Корнелио Фабро: Жизнь и философское наследие

Italian theologian and philosopher
Cornelio Fabro CSS (Flumignano, Udine, 24 August 1911 – Rome, 4 May 1995) was an Italian Catholic priest of the Stigmatine Order and a scholastic Thomist philosopher. He was the founder of the Institute for Higher Studies on Unbelief, Religion and Cultures. Known for his prodigious philosophical production, Fabro was part of the scholastic revival of Thomism. One of his major contributions to twentieth century philosophy was to draw attention to the notion of "participation" in Aquinas' metaphysics. Fabro was also interested in modern philosophy, particularly the relationship of Kierkegaard's thought to Christian philosophy, the origins and nature of anthropocentrism in modern thought, and the critical analysis of "progressive" theology.

Fabro was born at Flumignano, Udine, in Northern Italy on 24 August 1911 to Angelo and Anna Zanello. He was the third of four children including two older brothers Antonio and Secondo, and a younger sister Alma Teresina. During the World War he contracted typhus but was cured by a military medical doctor. In the summer of 1915 he was operated on for Mastoiditis at the hospital of Udine where he remained till spring 1916. Consequently, his early schooling was received at the hands of his older brother.

In 1928 Fabro completed his pre seminary studies and began studies of philosophy at the "Scuola Apostolica". After completing private studies at the Marian sanctuary at Ortonovo La Spezia in 1929 he transferred to the Curia Generalizia and International College of the Stigmatine Order at the convent of Sant'Agata dei Goti on via Mazzarino in Rome in order to begin his philosophy studies at the "Collegio Sant’Apolinare", the future Lateran University. In 1931, he completed his doctorate receiving the highest marks with a thesis entitled L’oggettività del principio di causa e la critica di D. Hume (The Objectivity of the Principle of Causality and Criticism of D. Hume). This dissertation repeats the traditional criticism of Hume taught in the early 20th century. Fabro began studying for a Licentiate in theology at the Pontifical International Institute Angelicum, the forerunner of the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum On 20 December 1934 he received a prize from the Pontifical Academy of St. Thomas Aquinas for his monograph entitled Il principio di causalità, origine psicologica, formulazione filosofica, valore necessario ed universale (The Principle of Causality, its Psychological Origin, Philosophical Formulazation, and Necessary and Universal Value). On 8 September 1934 Fabro was transferred to his Order's religious house at the Church of Santa Croce in Via Flaminia where he was assigned as church organist; he was to remain at Santa Croce until his death. Fabro resumed his studies in philosophy and theology at the Pontificium Institutum Internationale Angelicum, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum. On 7 July 1935 he obtained a licentiate in theology from the Angelicum. For the period of summer fall 1935 Fabro was on scholarship at the «Stazione Zoologica» of Naples. In 1948, he taught Theoretical Philosophy in the University of Rome. In 1949, he began teaching at Maria SS. Assunta (also known as LUMSA) and was the director of the Institute from 1954 to 1956. Fabro was invited in 1954 as Visiting Professor to give the Chaire Card. Mercier lectures at the University of Louvain on "Participation and Causality". These were published in 1960 in Italian and in 1961 in French. Fabro won the Chair of Theoretical Philosophy at the University of Naples in 1954. From 1956 to 1958, Fabro was Professor of Philosophy at the Faculty of Education and History of Philosophy at the Faculty of Letters at the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Milan. Upon his return from Milan, Fabro resumed teaching at Maria SS. Assunta until 1965, when he began to teach at the University of Perugia. In 1965, Fabro taught at Notre Dame University (Indiana, USA) as Visiting Professor. While continuing to live and teach in Rome, Fabro simultaneously taught at the University of Perugia. In 1965, he was named Ordinary Professor in Philosophy. He was the head of Faculty of Education from 1965 to 1967 and Ordinary Professor in Theoretical Philosophy from 1968 to 1981.

Fabro's contributions to Twentieth century Thomistic metaphysics are many. According to Fabro, being is first grasped by the intellect in an apprehension and not by means of an abstraction or a judgment. He distinguishes between being in act (esse in actu) and being as act (esse ut actus). The former is able to be said of accidents, the substance, principles of being, etc., while the latter is reserved for the actuating principle of being (ens). With regard to the notion of participation, Fabro discerns a distinction between predicamental participation (characterized by univocal predication) and transcendental participation (characterized by analogical predication). According to Fabro, participation has both a structural dimension and a dynamic causal dimension. Fabro calls his approach to Aquinas's metaphysics and thought "essential Thomism" or "intensive Thomism." It differs from the classical or traditional approach, exemplified by authors like Thomas de Vio Cajetan and Reginald Garrigou Lagrange, and from the transcendental approach, exemplified by authors like Joseph Marechal, Karl Rahner, and Emerich Coreth. While the classical approach tends to view being (ens) as a subsistent essence to which existence is added and the transcendental approach tends to view being (ens) as a finite limitation of the infinite horizon of being, Fabro's intensive approach sees being (ens) as a participated act of being limited and specified by a correlative essence.

Fabro's The Metaphysical Notion of Participation (1939) is divided into three parts. Part One explores the Platonic and Aristotelian sources in Aquinas's notion of participation. Part Two expounds the distinction between predicamental participation and transcendental participation. Part Three argues for the real distinction between essence and being in finite creatures and outlines the distinction between natural and supernatural participation.

Fabro's Neo Thomism and Suazezism is a spirited defense of Thomas Aquinas's position on the real distinction between essence and the act of being in creatures. Fabro wrote a series of four articles from 1939 1941 on the real distinction and two of them from the journal Divus Thomas (Piacenza) were published as a book in 1941. The articles were part of a response to Pedro Descoqs, S. J., who claimed in a 1938 article that Aquinas never taught that there was a real distinction between essence and existence.

Fabro's second major volume on participation focuses on the dynamic causal dimension of participation. On the one hand, he explores causality as predicamental participation, the meaning of the principle "form gives being" (forma dat esse), and how form is a principle of being. He concludes that "form is the predicamental mediator between God and the existing finite being." On the other, Fabro presents Aquinas's account of the creation of being in terms of causal transcendental participation. "Causal transcendental participation is the production of the common esse of all creatures by creation (De pot. 3.5 ad 1 2; De ver. 21.5 ad 5 6). Esse is the proper effect of divine causality and it is in virtue of this direct production of esse that God works immediately on every created cause."