Кёнчжу: История древней столицы Силла

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Gyeongju is a coastal city in the far southeastern corner of North Gyeongsang province in South Korea. It is the second largest city by area in the province after Andong, covering with a population of 269,343 people according to the 2008 census. The early history of Gyeongju is closely tied to that of the Silla kingdom, of which it was the capital for nearly one thousand years.

Gyeongju first enters non Korean records during the Samhan period in the early Common Era. During the Silla period, the city was called "Seorabeol" (서라벌; 西羅伐) that is assumed to mean Capital, "Gyerim which literally means Rooster's forest," or "Geumseong" (금성; 金成) that refers to "City of Gold". Records of Samguk Yusa give the city's population in its peak period as 178,936 households, suggesting that the total population was almost one million. Many of Gyeongju's most famous sites date from this period, known as Unified Silla.]] Under the Goryeo dynasty (935–1392), Gyeongju was no longer of national importance. For much of the Goryeo period, it was also the seat of the Andong Daedohobu, the Great Protectorate of the East, which oversaw military affairs for much of eastern and central Korea. However, it was stripped of this distinction as well in the 13th century, after bloody rebellions connected with the Silla restoration movement broke out in the area. At the same time, its boundaries were considerably reduced. During the Joseon period (1392–1910), the city declined yet further. It ceased to occupy a central position as the Great Yeongnam Road became the Gyeongsang province's chief artery. This road connected Seoul to the southeastern port of Dongnae (in modern day Busan) without passing near Gyeongju. In 1601, the provincial capital passed to Daegu, which was located on the main road. Over these centuries, the city's relics suffered numerous assaults. In the 13th century, Mongol forces destroyed a nine story wooden pagoda at Hwangnyongsa. During the Imjin War (1592–1598), the Gyeongju area became a heated battlefield Not all damage was due to invasions, however. In the early Joseon period, a great deal of damage was done to Buddhist sculptures on Namsan by Neo Confucian radicals, who hacked arms and heads off statuary.

The city's boundaries and designation changed several times in the 20th century. From 1895 to 1955, the area was known as Gyeongju gun ("Gyeongju County"). In the first decades of the century, the city center was known as Gyeongju myeon, signifying a relatively rural area. In 1931, the downtown area was designated Gyeongju eup, in recognition of its increasingly urban nature. In 1955, Gyeongju eup became Gyeongju si ("Gyeongju City"), the same name as today but with a much smaller area. The remainder of Gyeongju gun became "Wolseong County." The county and city were reunited in 1995, creating Gyeongju City as we know it today. From the 1900s (decade) to the early 1970s, Gyeongju had remained relatively small and all glories of the past were gone. In the early 20th century many archaeological excavations took place, mostly on the many tombs which survived the centuries fairly well. A museum, the forerunner of the present day Gyeongju National Museum, was set up in 1915 to exhibit the finds. The excavations of this period, largely carried out by Japanese archaeologists, are often accused of recklessness and plunder, although others take a more neutral view. Few excavation reports were ever published. Gyeongju emerged as a railroad junction in the later years of the Japanese Occupation. The Donghae Nambu Line was completed in 1935, cutting directly through the historical areas of central Gyeongju. The Jungang Line was completed in 1942, and Gyeongju became directly connected to Keijō (present day Seoul). This helped to lay the foundations for future industrial development. Thanks to these improved connections, this period also saw the town beginning to emerge as a center of tourism. Following liberation in 1945, Korea was plunged into turmoil. Gyeongju was no exception. Returnees from abroad were numerous; a village for them was constructed in present day Dongcheon dong. In a period marked by widespread conflict and unrest, the Gyeongju area became particularly notorious for the level of guerrilla activity in the mountains. The Korean War broke out in 1950. Most of Gyeongju was spared from the fighting, and remained under South Korean control throughout the conflict. However, for a brief time in late 1950 portions of the city stood on the front lines, as North Korean forces pushed the Pusan Perimeter southward from Pohang. In the 1970s, Korea saw substantial industrial development, much of it centered in the Yeongnam region of which Gyeongju is a part. In 1971, the Gyeongbu Expressway was completed connecting Seoul and Busan, and passing through Gyeongju on the way. The POSCO steel mill in neighboring Pohang commenced operations in 1973, and the chemical manufacturing complex in Ulsan emerged in the same year. These developments helped to support the emergence of the manufacturing sector in Gyeongju. For almost all of the 20th century, the people of the city had no direct say in their government. The mayors of Gyeongju, like those of all other cities, were directly appointed by the central government, whether the government was that of the Joseon Dynasty, Japanese occupation, or modern South Korea. This changed in 1995, with the establishment of local autonomy throughout the country. The city's first elected mayor was the unaffiliated Lee Won shik, who served from 1995 to 1998. In September 2015 the city was hit by an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.8, but no major damage or injuries were reported.

In September 2021, archaeologists announced the discovery of the remains of human sacrifices dating to the Silla Dynasty at Wolseong Palace's western wall in Gyeongju. According to the Gyeongju National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, a 1,500 year old female skeleton was found with a necklace, a bracelet and an earthen pot.