Введение
Русский головной корабль класса "Гангут"
"Гангут" был одновременно и головным кораблем дредноутов Императорского Российского флота, построенных до Первой мировой войны, и последним из своего класса, который был завершен. Он был назван в честь победы России над шведским флотом в битве при Гангуте в 1714 году. Корабль был завершен зимой 1914–1915 годов, но не был готов к бою до середины 1915 года. Его роль заключалась в обороне устья Финского залива от немцев, которые так и не предприняли попыток вторжения, поэтому он использовался для обучения и прикрытия операций по постановке мин. Его экипаж присоединился к всеобщему мятежу Балтийского флота после Февральской революции и в 1918 году перешел на сторону большевиков. В 1918 году корабль был поставлен на консервацию из-за нехватки личного состава и вновь введен в строй только в 1925 году, когда он был переименован в "Октябрьская революция". С 1931 по 1934 год он был реконструирован с установкой новых котлов, систем управления огнем и значительно увеличенных надстроек. Во время Зимней войны он один раз обстреливал финские береговые артиллерийские позиции. Его зенитное вооружение было значительно усилено в начале 1941 года, незадолго до операции "Барбаросса". Во время блокады Ленинграда он оказывал огневую поддержку, несмотря на три бомбардировки и годовой ремонт. После войны корабль оставался в составе флота, а в 1954 году был переоборудован в учебное судно. В 1956 году он был исключен из списков флота и постепенно разобран на металлолом.
Дизайн и описание
Гангут имел длину по ватерлинии и длину наибольшую. Ширина составляла , а осадка – , что превышало проектную. Водоизмещение составляло при полной загрузке, что более чем на превышало проектное водоизмещение в .
Ganguts machinery was built by the Franco Russian Works. Four Parsons type steam turbines drove the four propellers. The engine rooms were located between turrets three and four in three transverse compartments. The outer compartments each had a high pressure ahead and reverse turbine for each wing propeller shaft. The central engine room had two each low pressure ahead and astern turbines as well as two cruising turbines driving the two center shafts. The engines had a total designed output of , but they produced during her sister Russian battleship Poltavas full speed trials on 21 November 1915 and gave a top speed of Twenty five Yarrow boilers provided steam to the engines at a designed working pressure of Each boiler was fitted with Thornycroft oil sprayers for mixed oil/coal burning. They were arranged in two groups. The forward group consisted of two boiler rooms in front of the second turret, the foremost of which had three boilers while the second one had six. The rear group was between the second and third turrets and comprised two compartments, each with eight boilers. At full load she carried of coal and of fuel oil and that provided her a range of at a speed of
The main armament of the Ganguts consisted of a dozen 52 caliber Obukhovskii Pattern 1907 guns mounted in four triple turrets distributed the length of the ship. The Russians did not believe that superfiring turrets offered any advantage, discounting the value of axial fire and believing that superfiring turrets could not fire while over the lower turret because of muzzle blast problems. They also believed that distributing the turrets, and their associated magazines, over the length of the ship improved the survivability of the ship. Sixteen 50 caliber Pattern 1905 guns were mounted in casemates as the secondary battery intended to defend the ship against torpedo boats. The ships were completed with only a single 30 caliber Lender anti aircraft (AA) gun mounted on the quarterdeck. Other AA guns were probably added during the course of World War I, but details are lacking. Budzbon says that four were added to the roofs of the end turrets during the war. Four submerged torpedo tubes were mounted with three torpedoes for each tube. She entered service on 11 January 1915 when she reached Helsinki and was assigned to the First Battleship Brigade of the Baltic Fleet. Gangut and her sister Russian battleship Sevastopol provided distant cover for minelaying operations south of Liepāja on 27 August, the furthest that any Russian dreadnought ventured out of the Gulf of Finland during World War I. She ran aground on 10 September, but suffered only minor damage. A minor mutiny broke out on 1 November when the executive officer refused to feed the crew the traditional meal of meat and macaroni after coaling. The return of the captain and the issue of a dinner of tinned meat restored order on the ship. On 10–11 November and 6 December Gangut and her sister Russian battleship Petropavlovsk again provided distant cover for minelaying operations. She saw no action of any kind during 1916. Her crew joined the general mutiny of the Baltic Fleet on 16 March 1917, after the idle sailors received word of the February Revolution in Saint Petersburg. The Treaty of Brest Litovsk required the Soviets to evacuate their base at Helsinki in March 1918 or have them interned by newly independent Finland even though the Gulf of Finland was still frozen over. Gangut and her sisters led the first group of ships on 12 March and reached Kronstadt five days later in what became known as the 'Ice Voyage'. Gangut was laid up on 9 November 1918 for lack of manpower and was renamed Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya on 27 June 1925 while she was being refitted. She was recommissioned on 23 March 1926 and began a partial reconstruction on 12 October 1931, incorporating the lessons from the earlier modernizations of her sisters Marat and Parizhskaya Kommuna. The tubular tower mast was replaced by a larger and sturdier structure with a KDP 6 fire control director, equipped with two Zeiss rangefinders positioned on top. The aft superstructure was enlarged and a new structure was built just forward of it, with another KDP 6 director surmounting it, which required the repositioning of the mainmast forward. This did not leave enough room for a derrick, as was used on Marat, so two large boat cranes were mounted on each side of the mainmast. Her funnel was curved to the rear rather than angled like Marat. Each turret received Italian rangefinders and their roof armor was increased to in thickness. A new forecastle, much like that of Marat, was fitted to improve seakeeping. Six 34 K anti aircraft (AA) guns were added, three on the roofs of the fore and aft turrets. All twenty five of her old boilers were replaced by a dozen oil fired boilers originally intended for the Izmail. The space saved was used to add another inboard longitudinal watertight bulkhead that greatly improved her underwater protection. Her original Pollen Argo Clock mechanical fire control computer was upgraded with a copy of a Vickers Ltd fire control computer, designated AKUR by the Soviets, as well as a copy of a Sperry stable vertical gyroscope. These changes increased her displacement to at full load and her overall length to Her metacentric height decreased to from her designed as a result of her enlarged superstructures. She finished her reconstruction on 4 August 1934. Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya sailed to Tallinn shortly after the Soviets occupied Estonia, but she was refitted in February–March 1941 in Kronstadt and her anti aircraft armament was reinforced. Two twin gun 81 K mounts were mounted on her quarterdeck. The magazines for these guns were probably situated in the rearmost casemates on each beam, which lost their 120 mm guns and twelve automatic 70 K guns were also added, three guns each on the middle turrets and the other six in the fore and aft superstructures. Four twin and four single DShK machine guns and two AA directors were also fitted. The large cranes were replaced by smaller ones taken from the ex German heavy cruiser Petropavlovsk to make room for the anti aircraft guns. On 22 June 1941 Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya was in Tallinn when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, but she was forced to sail for Kronstadt by the advancing Germans. She opened fire on troop positions of the German 18th Army on 8 September from the channel between Leningrad and Kronstadt, and probably landed four guns on the following day for use ashore. She was hit again by one heavy and three medium bombs dropped by Heinkel He 111s of KG 4 during the night of 4–5 April. and again by three bombs on 24 April. Her repairs were completed in November 1942, although a quadruple 37 mm 46 K gun mount was added in September. She supported Soviet forces during the Siege of Leningrad, the Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive in January 1944 and the Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive in June 1944. She received a Lend Lease British Type 279 air warning radar sometime during 1944. On 22 July 1944 she was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. She was reclassified as a 'school battleship' on 24 July 1954 and stricken on 17 February 1956. She was slowly scrapped and her hulk still survived in May 1958.
Машинное оборудование "Гангута" было построено Franco-Russian Works. Четыре паровые турбины типа Парсонса приводили в движение четыре винта. Машинные отделения располагались между третьей и четвертой башнями в трех поперечных отсеках. Внешние отсеки имели по одной турбине высокого давления вперед и назад для каждого винтового вала. В центральном машинном отделении находилось по две турбины низкого давления вперед и назад, а также две крейсерские турбины, приводящие в движение два средних вала. Общая проектная мощность двигателей составляла , но во время ходовых испытаний линкора "Полтава" 21 ноября 1915 года они развили мощность и обеспечили максимальную скорость в 25 узлов. Двадцать пять котлов "Ярроу" подавали пар к двигателям при проектном рабочем давлении в . Каждый котел был оснащен форсунками для мазута "Торникрофт" для комбинированного сжигания угля и нефти. Они были расположены в двух группах. Передняя группа состояла из двух котельных перед второй башней, в первой из которых было три котла, а во второй – шесть. Задняя группа располагалась между второй и третьей башнями и состояла из двух отсеков, в каждом из которых было по восемь котлов. При полной загрузке корабль перевозил уголь и нефти, что обеспечивало ему дальность хода в миль на скорости в узлов.
Ganguts machinery was built by the Franco Russian Works. Four Parsons type steam turbines drove the four propellers. The engine rooms were located between turrets three and four in three transverse compartments. The outer compartments each had a high pressure ahead and reverse turbine for each wing propeller shaft. The central engine room had two each low pressure ahead and astern turbines as well as two cruising turbines driving the two center shafts. The engines had a total designed output of , but they produced during her sister Russian battleship Poltavas full speed trials on 21 November 1915 and gave a top speed of Twenty five Yarrow boilers provided steam to the engines at a designed working pressure of Each boiler was fitted with Thornycroft oil sprayers for mixed oil/coal burning. They were arranged in two groups. The forward group consisted of two boiler rooms in front of the second turret, the foremost of which had three boilers while the second one had six. The rear group was between the second and third turrets and comprised two compartments, each with eight boilers. At full load she carried of coal and of fuel oil and that provided her a range of at a speed of
The main armament of the Ganguts consisted of a dozen 52 caliber Obukhovskii Pattern 1907 guns mounted in four triple turrets distributed the length of the ship. The Russians did not believe that superfiring turrets offered any advantage, discounting the value of axial fire and believing that superfiring turrets could not fire while over the lower turret because of muzzle blast problems. They also believed that distributing the turrets, and their associated magazines, over the length of the ship improved the survivability of the ship. Sixteen 50 caliber Pattern 1905 guns were mounted in casemates as the secondary battery intended to defend the ship against torpedo boats. The ships were completed with only a single 30 caliber Lender anti aircraft (AA) gun mounted on the quarterdeck. Other AA guns were probably added during the course of World War I, but details are lacking. Budzbon says that four were added to the roofs of the end turrets during the war. Four submerged torpedo tubes were mounted with three torpedoes for each tube. She entered service on 11 January 1915 when she reached Helsinki and was assigned to the First Battleship Brigade of the Baltic Fleet. Gangut and her sister Russian battleship Sevastopol provided distant cover for minelaying operations south of Liepāja on 27 August, the furthest that any Russian dreadnought ventured out of the Gulf of Finland during World War I. She ran aground on 10 September, but suffered only minor damage. A minor mutiny broke out on 1 November when the executive officer refused to feed the crew the traditional meal of meat and macaroni after coaling. The return of the captain and the issue of a dinner of tinned meat restored order on the ship. On 10–11 November and 6 December Gangut and her sister Russian battleship Petropavlovsk again provided distant cover for minelaying operations. She saw no action of any kind during 1916. Her crew joined the general mutiny of the Baltic Fleet on 16 March 1917, after the idle sailors received word of the February Revolution in Saint Petersburg. The Treaty of Brest Litovsk required the Soviets to evacuate their base at Helsinki in March 1918 or have them interned by newly independent Finland even though the Gulf of Finland was still frozen over. Gangut and her sisters led the first group of ships on 12 March and reached Kronstadt five days later in what became known as the 'Ice Voyage'. Gangut was laid up on 9 November 1918 for lack of manpower and was renamed Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya on 27 June 1925 while she was being refitted. She was recommissioned on 23 March 1926 and began a partial reconstruction on 12 October 1931, incorporating the lessons from the earlier modernizations of her sisters Marat and Parizhskaya Kommuna. The tubular tower mast was replaced by a larger and sturdier structure with a KDP 6 fire control director, equipped with two Zeiss rangefinders positioned on top. The aft superstructure was enlarged and a new structure was built just forward of it, with another KDP 6 director surmounting it, which required the repositioning of the mainmast forward. This did not leave enough room for a derrick, as was used on Marat, so two large boat cranes were mounted on each side of the mainmast. Her funnel was curved to the rear rather than angled like Marat. Each turret received Italian rangefinders and their roof armor was increased to in thickness. A new forecastle, much like that of Marat, was fitted to improve seakeeping. Six 34 K anti aircraft (AA) guns were added, three on the roofs of the fore and aft turrets. All twenty five of her old boilers were replaced by a dozen oil fired boilers originally intended for the Izmail. The space saved was used to add another inboard longitudinal watertight bulkhead that greatly improved her underwater protection. Her original Pollen Argo Clock mechanical fire control computer was upgraded with a copy of a Vickers Ltd fire control computer, designated AKUR by the Soviets, as well as a copy of a Sperry stable vertical gyroscope. These changes increased her displacement to at full load and her overall length to Her metacentric height decreased to from her designed as a result of her enlarged superstructures. She finished her reconstruction on 4 August 1934. Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya sailed to Tallinn shortly after the Soviets occupied Estonia, but she was refitted in February–March 1941 in Kronstadt and her anti aircraft armament was reinforced. Two twin gun 81 K mounts were mounted on her quarterdeck. The magazines for these guns were probably situated in the rearmost casemates on each beam, which lost their 120 mm guns and twelve automatic 70 K guns were also added, three guns each on the middle turrets and the other six in the fore and aft superstructures. Four twin and four single DShK machine guns and two AA directors were also fitted. The large cranes were replaced by smaller ones taken from the ex German heavy cruiser Petropavlovsk to make room for the anti aircraft guns. On 22 June 1941 Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya was in Tallinn when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, but she was forced to sail for Kronstadt by the advancing Germans. She opened fire on troop positions of the German 18th Army on 8 September from the channel between Leningrad and Kronstadt, and probably landed four guns on the following day for use ashore. She was hit again by one heavy and three medium bombs dropped by Heinkel He 111s of KG 4 during the night of 4–5 April. and again by three bombs on 24 April. Her repairs were completed in November 1942, although a quadruple 37 mm 46 K gun mount was added in September. She supported Soviet forces during the Siege of Leningrad, the Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive in January 1944 and the Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive in June 1944. She received a Lend Lease British Type 279 air warning radar sometime during 1944. On 22 July 1944 she was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. She was reclassified as a 'school battleship' on 24 July 1954 and stricken on 17 February 1956. She was slowly scrapped and her hulk still survived in May 1958.
Основное вооружение "Гангута" состояло из двенадцати 52-калиберных орудий Образца 1907 года, установленных в четырех трехорудийных башнях, расположенных по всей длине корабля. Русские не считали, что надстройку башен дает какие-либо преимущества, не придавая значения осевому огню и полагая, что надстраиваемые башни не могут вести огонь над нижней башней из-за проблем с давлением от выстрела. Они также считали, что распределение башен и связанных с ними погребов по всей длине корабля повышает его живучесть. Шестнадцать 50-калиберных орудий Образца 1905 года были установлены в казематах в качестве вспомогательной артиллерии, предназначенной для защиты корабля от торпедных катеров. Корабли были завершены только с одним 30-калиберным противовоздушным орудием Lender, установленным на кормовой надстройке. Другие зенитные орудия, вероятно, были добавлены в ходе Первой мировой войны, но подробности отсутствуют. Буджбон сообщает, что во время войны на крыши оконечных башен было добавлено четыре орудия. Было установлено четыре подводных торпедных аппарата с тремя торпедами на каждый аппарат. Корабль вошел в строй 11 января 1915 года, прибыв в Хельсинки, и был назначен в Первую линкорную бригаду Балтийского флота. "Гангут" и его однотипный линкор "Севастополь" обеспечивали дальнее прикрытие операций по постановке мин к югу от Лиепаи 27 августа, что было самым дальним выходом русского дредноута из Финского залива во время Первой мировой войны. 10 сентября корабль сел на мель, но получил лишь незначительные повреждения. 1 ноября вспыхнул незначительный мятеж, когда старший помощник отказался кормить экипаж традиционным блюдом из мяса и макарон после погрузки угля. Возвращение капитана и выдача ужина из консервов восстановили порядок на корабле. 10–11 ноября и 6 декабря "Гангут" и его однотипный линкор "Петропавловск" вновь обеспечивали дальнее прикрытие операций по постановке мин. В 1916 году корабль не участвовал в боевых действиях. Его экипаж присоединился к всеобщему мятежу Балтийского флота 16 марта 1917 года, после того как бездействующие моряки получили известие о Февральской революции в Санкт-Петербурге. Брестский мирный договор требовал от советской власти эвакуировать свою базу в Хельсинки в марте 1918 года или подвергнуться интернированию со стороны недавно независимой Финляндии, хотя Финский залив все еще был скован льдом. 12 марта "Гангут" и его однотипные корабли возглавили первую группу кораблей и пять дней спустя достигли Кронштадта, что вошло в историю как "Ледовый поход". 9 ноября 1918 года из-за нехватки личного состава "Гангут" был поставлен на консервацию, а 27 июня 1925 года, во время переоборудования, был переименован в "Октябрьская революция". 23 марта 1926 года корабль был вновь введен в строй и 12 октября 1931 года началась частичная реконструкция, учитывающая опыт модернизации его однотипных кораблей "Марат" и "Парижская коммуна". Трубчатая решетчатая мачта была заменена более крупной и прочной конструкцией с артиллерийским постом управления огнем КДП-6, оснащенным двумя дальномерами Zeiss, расположенными наверху. Кормовая надстройка была увеличена, а перед ней была построена новая конструкция, на которой также был установлен артиллерийский пост управления огнем КДП-6, что потребовало перестановки главной мачты вперед. Этого не хватило места для стрелы, как на "Марате", поэтому по обеим сторонам главной мачты были установлены два больших судовых крана. Дымовая труба была изогнута назад, а не под углом, как на "Марате". Каждая башня получила итальянские дальномеры, а толщина брони крыши была увеличена до . Был установлен новый форштевень, аналогичный установленному на "Марате", для улучшения мореходности. Было добавлено шесть 34-К зенитных орудий, по три на крышах передней и кормовой башен. Все двадцать пять старых котлов были заменены двенадцатью мазутными котлами, первоначально предназначенными для линкора "Измаил". Освободившееся пространство было использовано для добавления еще одного продольного водонепроницаемого переборка внутри корпуса, что значительно улучшило подводную защиту. Оригинальный механический вычислитель управления огнем Pollen Argo Clock был модернизирован копией вычислителя управления огнем Vickers Ltd, обозначенного советскими специалистами как АКУР, а также копией гиростабилизатора Sperry. Эти изменения увеличили водоизмещение до при полной загрузке и общую длину до . Метацентрическая высота уменьшилась до от проектной из-за увеличенных надстроек. Реконструкция была завершена 4 августа 1934 года. "Октябрьская революция" вышла в Таллин вскоре после оккупации Эстонии советскими войсками, но была переоборудована в феврале – марте 1941 года в Кронштадте, где было усилено зенитное вооружение. На кормовой надстройке были установлены две спаренные установки 81-К. Погреба для этих орудий, вероятно, располагались в самых кормовых казематах по обеим сторонам корпуса, которые лишились 120-мм орудий, а также было добавлено двенадцать автоматических 70-К зенитных орудий, по три орудия на средних башнях и остальные шесть – в передней и кормовой надстройках. Было установлено четыре спаренных и четыре одиночных пулемета ДШК, а также два зенитных поста управления огнем. Большие краны были заменены меньшими, снятыми с бывшего немецкого тяжелого крейсера "Петропавловск", чтобы освободить место для зенитных орудий. 22 июня 1941 года "Октябрьская революция" находилась в Таллине, когда Германия вторглась в Советский Союз, но была вынуждена отойти в Кронштадт из-за наступления немцев. 8 сентября она открыла огонь по позициям 18-й немецкой армии в канале между Ленинградом и Кронштадтом и, вероятно, высадила четыре орудия на следующий день для использования на суше. Она была поражена одной тяжелой и тремя средними бомбами, сброшенными самолетами Heinkel He 111 из KG 4 во время ночи с 4 на 5 апреля, и снова тремя бомбами 24 апреля. Ремонт был завершен в ноябре 1942 года, хотя в сентябре была добавлена счетверённая установка 37-мм орудий 46-К. Она поддерживала советские войска во время блокады Ленинграда, Ленинградско-Новгородской наступательной операции в январе 1944 года и Выборгско-Петрозаводской наступательной операции в июне 1944 года. В течение 1944 года она получила британскую радиолокационную станцию воздушного оповещения типа 279 по ленд-лизу. 22 июля 1944 года она была награждена орденом Красного Знамени. 24 июля 1954 года она была переклассифицирована как "учебный линкор" и исключена из состава флота 17 февраля 1956 года. Корабль был медленно разобран, и его корпус все еще существовал в мае 1958 года.
Ganguts machinery was built by the Franco Russian Works. Four Parsons type steam turbines drove the four propellers. The engine rooms were located between turrets three and four in three transverse compartments. The outer compartments each had a high pressure ahead and reverse turbine for each wing propeller shaft. The central engine room had two each low pressure ahead and astern turbines as well as two cruising turbines driving the two center shafts. The engines had a total designed output of , but they produced during her sister Russian battleship Poltavas full speed trials on 21 November 1915 and gave a top speed of Twenty five Yarrow boilers provided steam to the engines at a designed working pressure of Each boiler was fitted with Thornycroft oil sprayers for mixed oil/coal burning. They were arranged in two groups. The forward group consisted of two boiler rooms in front of the second turret, the foremost of which had three boilers while the second one had six. The rear group was between the second and third turrets and comprised two compartments, each with eight boilers. At full load she carried of coal and of fuel oil and that provided her a range of at a speed of
The main armament of the Ganguts consisted of a dozen 52 caliber Obukhovskii Pattern 1907 guns mounted in four triple turrets distributed the length of the ship. The Russians did not believe that superfiring turrets offered any advantage, discounting the value of axial fire and believing that superfiring turrets could not fire while over the lower turret because of muzzle blast problems. They also believed that distributing the turrets, and their associated magazines, over the length of the ship improved the survivability of the ship. Sixteen 50 caliber Pattern 1905 guns were mounted in casemates as the secondary battery intended to defend the ship against torpedo boats. The ships were completed with only a single 30 caliber Lender anti aircraft (AA) gun mounted on the quarterdeck. Other AA guns were probably added during the course of World War I, but details are lacking. Budzbon says that four were added to the roofs of the end turrets during the war. Four submerged torpedo tubes were mounted with three torpedoes for each tube. She entered service on 11 January 1915 when she reached Helsinki and was assigned to the First Battleship Brigade of the Baltic Fleet. Gangut and her sister Russian battleship Sevastopol provided distant cover for minelaying operations south of Liepāja on 27 August, the furthest that any Russian dreadnought ventured out of the Gulf of Finland during World War I. She ran aground on 10 September, but suffered only minor damage. A minor mutiny broke out on 1 November when the executive officer refused to feed the crew the traditional meal of meat and macaroni after coaling. The return of the captain and the issue of a dinner of tinned meat restored order on the ship. On 10–11 November and 6 December Gangut and her sister Russian battleship Petropavlovsk again provided distant cover for minelaying operations. She saw no action of any kind during 1916. Her crew joined the general mutiny of the Baltic Fleet on 16 March 1917, after the idle sailors received word of the February Revolution in Saint Petersburg. The Treaty of Brest Litovsk required the Soviets to evacuate their base at Helsinki in March 1918 or have them interned by newly independent Finland even though the Gulf of Finland was still frozen over. Gangut and her sisters led the first group of ships on 12 March and reached Kronstadt five days later in what became known as the 'Ice Voyage'. Gangut was laid up on 9 November 1918 for lack of manpower and was renamed Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya on 27 June 1925 while she was being refitted. She was recommissioned on 23 March 1926 and began a partial reconstruction on 12 October 1931, incorporating the lessons from the earlier modernizations of her sisters Marat and Parizhskaya Kommuna. The tubular tower mast was replaced by a larger and sturdier structure with a KDP 6 fire control director, equipped with two Zeiss rangefinders positioned on top. The aft superstructure was enlarged and a new structure was built just forward of it, with another KDP 6 director surmounting it, which required the repositioning of the mainmast forward. This did not leave enough room for a derrick, as was used on Marat, so two large boat cranes were mounted on each side of the mainmast. Her funnel was curved to the rear rather than angled like Marat. Each turret received Italian rangefinders and their roof armor was increased to in thickness. A new forecastle, much like that of Marat, was fitted to improve seakeeping. Six 34 K anti aircraft (AA) guns were added, three on the roofs of the fore and aft turrets. All twenty five of her old boilers were replaced by a dozen oil fired boilers originally intended for the Izmail. The space saved was used to add another inboard longitudinal watertight bulkhead that greatly improved her underwater protection. Her original Pollen Argo Clock mechanical fire control computer was upgraded with a copy of a Vickers Ltd fire control computer, designated AKUR by the Soviets, as well as a copy of a Sperry stable vertical gyroscope. These changes increased her displacement to at full load and her overall length to Her metacentric height decreased to from her designed as a result of her enlarged superstructures. She finished her reconstruction on 4 August 1934. Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya sailed to Tallinn shortly after the Soviets occupied Estonia, but she was refitted in February–March 1941 in Kronstadt and her anti aircraft armament was reinforced. Two twin gun 81 K mounts were mounted on her quarterdeck. The magazines for these guns were probably situated in the rearmost casemates on each beam, which lost their 120 mm guns and twelve automatic 70 K guns were also added, three guns each on the middle turrets and the other six in the fore and aft superstructures. Four twin and four single DShK machine guns and two AA directors were also fitted. The large cranes were replaced by smaller ones taken from the ex German heavy cruiser Petropavlovsk to make room for the anti aircraft guns. On 22 June 1941 Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya was in Tallinn when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, but she was forced to sail for Kronstadt by the advancing Germans. She opened fire on troop positions of the German 18th Army on 8 September from the channel between Leningrad and Kronstadt, and probably landed four guns on the following day for use ashore. She was hit again by one heavy and three medium bombs dropped by Heinkel He 111s of KG 4 during the night of 4–5 April. and again by three bombs on 24 April. Her repairs were completed in November 1942, although a quadruple 37 mm 46 K gun mount was added in September. She supported Soviet forces during the Siege of Leningrad, the Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive in January 1944 and the Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive in June 1944. She received a Lend Lease British Type 279 air warning radar sometime during 1944. On 22 July 1944 she was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. She was reclassified as a 'school battleship' on 24 July 1954 and stricken on 17 February 1956. She was slowly scrapped and her hulk still survived in May 1958.