Введение
Алфавит, использованный с 9 по 12 век
The Old English Latin alphabet generally consisted of about 24 letters, and was used for writing Old English from the 8th to the 12th centuries. Of these letters, most were directly adopted from the Latin alphabet, two were modified Latin letters (Æ, Ð), and two developed from the runic alphabet (Ƿ, Þ). The letters Q and Z were essentially left unused outside of foreign names from Latin and Greek. The letter J had not yet come into use. The letter K was used by some writers but not by others. W gained usage in late Old English under Norman influence, as seen towards the end of the Peterborough Chronicle manuscript, though in this period W was still a ligature and not a full fledged letter. The manuscripts MS Harley 208, Stowe MS 57, and Cotton Titus D 18 differ in how they arrange the non standard Old English letters (Harley has Ƿ–ЖƖÞ, Stowe has Ƿ–ЖÞ, Titus has Ƿ–Þ–Ð), but all three manuscripts place them after the standard Latin letters. Letter IPA A, a/ɑ(ː)/ B, b/b/ C, c/k/, /tʃ/ D, d/d/ E, e/e(ː)/ F, f/f/, [v] G, g/g/, [ɣ], /j/ H, h/h/, [x], [ç] I, i /i(ː)/ K, k/k/ L, l/l/ M, m/m/ N, n/n/ O, o/o(ː)/ P, p/p/ R, r/r/ S, s/s/ T, t/t/ U, u/u(ː)/, /w/ (rare) X, x/ks/ Y, y/y(ː)/ Ƿ, ƿ/w/ Þ, þ/θ/, [ð] Æ, æ/æ(ː)/ Ð, ð/ð/, [θ]
Digraph IPAcg[dʒ]ch (rare)[x]ea/æɑ(ː)/eo/eo(ː)/gc (rare)[dʒ]ieperhaps /iy(ː)/ioperhaps /iu(ː)/ng[ŋg], [ndʒ]sc/sk/, /ʃ/th (rare)/θ/, [ð]uu (rare)/w/
Trigraph IPAcgg (rare)[dʒ]ncg (rare)[ndʒ]
Древнеанглийский латинский алфавит обычно состоял примерно из 24 букв и использовался для написания древнеанглийского языка с 8 по 12 века. Большинство из этих букв были непосредственно заимствованы из латинского алфавита, две были модифицированными латинскими буквами (Æ, Ð), а две развились из рунического алфавита (Ƿ, Þ). Буквы Q и Z практически не использовались за пределами иностранных имен из латыни и греческого. Буква J еще не была введена в употребление. Буква K использовалась некоторыми писателями, но не всеми. W приобрела популярность в позднем древнеанглийском языке под влиянием норманнов, как видно в конце рукописи Питерборо Хроника, хотя в этот период W все еще была лигатурой, а не полноценной буквой. Рукописи MS Harley 208, Stowe MS 57 и Cotton Titus D 18 различаются в порядке расположения нестандартных древнеанглийских букв (Harley имеет Ƿ–ЖƖÞ, Stowe имеет Ƿ–ЖÞ, Titus имеет Ƿ–Þ–Ð), но во всех трех рукописях они располагаются после стандартных латинских букв.
The Old English Latin alphabet generally consisted of about 24 letters, and was used for writing Old English from the 8th to the 12th centuries. Of these letters, most were directly adopted from the Latin alphabet, two were modified Latin letters (Æ, Ð), and two developed from the runic alphabet (Ƿ, Þ). The letters Q and Z were essentially left unused outside of foreign names from Latin and Greek. The letter J had not yet come into use. The letter K was used by some writers but not by others. W gained usage in late Old English under Norman influence, as seen towards the end of the Peterborough Chronicle manuscript, though in this period W was still a ligature and not a full fledged letter. The manuscripts MS Harley 208, Stowe MS 57, and Cotton Titus D 18 differ in how they arrange the non standard Old English letters (Harley has Ƿ–ЖƖÞ, Stowe has Ƿ–ЖÞ, Titus has Ƿ–Þ–Ð), but all three manuscripts place them after the standard Latin letters. Letter IPA A, a/ɑ(ː)/ B, b/b/ C, c/k/, /tʃ/ D, d/d/ E, e/e(ː)/ F, f/f/, [v] G, g/g/, [ɣ], /j/ H, h/h/, [x], [ç] I, i /i(ː)/ K, k/k/ L, l/l/ M, m/m/ N, n/n/ O, o/o(ː)/ P, p/p/ R, r/r/ S, s/s/ T, t/t/ U, u/u(ː)/, /w/ (rare) X, x/ks/ Y, y/y(ː)/ Ƿ, ƿ/w/ Þ, þ/θ/, [ð] Æ, æ/æ(ː)/ Ð, ð/ð/, [θ]
Digraph IPAcg[dʒ]ch (rare)[x]ea/æɑ(ː)/eo/eo(ː)/gc (rare)[dʒ]ieperhaps /iy(ː)/ioperhaps /iu(ː)/ng[ŋg], [ndʒ]sc/sk/, /ʃ/th (rare)/θ/, [ð]uu (rare)/w/
Trigraph IPAcgg (rare)[dʒ]ncg (rare)[ndʒ]
IPA A, a/ɑ(ː)/ B, b/b/ C, c/k/, /tʃ/ D, d/d/ E, e/e(ː)/ F, f/f/, [v] G, g/g/, [ɣ], /j/ H, h/h/, [x], [ç] I, i /i(ː)/ K, k/k/ L, l/l/ M, m/m/ N, n/n/ O, o/o(ː)/ P, p/p/ R, r/r/ S, s/s/ T, t/t/ U, u/u(ː)/, /w/ (редко) X, x/ks/ Y, y/y(ː)/ Ƿ, ƿ/w/ Þ, þ/θ/, [ð] Æ, æ/æ(ː)/ Ð, ð/ð/, [θ]
The Old English Latin alphabet generally consisted of about 24 letters, and was used for writing Old English from the 8th to the 12th centuries. Of these letters, most were directly adopted from the Latin alphabet, two were modified Latin letters (Æ, Ð), and two developed from the runic alphabet (Ƿ, Þ). The letters Q and Z were essentially left unused outside of foreign names from Latin and Greek. The letter J had not yet come into use. The letter K was used by some writers but not by others. W gained usage in late Old English under Norman influence, as seen towards the end of the Peterborough Chronicle manuscript, though in this period W was still a ligature and not a full fledged letter. The manuscripts MS Harley 208, Stowe MS 57, and Cotton Titus D 18 differ in how they arrange the non standard Old English letters (Harley has Ƿ–ЖƖÞ, Stowe has Ƿ–ЖÞ, Titus has Ƿ–Þ–Ð), but all three manuscripts place them after the standard Latin letters. Letter IPA A, a/ɑ(ː)/ B, b/b/ C, c/k/, /tʃ/ D, d/d/ E, e/e(ː)/ F, f/f/, [v] G, g/g/, [ɣ], /j/ H, h/h/, [x], [ç] I, i /i(ː)/ K, k/k/ L, l/l/ M, m/m/ N, n/n/ O, o/o(ː)/ P, p/p/ R, r/r/ S, s/s/ T, t/t/ U, u/u(ː)/, /w/ (rare) X, x/ks/ Y, y/y(ː)/ Ƿ, ƿ/w/ Þ, þ/θ/, [ð] Æ, æ/æ(ː)/ Ð, ð/ð/, [θ]
Digraph IPAcg[dʒ]ch (rare)[x]ea/æɑ(ː)/eo/eo(ː)/gc (rare)[dʒ]ieperhaps /iy(ː)/ioperhaps /iu(ː)/ng[ŋg], [ndʒ]sc/sk/, /ʃ/th (rare)/θ/, [ð]uu (rare)/w/
Trigraph IPAcgg (rare)[dʒ]ncg (rare)[ndʒ]
Диграфы IPA cg [dʒ] ch (редко) [x] ea/æɑ(ː)/ eo/eo(ː)/ gc (редко) [dʒ] ie возможно /iy(ː)/ io возможно /iu(ː)/ ng [ŋg], [ndʒ] sc/sk/, /ʃ/ th (редко) /θ/, [ð] uu (редко) /w/
The Old English Latin alphabet generally consisted of about 24 letters, and was used for writing Old English from the 8th to the 12th centuries. Of these letters, most were directly adopted from the Latin alphabet, two were modified Latin letters (Æ, Ð), and two developed from the runic alphabet (Ƿ, Þ). The letters Q and Z were essentially left unused outside of foreign names from Latin and Greek. The letter J had not yet come into use. The letter K was used by some writers but not by others. W gained usage in late Old English under Norman influence, as seen towards the end of the Peterborough Chronicle manuscript, though in this period W was still a ligature and not a full fledged letter. The manuscripts MS Harley 208, Stowe MS 57, and Cotton Titus D 18 differ in how they arrange the non standard Old English letters (Harley has Ƿ–ЖƖÞ, Stowe has Ƿ–ЖÞ, Titus has Ƿ–Þ–Ð), but all three manuscripts place them after the standard Latin letters. Letter IPA A, a/ɑ(ː)/ B, b/b/ C, c/k/, /tʃ/ D, d/d/ E, e/e(ː)/ F, f/f/, [v] G, g/g/, [ɣ], /j/ H, h/h/, [x], [ç] I, i /i(ː)/ K, k/k/ L, l/l/ M, m/m/ N, n/n/ O, o/o(ː)/ P, p/p/ R, r/r/ S, s/s/ T, t/t/ U, u/u(ː)/, /w/ (rare) X, x/ks/ Y, y/y(ː)/ Ƿ, ƿ/w/ Þ, þ/θ/, [ð] Æ, æ/æ(ː)/ Ð, ð/ð/, [θ]
Digraph IPAcg[dʒ]ch (rare)[x]ea/æɑ(ː)/eo/eo(ː)/gc (rare)[dʒ]ieperhaps /iy(ː)/ioperhaps /iu(ː)/ng[ŋg], [ndʒ]sc/sk/, /ʃ/th (rare)/θ/, [ð]uu (rare)/w/
Trigraph IPAcgg (rare)[dʒ]ncg (rare)[ndʒ]
Триграфы IPA cgg (редко) [dʒ] ncg (редко) [ndʒ]
The Old English Latin alphabet generally consisted of about 24 letters, and was used for writing Old English from the 8th to the 12th centuries. Of these letters, most were directly adopted from the Latin alphabet, two were modified Latin letters (Æ, Ð), and two developed from the runic alphabet (Ƿ, Þ). The letters Q and Z were essentially left unused outside of foreign names from Latin and Greek. The letter J had not yet come into use. The letter K was used by some writers but not by others. W gained usage in late Old English under Norman influence, as seen towards the end of the Peterborough Chronicle manuscript, though in this period W was still a ligature and not a full fledged letter. The manuscripts MS Harley 208, Stowe MS 57, and Cotton Titus D 18 differ in how they arrange the non standard Old English letters (Harley has Ƿ–ЖƖÞ, Stowe has Ƿ–ЖÞ, Titus has Ƿ–Þ–Ð), but all three manuscripts place them after the standard Latin letters. Letter IPA A, a/ɑ(ː)/ B, b/b/ C, c/k/, /tʃ/ D, d/d/ E, e/e(ː)/ F, f/f/, [v] G, g/g/, [ɣ], /j/ H, h/h/, [x], [ç] I, i /i(ː)/ K, k/k/ L, l/l/ M, m/m/ N, n/n/ O, o/o(ː)/ P, p/p/ R, r/r/ S, s/s/ T, t/t/ U, u/u(ː)/, /w/ (rare) X, x/ks/ Y, y/y(ː)/ Ƿ, ƿ/w/ Þ, þ/θ/, [ð] Æ, æ/æ(ː)/ Ð, ð/ð/, [θ]
Digraph IPAcg[dʒ]ch (rare)[x]ea/æɑ(ː)/eo/eo(ː)/gc (rare)[dʒ]ieperhaps /iy(ː)/ioperhaps /iu(ː)/ng[ŋg], [ndʒ]sc/sk/, /ʃ/th (rare)/θ/, [ð]uu (rare)/w/
Trigraph IPAcgg (rare)[dʒ]ncg (rare)[ndʒ]
История
Старый английский язык изначально записывался рунами (футорк), но примерно с VIII века перешел на (минус) полуунциальный шрифт латинского алфавита, введенный ирландскими христианскими миссионерами. Этот шрифт был заменен островным письмом – курсивной и заостренной разновидностью полуунциального шрифта. Островным письмом пользовались до конца XII века, когда континентальный каролингский минускул (также известный как каролина) вытеснил островное письмо, одновременно с изменением орфографических норм в сторону старофранцузского алфавита, что привело к возникновению среднеанглийского языка. Буква ð (называемая eth или edh в современном английском языке) является модификацией латинской буквы d, а рунические буквы thorn и wynn были заимствованы из футорка. Также использовался символ для союза "и", похожий на цифру семь (,), называемый ондом или тиронийским et, и символ для относительного местоимения þæt – шип с перекладиной, проходящей через верхнюю часть. Над гласными иногда, хотя и редко, ставились макроны для обозначения долготы гласного звука. Макроны также изредка использовались для обозначения носового гласного (подобно тильде в современной фонетической записи), если за гласной следовала буква s (ms или ns превращались в ◌̄s).