1865), которые открыли китайские морские порты для христианства. Ваутрин отложила свадьбу на год, чтобы стать исполняющей обязанности президента Колледжа Гинлин в 1919 году. Однако позже она разорвала помолвку и больше не вышла замуж. В Колледже Гинлин Ваутрин решила продлить свой годичный контракт. Она разработала курсы по управлению образованием, инновационную программу педагогической практики и руководила планированием и финансированием нового кампуса у Западных ворот Нанкина. Осенью 1922 года Ваутрин организовала сбор средств для строительства начальной школы для 150 местных детей, большинство из которых были неграмотными и жили в домах рядом с кампусом Колледжа Гинлин. Биограф Хуа Лин Ху пишет, что, работая в Колледже Гинлин, Минни «стремилась вдохновить студентов на воплощение духа девиза Гинлина – «полнота жизни», побуждая их выйти за пределы «слоновой башни», чтобы увидеть и понять страдания бедных, и призывая посвятить свою жизнь улучшению общества». Под этой программой было выпущено сто женщин. Одна запись в её дневнике, сделанная незадолго до смерти, свидетельствует о её преданности Колледжу Гинлин и народу Китая, которому она служила 28 лет в качестве христианской миссионерки:
The university pastor recommended Vautrin to the recruiters of the Foreign Christian Missionary Society, who requested that she replace a teacher in China. When Vautrin received this request in 1912, Christian missions to China, facilitated by groups such as the Foreign Christian Missionary Society, had begun to flourish as a result of the treaties ending the First Opium War (1840–42) and Second Opium War (1863 65) that opened Chinese seaports to Christianity. Vautrin postponed her wedding for one year in order to become the acting president at Ginling College in 1919. However, she later broke off her engagement and never married. At Ginling College, Vautrin decided to extend her one year agreement. She created courses on education administration and management, an innovative student teaching program, and handled the planning and funding of the new campus by the West Gate of Nanjing. During the fall semester of 1922, Vautrin hosted a fundraiser to build an elementary school for 150 local, mostly illiterate children who lived in the homes near Ginling College's campus. The biographer Hua ling Hu writes that, while at Ginling College, Minnie "attempted to lead the students to fulfill the spirit of Ginling's motto, 'abundant life,' by making them walk out of the 'ivory tower' to see and understand the suffering of the poor and by encouraging them to devote their lives for the betterment of the society." One hundred women graduated under this program. One entry in her journal, recorded shortly before her death, displays her devotion to Ginling College and the people of China, whom she served for 28 years as a Christian missionary:
Had I ten perfect lives, I would give them all to China. Resting Place:
Salt River Cemetery, 9433 South Shepherd Rd., Shepherd, MI 48883, Michigan, USA
Если бы у меня было десять совершенных жизней, я бы отдала их все Китаю.
The university pastor recommended Vautrin to the recruiters of the Foreign Christian Missionary Society, who requested that she replace a teacher in China. When Vautrin received this request in 1912, Christian missions to China, facilitated by groups such as the Foreign Christian Missionary Society, had begun to flourish as a result of the treaties ending the First Opium War (1840–42) and Second Opium War (1863 65) that opened Chinese seaports to Christianity. Vautrin postponed her wedding for one year in order to become the acting president at Ginling College in 1919. However, she later broke off her engagement and never married. At Ginling College, Vautrin decided to extend her one year agreement. She created courses on education administration and management, an innovative student teaching program, and handled the planning and funding of the new campus by the West Gate of Nanjing. During the fall semester of 1922, Vautrin hosted a fundraiser to build an elementary school for 150 local, mostly illiterate children who lived in the homes near Ginling College's campus. The biographer Hua ling Hu writes that, while at Ginling College, Minnie "attempted to lead the students to fulfill the spirit of Ginling's motto, 'abundant life,' by making them walk out of the 'ivory tower' to see and understand the suffering of the poor and by encouraging them to devote their lives for the betterment of the society." One hundred women graduated under this program. One entry in her journal, recorded shortly before her death, displays her devotion to Ginling College and the people of China, whom she served for 28 years as a Christian missionary:
Had I ten perfect lives, I would give them all to China. Resting Place:
Salt River Cemetery, 9433 South Shepherd Rd., Shepherd, MI 48883, Michigan, USA
Место упокоения:
The university pastor recommended Vautrin to the recruiters of the Foreign Christian Missionary Society, who requested that she replace a teacher in China. When Vautrin received this request in 1912, Christian missions to China, facilitated by groups such as the Foreign Christian Missionary Society, had begun to flourish as a result of the treaties ending the First Opium War (1840–42) and Second Opium War (1863 65) that opened Chinese seaports to Christianity. Vautrin postponed her wedding for one year in order to become the acting president at Ginling College in 1919. However, she later broke off her engagement and never married. At Ginling College, Vautrin decided to extend her one year agreement. She created courses on education administration and management, an innovative student teaching program, and handled the planning and funding of the new campus by the West Gate of Nanjing. During the fall semester of 1922, Vautrin hosted a fundraiser to build an elementary school for 150 local, mostly illiterate children who lived in the homes near Ginling College's campus. The biographer Hua ling Hu writes that, while at Ginling College, Minnie "attempted to lead the students to fulfill the spirit of Ginling's motto, 'abundant life,' by making them walk out of the 'ivory tower' to see and understand the suffering of the poor and by encouraging them to devote their lives for the betterment of the society." One hundred women graduated under this program. One entry in her journal, recorded shortly before her death, displays her devotion to Ginling College and the people of China, whom she served for 28 years as a Christian missionary:
Had I ten perfect lives, I would give them all to China. Resting Place:
Salt River Cemetery, 9433 South Shepherd Rd., Shepherd, MI 48883, Michigan, USA
Кладбище Солт-Ривер, 9433 South Shepherd Rd., Shepherd, MI 48883, Мичиган, США.
The university pastor recommended Vautrin to the recruiters of the Foreign Christian Missionary Society, who requested that she replace a teacher in China. When Vautrin received this request in 1912, Christian missions to China, facilitated by groups such as the Foreign Christian Missionary Society, had begun to flourish as a result of the treaties ending the First Opium War (1840–42) and Second Opium War (1863 65) that opened Chinese seaports to Christianity. Vautrin postponed her wedding for one year in order to become the acting president at Ginling College in 1919. However, she later broke off her engagement and never married. At Ginling College, Vautrin decided to extend her one year agreement. She created courses on education administration and management, an innovative student teaching program, and handled the planning and funding of the new campus by the West Gate of Nanjing. During the fall semester of 1922, Vautrin hosted a fundraiser to build an elementary school for 150 local, mostly illiterate children who lived in the homes near Ginling College's campus. The biographer Hua ling Hu writes that, while at Ginling College, Minnie "attempted to lead the students to fulfill the spirit of Ginling's motto, 'abundant life,' by making them walk out of the 'ivory tower' to see and understand the suffering of the poor and by encouraging them to devote their lives for the betterment of the society." One hundred women graduated under this program. One entry in her journal, recorded shortly before her death, displays her devotion to Ginling College and the people of China, whom she served for 28 years as a Christian missionary:
Had I ten perfect lives, I would give them all to China. Resting Place:
Salt River Cemetery, 9433 South Shepherd Rd., Shepherd, MI 48883, Michigan, USA
Наследие
30 июля 1938 года Воутрин была награждена орденом Яшмы в знак признания ее жертв во время Нанкинской резни. Ее деятельность по спасению жизней китайских мирных жителей во время резни описана в биографической книге "Американская богиня в Нанкине", написанной историком Хуа Линг Ху. Хардкорная группа Hiretsukan посвящает Вильгельмине Воутрин свою песню "Song For Wilhelmina Vautrin", вошедшую в их альбом 2005 года End States.
Vautrin was awarded the Order of Brilliant Jade on July 30, 1938, by the Chinese government for her sacrifices during the Nanjing Massacre. Her work saving the lives of Chinese civilians during the massacre is recounted in the biographical book, American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking, written by historian Hua Ling Hu. The hardcore band Hiretsukan honors Wilhelmina Vautrin in their song "Song For Wilhelmina Vautrin" on their 2005 record End States.
Другое
Она изображена в фильме Лу Чуана «Город жизни и смерти» 2009 года. В фильме 2009 года «Джон Рэб» Минни Вотрин заменена вымышленной Валери Дюпре из «Международного женского колледжа» как важным членом комитета Нанкинской зоны безопасности. В романе китайского писателя и профессора Бостонского университета Ха Цзиня «Нанкинский реквием» (2011) Ха пишет с точки зрения вымышленного помощника Вотрин по имени Анлинг Гао. Дневники Минни Воутрин послужили вдохновением для повести «13 цветов Нанкина», написанной Гелинг Ян, которая легла в основу фильма 2011 года «Цветы войны» (金陵十三釵; пиньинь: Jīnlíng Shísān Chāi), режиссёра Чжан Имоу.
She is depicted in Lu Chuan's 2009 film City of Life and Death. In the 2009 film John Rabe, Minnie Vautrin is replaced by the fictive Valérie Dupres of an "International Girls College" as an important fellow Nanking Safety Zone committee member. In Nanjing Requiem, a 2011 novel by Chinese born writer and Boston University professor Ha Jin, Ha writes from the perspective of a fictionalized assistant to Vautrin named Anling Gao. Minnie Vautrin's diaries provided inspiration for the novella 13 Flowers of Nanjing written by Geling Yan, which was the basis for the 2011 film The Flowers of War (金陵十三釵; pinyin: Jīnlíng Shísān Chāi), directed by Zhang Yimou.
Первичные источники
Ху, Хуа Лин и Чжан Лянь Хун. Непокоренные женщины Нанкина: военные дневники Минни Вотрин и Цэн Шуйфан (Southern Illinois Press, 2010). Вотрин, Минни. Ужас в Нанкине Минни Вотрин: дневники и переписка, 1937–1938 (University of Illinois Press, 2008).
Hu, Hua ling, and Zhang Lian hong. Undaunted Women of Nanking: The Wartime Diaries of Minnie Vautrin and Tsen Shui fang (Southern Illinois Press, 2010). Vautrin, Minnie. Terror in Minnie Vautrin's Nanjing: Diaries and Correspondence, 1937–38 (University of Illinois Press, 2008).