Введение
Этикет и мораль в исламе
Adab (أدب) in the context of behavior, refers to prescribed Islamic etiquette: "refinement, good manners, morals, decorum, decency, humaneness". Al Adab (الآداب) has been defined as "decency, morals". While interpretation of the scope and particulars of Adab may vary among different cultures, common among these interpretations is regard for personal standing through the observation of certain codes of behavior. To exhibit Adab would be to show "proper discrimination of correct order, behavior, and taste." Due to Muhammad's sanction or tacit approval of such practices, these customs are considered to be Sunnah (practices of Muhammad as part of the religion) by the Ummah (Muslim nation). It includes customs like:
Saying "Bismillah" (in the name of Allah) before eating and drinking. Drinking in 3 gulps slowly
Using the right hand for drinking and eating. Saying "Assalaamualaikum warahmathullahi wabarakaatuhu" (may peace, mercy and blessings of Allah be upon you) when meeting someone and answering with "Wa 'alaikumus salam warahmathullahi wabarakaatuhu" (and peace mercy and blessings of Allah be upon you also ). Saying "Alhamdulillah" (all gratitude and praise is for only Allah) when sneezing and responding with "Yarhamukallah" (Allah have mercy on you). In the sphere of hygiene, it includes:
Clipping the moustache
Removing armpit hair regardless of gender
Cutting nails
Circumcising the male offspring
Cleaning the nostrils, the mouth, and the teeth
Cleaning the body after urination and defecation
Not entering a host's home until one has made sure their presence is welcome (hatta tasta nisu)
Abstention from sexual relations during the menstrual cycle and the puerperal discharge, and ceremonial bath after the menstrual cycle, and Janabah (seminal/ovular discharge or sexual intercourse). Burial rituals include funeral prayer of bathed and enshrouded body in coffin cloth and burying it in a grave. The list above is far from comprehensive. As Islam sees itself as more of a way of life than a religion, Islamic adab is concerned with all areas of an individual's life, not merely the list mentioned above.
Адаб (أدب) в контексте поведения относится к предписанному исламскому этикету: «утонченность, хорошие манеры, мораль, приличие, порядочность, человечность». Аль-Адаб (الآداب) определяется как «пристойность, нравственность». Хотя интерпретация сферы и особенностей Адаба может варьироваться в разных культурах, общим для этих интерпретаций является уважение к личному достоинству посредством соблюдения определенных норм поведения. Проявлять Адаб – значит демонстрировать «правильное понимание надлежащего порядка, поведения и вкуса». Благодаря одобрению или молчаливому согласию Пророка Мухаммада (мир ему и благословение Аллаха) эти обычаи считаются Сунной (практикой Пророка Мухаммада как части религии) Уммой (мусульманской общиной). К ним относятся такие обычаи, как:
Adab (أدب) in the context of behavior, refers to prescribed Islamic etiquette: "refinement, good manners, morals, decorum, decency, humaneness". Al Adab (الآداب) has been defined as "decency, morals". While interpretation of the scope and particulars of Adab may vary among different cultures, common among these interpretations is regard for personal standing through the observation of certain codes of behavior. To exhibit Adab would be to show "proper discrimination of correct order, behavior, and taste." Due to Muhammad's sanction or tacit approval of such practices, these customs are considered to be Sunnah (practices of Muhammad as part of the religion) by the Ummah (Muslim nation). It includes customs like:
Saying "Bismillah" (in the name of Allah) before eating and drinking. Drinking in 3 gulps slowly
Using the right hand for drinking and eating. Saying "Assalaamualaikum warahmathullahi wabarakaatuhu" (may peace, mercy and blessings of Allah be upon you) when meeting someone and answering with "Wa 'alaikumus salam warahmathullahi wabarakaatuhu" (and peace mercy and blessings of Allah be upon you also ). Saying "Alhamdulillah" (all gratitude and praise is for only Allah) when sneezing and responding with "Yarhamukallah" (Allah have mercy on you). In the sphere of hygiene, it includes:
Clipping the moustache
Removing armpit hair regardless of gender
Cutting nails
Circumcising the male offspring
Cleaning the nostrils, the mouth, and the teeth
Cleaning the body after urination and defecation
Not entering a host's home until one has made sure their presence is welcome (hatta tasta nisu)
Abstention from sexual relations during the menstrual cycle and the puerperal discharge, and ceremonial bath after the menstrual cycle, and Janabah (seminal/ovular discharge or sexual intercourse). Burial rituals include funeral prayer of bathed and enshrouded body in coffin cloth and burying it in a grave. The list above is far from comprehensive. As Islam sees itself as more of a way of life than a religion, Islamic adab is concerned with all areas of an individual's life, not merely the list mentioned above.
Произнесение «Бисмилля» (во имя Аллаха) перед едой и питьем. Питьё в три глотка медленно.
Использование правой руки для еды и питья. При встрече говорить: «Ассаламу алейкум ва рахматуллахи ва баракатуху» (да будет мир, милость и благословение Аллаха над вами), отвечая: «Ва алейкум ассалам ва рахматуллахи ва баракатуху» (и мир, милость и благословение Аллаха также над вами). При чихании говорить: «Альхамдулиллях» (вся хвала Аллаху), а в ответ слышать: «Ярхамукаллах» (да смилуется над тобой Аллах). В сфере гигиены это включает в себя:
Adab (أدب) in the context of behavior, refers to prescribed Islamic etiquette: "refinement, good manners, morals, decorum, decency, humaneness". Al Adab (الآداب) has been defined as "decency, morals". While interpretation of the scope and particulars of Adab may vary among different cultures, common among these interpretations is regard for personal standing through the observation of certain codes of behavior. To exhibit Adab would be to show "proper discrimination of correct order, behavior, and taste." Due to Muhammad's sanction or tacit approval of such practices, these customs are considered to be Sunnah (practices of Muhammad as part of the religion) by the Ummah (Muslim nation). It includes customs like:
Saying "Bismillah" (in the name of Allah) before eating and drinking. Drinking in 3 gulps slowly
Using the right hand for drinking and eating. Saying "Assalaamualaikum warahmathullahi wabarakaatuhu" (may peace, mercy and blessings of Allah be upon you) when meeting someone and answering with "Wa 'alaikumus salam warahmathullahi wabarakaatuhu" (and peace mercy and blessings of Allah be upon you also ). Saying "Alhamdulillah" (all gratitude and praise is for only Allah) when sneezing and responding with "Yarhamukallah" (Allah have mercy on you). In the sphere of hygiene, it includes:
Clipping the moustache
Removing armpit hair regardless of gender
Cutting nails
Circumcising the male offspring
Cleaning the nostrils, the mouth, and the teeth
Cleaning the body after urination and defecation
Not entering a host's home until one has made sure their presence is welcome (hatta tasta nisu)
Abstention from sexual relations during the menstrual cycle and the puerperal discharge, and ceremonial bath after the menstrual cycle, and Janabah (seminal/ovular discharge or sexual intercourse). Burial rituals include funeral prayer of bathed and enshrouded body in coffin cloth and burying it in a grave. The list above is far from comprehensive. As Islam sees itself as more of a way of life than a religion, Islamic adab is concerned with all areas of an individual's life, not merely the list mentioned above.
Подстригание усов.
Удаление волос из подмышек независимо от пола.
Срезание ногтей.
Обрезание мужских новорожденных.
Очищение ноздрей, рта и зубов.
Очищение тела после мочеиспускания и дефекации.
Не входить в дом хозяина, не убедившись, что его присутствие приветствуется (хатта тастанису).
Воздержание от половых отношений во время менструации и послеродовых выделений, совершение полного омовения (гусль) после окончания менструации и джанабы (выделения спермы/вагинальных выделений или половой акт). Погребальные обряды включают совершение джаназа-намаза (похоронной молитвы) над омытым и завернутым в саван телом, а затем погребение в могиле.
Adab (أدب) in the context of behavior, refers to prescribed Islamic etiquette: "refinement, good manners, morals, decorum, decency, humaneness". Al Adab (الآداب) has been defined as "decency, morals". While interpretation of the scope and particulars of Adab may vary among different cultures, common among these interpretations is regard for personal standing through the observation of certain codes of behavior. To exhibit Adab would be to show "proper discrimination of correct order, behavior, and taste." Due to Muhammad's sanction or tacit approval of such practices, these customs are considered to be Sunnah (practices of Muhammad as part of the religion) by the Ummah (Muslim nation). It includes customs like:
Saying "Bismillah" (in the name of Allah) before eating and drinking. Drinking in 3 gulps slowly
Using the right hand for drinking and eating. Saying "Assalaamualaikum warahmathullahi wabarakaatuhu" (may peace, mercy and blessings of Allah be upon you) when meeting someone and answering with "Wa 'alaikumus salam warahmathullahi wabarakaatuhu" (and peace mercy and blessings of Allah be upon you also ). Saying "Alhamdulillah" (all gratitude and praise is for only Allah) when sneezing and responding with "Yarhamukallah" (Allah have mercy on you). In the sphere of hygiene, it includes:
Clipping the moustache
Removing armpit hair regardless of gender
Cutting nails
Circumcising the male offspring
Cleaning the nostrils, the mouth, and the teeth
Cleaning the body after urination and defecation
Not entering a host's home until one has made sure their presence is welcome (hatta tasta nisu)
Abstention from sexual relations during the menstrual cycle and the puerperal discharge, and ceremonial bath after the menstrual cycle, and Janabah (seminal/ovular discharge or sexual intercourse). Burial rituals include funeral prayer of bathed and enshrouded body in coffin cloth and burying it in a grave. The list above is far from comprehensive. As Islam sees itself as more of a way of life than a religion, Islamic adab is concerned with all areas of an individual's life, not merely the list mentioned above.
Приведенный выше список далеко не исчерпывающий. Поскольку ислам рассматривает себя скорее как образ жизни, чем просто религию, исламский Адаб охватывает все сферы жизни человека, а не только перечисленные выше.
Adab (أدب) in the context of behavior, refers to prescribed Islamic etiquette: "refinement, good manners, morals, decorum, decency, humaneness". Al Adab (الآداب) has been defined as "decency, morals". While interpretation of the scope and particulars of Adab may vary among different cultures, common among these interpretations is regard for personal standing through the observation of certain codes of behavior. To exhibit Adab would be to show "proper discrimination of correct order, behavior, and taste." Due to Muhammad's sanction or tacit approval of such practices, these customs are considered to be Sunnah (practices of Muhammad as part of the religion) by the Ummah (Muslim nation). It includes customs like:
Saying "Bismillah" (in the name of Allah) before eating and drinking. Drinking in 3 gulps slowly
Using the right hand for drinking and eating. Saying "Assalaamualaikum warahmathullahi wabarakaatuhu" (may peace, mercy and blessings of Allah be upon you) when meeting someone and answering with "Wa 'alaikumus salam warahmathullahi wabarakaatuhu" (and peace mercy and blessings of Allah be upon you also ). Saying "Alhamdulillah" (all gratitude and praise is for only Allah) when sneezing and responding with "Yarhamukallah" (Allah have mercy on you). In the sphere of hygiene, it includes:
Clipping the moustache
Removing armpit hair regardless of gender
Cutting nails
Circumcising the male offspring
Cleaning the nostrils, the mouth, and the teeth
Cleaning the body after urination and defecation
Not entering a host's home until one has made sure their presence is welcome (hatta tasta nisu)
Abstention from sexual relations during the menstrual cycle and the puerperal discharge, and ceremonial bath after the menstrual cycle, and Janabah (seminal/ovular discharge or sexual intercourse). Burial rituals include funeral prayer of bathed and enshrouded body in coffin cloth and burying it in a grave. The list above is far from comprehensive. As Islam sees itself as more of a way of life than a religion, Islamic adab is concerned with all areas of an individual's life, not merely the list mentioned above.
Эволюция термина
В доисламской Аравии этот термин просто означал «поведение», хотя и включал в себя другие нормы и привычки поведения. Термин встречается нечасто в VII веке (I исламский век). С распространением ислама, к VIII веку он приобрел значение «практической этики» (в отличие от строгих религиозных предписаний). К IX веку (III исламский век) его коннотации расширились, особенно при использовании в качестве заимствования в неарабоязычных регионах. Он стал широким термином для описания действий и знаний, ожидаемых от цивилизованного и образованного мусульманина: надлежащего поведения, знания арабской литературы и поэзии, и риторического мастерства. Среди низших слоев общества он приобрел некоторые из своих современных значений – учтивость, вежливость, манеры и приличие. Исламские ученые использовали этот термин для обозначения широкого спектра достойного поведения, и он часто встречается в хадисах. Термин стал популярным и использовался в различных контекстах; например, в X веке Братья Чистоты (Ихван ас-Сафа) посвятили значительные тексты философскому исследованию адаба, а Абу Хайян ат-Тавухиди много писал на эту тему. Абу Исхак ат-Талаби также написал обширные труды, разработав программу для общества и человеческого поведения в целом, основанную на адабе. Родственный термин тадиб – это глагольная форма, обозначающая обучение или воспитание в духе адаба. Али ибн Хусейн Зайн аль-Абидин сказал: «Ваше дитя имеет право на воспитание с хорошими манерами и нравственностью».
Примечания и ссылки
Брюс Привратский, Мусульманский Туркестан, с. 98–99.