Введение
Тип поля, возникающий в лагранжиане
В теоретической физике, источниковое поле — это фоновое поле, сопряженное с исходным полем как Этот член появляется в действии в интегральном формулировании пути Ричарда Фейнмана и отвечает за взаимодействия в теории. В формулировке Джулиана Швингера источник отвечает за создание или уничтожение (обнаружение) частиц. В реакции столкновения источником могут быть другие частицы в столкновении. Следовательно, источник появляется в амплитуде вакуума, действуя с обеих сторон на корреляторе функции Грина теории. Теория источника Швингера происходит из квантового принципа действия Швингера и может быть связана с интегральным формулированием пути, поскольку вариация по источнику как таковому соответствует полю, т.е.
In theoretical physics, a source field is a background field coupled to the original field as This term appears in the action in Richard Feynman's path integral formulation and responsible for the theory interactions. In Julian Schwinger's formulation the source is responsible for creating or destroying (detecting) particles. In a collision reaction a source could be other particles in the collision. Therefore, the source appears in the vacuum amplitude acting from both sides on the Green's function correlator of the theory. Schwinger's source theory stems from Schwinger's quantum action principle and can be related to the path integral formulation as the variation with respect to the source per se corresponds to the field , i. e.
Also, a source acts effectively in a region of the spacetime. As one sees in the examples below, the source field appears on the right hand side of the equations of motion (usually second order partial differential equations) for When the field is the electromagnetic potential or the metric tensor, the source field is the electric current or the stress–energy tensor, respectively. In terms of the statistical and non relativistic applications, Schwinger's source formulation plays crucial rules in understanding many non equilibrium systems. Source theory is theoretically significant as it needs neither divergence regularizations nor renormalization. generates Green's functions (correlators)
One implements the quantum variational methodology to realize that is an external driving source of From the perspectives of probability theory, can be seen as the expectation value of the function This motivates considering the Hamiltonian of forced harmonic oscillator as a toy model
where
In fact, the current is real, that is And the Lagrangian is From now on we drop the hat and the asterisk. Remember that canonical quantization states In light of the relation between partition function and its correlators, the variation of the vacuum amplitude gives
, where
As the integral is in the time domain, one can Fourier transform it, together with the creation/annihilation operators, such that the amplitude eventually becomes
If one adds to the mass term then Fourier transforms both and to the momentum space, the vacuum amplitude becomes
,
where It is easy to notice that the term in the amplitude above can be Fourier transformed into , i. e.,
Thus, the generating functional is obtained from the partition function as follows. All Green's functions may be formally found via Taylor expansion of the partition sum considered as a function of the source fields. This method is commonly used in the path integral formulation of quantum field theory. The general method by which such source fields are utilized to obtain propagators in both quantum, statistical mechanics and other systems is outlined as follows. Upon redefining the partition function in terms of Wick rotated amplitude , the partition function becomes One can introduce , which behaves as Helmholtz free energy in thermal field theories, to absorb the complex number, and hence The function is also called reduced quantum action. And with help of Legendre transform, we can invent a "new" effective energy functional, or effective action, as
, with the transforms
The integration in the definition of the effective action is allowed to be replaced with sum over , i. e., The last equation resembles the thermodynamical relation between Helmholtz free energy and entropy. It is now clear that thermal and statistical field theories stem fundamentally from functional integrations and functional derivatives. Back to the Legendre transforms,
The is called mean field obviously because , while is a background classical field. Ward identities, nonlinear sigma models, and low energy effective theories. Back to Green functions of the actions. Since is the Legendre transform of , and defines N points connected correlator , then the corresponding correlator obtained from , known as vertex function, is given by Consequently in the one particle irreducible graphs (usually acronymized as 1PI), the connected 2 point correlator is defined as the inverse of the 2 point correlator, i. e., the usual reduced correlation is , and the effective correlation is For , the most general relations between the N points connected and are
and
Также, источник эффективно действует в области пространства-времени. Как видно из примеров ниже, поле источника появляется в правой части уравнений движения (обычно уравнений частичных дифференциалов второго порядка) для Когда поле является электромагнитным потенциалом или метрическим тензором, поле источника — это электрический ток или тензор энергии-импульса, соответственно. С точки зрения статистических и нерелятивистских приложений, формулировка источника Швингера играет решающую роль в понимании многих неравновесных систем. Теория источника теоретически значима, поскольку не требует ни регуляризации расходимостей, ни перенормировки. генерирует функции Грина (корреляторы).
In theoretical physics, a source field is a background field coupled to the original field as This term appears in the action in Richard Feynman's path integral formulation and responsible for the theory interactions. In Julian Schwinger's formulation the source is responsible for creating or destroying (detecting) particles. In a collision reaction a source could be other particles in the collision. Therefore, the source appears in the vacuum amplitude acting from both sides on the Green's function correlator of the theory. Schwinger's source theory stems from Schwinger's quantum action principle and can be related to the path integral formulation as the variation with respect to the source per se corresponds to the field , i. e.
Also, a source acts effectively in a region of the spacetime. As one sees in the examples below, the source field appears on the right hand side of the equations of motion (usually second order partial differential equations) for When the field is the electromagnetic potential or the metric tensor, the source field is the electric current or the stress–energy tensor, respectively. In terms of the statistical and non relativistic applications, Schwinger's source formulation plays crucial rules in understanding many non equilibrium systems. Source theory is theoretically significant as it needs neither divergence regularizations nor renormalization. generates Green's functions (correlators)
One implements the quantum variational methodology to realize that is an external driving source of From the perspectives of probability theory, can be seen as the expectation value of the function This motivates considering the Hamiltonian of forced harmonic oscillator as a toy model
where
In fact, the current is real, that is And the Lagrangian is From now on we drop the hat and the asterisk. Remember that canonical quantization states In light of the relation between partition function and its correlators, the variation of the vacuum amplitude gives
, where
As the integral is in the time domain, one can Fourier transform it, together with the creation/annihilation operators, such that the amplitude eventually becomes
If one adds to the mass term then Fourier transforms both and to the momentum space, the vacuum amplitude becomes
,
where It is easy to notice that the term in the amplitude above can be Fourier transformed into , i. e.,
Thus, the generating functional is obtained from the partition function as follows. All Green's functions may be formally found via Taylor expansion of the partition sum considered as a function of the source fields. This method is commonly used in the path integral formulation of quantum field theory. The general method by which such source fields are utilized to obtain propagators in both quantum, statistical mechanics and other systems is outlined as follows. Upon redefining the partition function in terms of Wick rotated amplitude , the partition function becomes One can introduce , which behaves as Helmholtz free energy in thermal field theories, to absorb the complex number, and hence The function is also called reduced quantum action. And with help of Legendre transform, we can invent a "new" effective energy functional, or effective action, as
, with the transforms
The integration in the definition of the effective action is allowed to be replaced with sum over , i. e., The last equation resembles the thermodynamical relation between Helmholtz free energy and entropy. It is now clear that thermal and statistical field theories stem fundamentally from functional integrations and functional derivatives. Back to the Legendre transforms,
The is called mean field obviously because , while is a background classical field. Ward identities, nonlinear sigma models, and low energy effective theories. Back to Green functions of the actions. Since is the Legendre transform of , and defines N points connected correlator , then the corresponding correlator obtained from , known as vertex function, is given by Consequently in the one particle irreducible graphs (usually acronymized as 1PI), the connected 2 point correlator is defined as the inverse of the 2 point correlator, i. e., the usual reduced correlation is , and the effective correlation is For , the most general relations between the N points connected and are
and
Применяя квантово-вариационный метод, можно увидеть, что является внешним вынуждающим источником для С точки зрения теории вероятностей, можно рассматривать как математическое ожидание функции. Это мотивирует рассмотрение гамильтониана вынужденного гармонического осциллятора в качестве модельной системы, где фактически ток является вещественным, то есть, а лагранжиан равен. Отныне мы опускаем символ «крышка» и звездочку. В свете связи между функцией разделения и ее корреляторами, изменение амплитуды вакуума дает , где, поскольку интеграл находится в области времени, можно преобразовать его вместе с операторами рождения/аннигиляции, так что амплитуда в конечном итоге становится. Если добавить к члену массы, то преобразовать Фурье и , и в импульсное пространство, амплитуда вакуума становится , где легко заметить, что член в амплитуде выше можно преобразовать Фурье в, т.е. таким образом, генерирующий функционал получается из функции разделения следующим образом. Все функции Грина могут быть формально найдены посредством разложения в ряд Тейлора суммы разделов, рассматриваемой как функция исходных полей. Этот метод обычно используется в интегральном формулировании пути квантовой теории поля. Общий метод, с помощью которого такие источниковые поля используются для получения пропагаторов как в квантовой, так и в статистической механике и других системах, описан ниже. При переопределении функции разделения в терминах амплитуды с поворотом Вика, функция разделения становится. Можно ввести , которое ведет себя как свободная энергия Гельмгольца в теориях теплового поля, чтобы поглотить комплексное число, и, следовательно, функция также называется приведенным квантовым действием. И с помощью преобразования Лежандра мы можем изобрести «новую» эффективную энергетическую функциональную или эффективное действие, как , с преобразованиями.
In theoretical physics, a source field is a background field coupled to the original field as This term appears in the action in Richard Feynman's path integral formulation and responsible for the theory interactions. In Julian Schwinger's formulation the source is responsible for creating or destroying (detecting) particles. In a collision reaction a source could be other particles in the collision. Therefore, the source appears in the vacuum amplitude acting from both sides on the Green's function correlator of the theory. Schwinger's source theory stems from Schwinger's quantum action principle and can be related to the path integral formulation as the variation with respect to the source per se corresponds to the field , i. e.
Also, a source acts effectively in a region of the spacetime. As one sees in the examples below, the source field appears on the right hand side of the equations of motion (usually second order partial differential equations) for When the field is the electromagnetic potential or the metric tensor, the source field is the electric current or the stress–energy tensor, respectively. In terms of the statistical and non relativistic applications, Schwinger's source formulation plays crucial rules in understanding many non equilibrium systems. Source theory is theoretically significant as it needs neither divergence regularizations nor renormalization. generates Green's functions (correlators)
One implements the quantum variational methodology to realize that is an external driving source of From the perspectives of probability theory, can be seen as the expectation value of the function This motivates considering the Hamiltonian of forced harmonic oscillator as a toy model
where
In fact, the current is real, that is And the Lagrangian is From now on we drop the hat and the asterisk. Remember that canonical quantization states In light of the relation between partition function and its correlators, the variation of the vacuum amplitude gives
, where
As the integral is in the time domain, one can Fourier transform it, together with the creation/annihilation operators, such that the amplitude eventually becomes
If one adds to the mass term then Fourier transforms both and to the momentum space, the vacuum amplitude becomes
,
where It is easy to notice that the term in the amplitude above can be Fourier transformed into , i. e.,
Thus, the generating functional is obtained from the partition function as follows. All Green's functions may be formally found via Taylor expansion of the partition sum considered as a function of the source fields. This method is commonly used in the path integral formulation of quantum field theory. The general method by which such source fields are utilized to obtain propagators in both quantum, statistical mechanics and other systems is outlined as follows. Upon redefining the partition function in terms of Wick rotated amplitude , the partition function becomes One can introduce , which behaves as Helmholtz free energy in thermal field theories, to absorb the complex number, and hence The function is also called reduced quantum action. And with help of Legendre transform, we can invent a "new" effective energy functional, or effective action, as
, with the transforms
The integration in the definition of the effective action is allowed to be replaced with sum over , i. e., The last equation resembles the thermodynamical relation between Helmholtz free energy and entropy. It is now clear that thermal and statistical field theories stem fundamentally from functional integrations and functional derivatives. Back to the Legendre transforms,
The is called mean field obviously because , while is a background classical field. Ward identities, nonlinear sigma models, and low energy effective theories. Back to Green functions of the actions. Since is the Legendre transform of , and defines N points connected correlator , then the corresponding correlator obtained from , known as vertex function, is given by Consequently in the one particle irreducible graphs (usually acronymized as 1PI), the connected 2 point correlator is defined as the inverse of the 2 point correlator, i. e., the usual reduced correlation is , and the effective correlation is For , the most general relations between the N points connected and are
and
Интегрирование в определении эффективного действия можно заменить суммированием по, т.е. Последнее уравнение напоминает термодинамическое соотношение между свободной энергией Гельмгольца и энтропией. Теперь ясно, что термические и статистические теории поля в основном вытекают из функционального интегрирования и функциональных производных. Возвращаясь к преобразованиям Лежандра, это называется средним полем, очевидно, потому что, а является классическим фоновым полем. Идентичности Уорда, нелинейные сигма-модели и низкоэнергетические эффективные теории. Вернемся к функциям Грина действий. Поскольку преобразование Лежандра является преобразованием , и определяет N-точечный связанный коррелятор, то соответствующий коррелятор, полученный из , известный как вершинная функция, задается следующим образом: в одночастично не приводимых графах (обычно обозначаемых как 1PI), связанный 2-точечный коррелятор определяется как обратный 2-точечному коррелятору, т.е. обычная приведенная корреляция , а эффективная корреляция. Для, наиболее общие соотношения между N-точечными связанными и являются
In theoretical physics, a source field is a background field coupled to the original field as This term appears in the action in Richard Feynman's path integral formulation and responsible for the theory interactions. In Julian Schwinger's formulation the source is responsible for creating or destroying (detecting) particles. In a collision reaction a source could be other particles in the collision. Therefore, the source appears in the vacuum amplitude acting from both sides on the Green's function correlator of the theory. Schwinger's source theory stems from Schwinger's quantum action principle and can be related to the path integral formulation as the variation with respect to the source per se corresponds to the field , i. e.
Also, a source acts effectively in a region of the spacetime. As one sees in the examples below, the source field appears on the right hand side of the equations of motion (usually second order partial differential equations) for When the field is the electromagnetic potential or the metric tensor, the source field is the electric current or the stress–energy tensor, respectively. In terms of the statistical and non relativistic applications, Schwinger's source formulation plays crucial rules in understanding many non equilibrium systems. Source theory is theoretically significant as it needs neither divergence regularizations nor renormalization. generates Green's functions (correlators)
One implements the quantum variational methodology to realize that is an external driving source of From the perspectives of probability theory, can be seen as the expectation value of the function This motivates considering the Hamiltonian of forced harmonic oscillator as a toy model
where
In fact, the current is real, that is And the Lagrangian is From now on we drop the hat and the asterisk. Remember that canonical quantization states In light of the relation between partition function and its correlators, the variation of the vacuum amplitude gives
, where
As the integral is in the time domain, one can Fourier transform it, together with the creation/annihilation operators, such that the amplitude eventually becomes
If one adds to the mass term then Fourier transforms both and to the momentum space, the vacuum amplitude becomes
,
where It is easy to notice that the term in the amplitude above can be Fourier transformed into , i. e.,
Thus, the generating functional is obtained from the partition function as follows. All Green's functions may be formally found via Taylor expansion of the partition sum considered as a function of the source fields. This method is commonly used in the path integral formulation of quantum field theory. The general method by which such source fields are utilized to obtain propagators in both quantum, statistical mechanics and other systems is outlined as follows. Upon redefining the partition function in terms of Wick rotated amplitude , the partition function becomes One can introduce , which behaves as Helmholtz free energy in thermal field theories, to absorb the complex number, and hence The function is also called reduced quantum action. And with help of Legendre transform, we can invent a "new" effective energy functional, or effective action, as
, with the transforms
The integration in the definition of the effective action is allowed to be replaced with sum over , i. e., The last equation resembles the thermodynamical relation between Helmholtz free energy and entropy. It is now clear that thermal and statistical field theories stem fundamentally from functional integrations and functional derivatives. Back to the Legendre transforms,
The is called mean field obviously because , while is a background classical field. Ward identities, nonlinear sigma models, and low energy effective theories. Back to Green functions of the actions. Since is the Legendre transform of , and defines N points connected correlator , then the corresponding correlator obtained from , known as vertex function, is given by Consequently in the one particle irreducible graphs (usually acronymized as 1PI), the connected 2 point correlator is defined as the inverse of the 2 point correlator, i. e., the usual reduced correlation is , and the effective correlation is For , the most general relations between the N points connected and are
and
и
In theoretical physics, a source field is a background field coupled to the original field as This term appears in the action in Richard Feynman's path integral formulation and responsible for the theory interactions. In Julian Schwinger's formulation the source is responsible for creating or destroying (detecting) particles. In a collision reaction a source could be other particles in the collision. Therefore, the source appears in the vacuum amplitude acting from both sides on the Green's function correlator of the theory. Schwinger's source theory stems from Schwinger's quantum action principle and can be related to the path integral formulation as the variation with respect to the source per se corresponds to the field , i. e.
Also, a source acts effectively in a region of the spacetime. As one sees in the examples below, the source field appears on the right hand side of the equations of motion (usually second order partial differential equations) for When the field is the electromagnetic potential or the metric tensor, the source field is the electric current or the stress–energy tensor, respectively. In terms of the statistical and non relativistic applications, Schwinger's source formulation plays crucial rules in understanding many non equilibrium systems. Source theory is theoretically significant as it needs neither divergence regularizations nor renormalization. generates Green's functions (correlators)
One implements the quantum variational methodology to realize that is an external driving source of From the perspectives of probability theory, can be seen as the expectation value of the function This motivates considering the Hamiltonian of forced harmonic oscillator as a toy model
where
In fact, the current is real, that is And the Lagrangian is From now on we drop the hat and the asterisk. Remember that canonical quantization states In light of the relation between partition function and its correlators, the variation of the vacuum amplitude gives
, where
As the integral is in the time domain, one can Fourier transform it, together with the creation/annihilation operators, such that the amplitude eventually becomes
If one adds to the mass term then Fourier transforms both and to the momentum space, the vacuum amplitude becomes
,
where It is easy to notice that the term in the amplitude above can be Fourier transformed into , i. e.,
Thus, the generating functional is obtained from the partition function as follows. All Green's functions may be formally found via Taylor expansion of the partition sum considered as a function of the source fields. This method is commonly used in the path integral formulation of quantum field theory. The general method by which such source fields are utilized to obtain propagators in both quantum, statistical mechanics and other systems is outlined as follows. Upon redefining the partition function in terms of Wick rotated amplitude , the partition function becomes One can introduce , which behaves as Helmholtz free energy in thermal field theories, to absorb the complex number, and hence The function is also called reduced quantum action. And with help of Legendre transform, we can invent a "new" effective energy functional, or effective action, as
, with the transforms
The integration in the definition of the effective action is allowed to be replaced with sum over , i. e., The last equation resembles the thermodynamical relation between Helmholtz free energy and entropy. It is now clear that thermal and statistical field theories stem fundamentally from functional integrations and functional derivatives. Back to the Legendre transforms,
The is called mean field obviously because , while is a background classical field. Ward identities, nonlinear sigma models, and low energy effective theories. Back to Green functions of the actions. Since is the Legendre transform of , and defines N points connected correlator , then the corresponding correlator obtained from , known as vertex function, is given by Consequently in the one particle irreducible graphs (usually acronymized as 1PI), the connected 2 point correlator is defined as the inverse of the 2 point correlator, i. e., the usual reduced correlation is , and the effective correlation is For , the most general relations between the N points connected and are
and
Массивные полностью симметричные произвольные цельные спиновые поля
Можно обобщить исходный источник до источника с более высоким спином, так что становится . Тогда обобщенный вектор поляризации равен , а оператор проекции можно определить как . Симметричные свойства оператора проекции облегчают работу с амплитудой вакуума в импульсном пространстве. Поэтому, вместо того чтобы выражать её через коррелятор в координатном пространстве, мы записываем .
And the projection operator can be defined as
The symmetric properties of the projection operator make it easier to deal with the vacuum amplitude in the momentum space. Therefore rather that we express it in terms of the correlator in configuration space, we write
.
Смешанные симметричные произвольные спиновые поля
Кроме того, теоретически непротиворечиво обобщить исходную теорию для описания гипотетических калибровочных полей с антисимметричными и смешанно-симметричными свойствами в произвольных размерностях и с произвольными спинами. Однако следует учитывать нефизические степени свободы в теории. Например, в N измерениях для смешанно-симметричной безмассовой версии поля Кёртрайта и источника амплитуда вакуума такова, что для теории в N=4 источник в конечном итоге показывает, что это теория нефизического поля. Тем не менее, массивная версия сохраняется при N≥5.
произвольные полуцелые спиновые поля
Для спинорного фермионного пропагатора и тока, определенных выше, амплитуда вакуума задается условиями Фанга — Фронсдаля, наложенными на сами поля. Лагранжевы формулировки массивных полей и соответствующие условия были изучены Ламбодаром Сингхом и Карлом Хагеном. Нерелятивистская версия операторов проецирования, разработанная Чарльзом Земахом, другим учеником Швингера, широко применяется в адронной спектроскопии. Метод Земаха можно релятивистски усовершенствовать для получения ковариантных операторов проецирования.