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1975 film

Operation Daybreak (also known as The Price of Freedom in the U. S. and Seven Men at Daybreak during production) is a 1975 war film based on the true story of Operation Anthropoid, the assassination of SS general Reinhard Heydrich in Prague. Starring Anthony Andrews, Timothy Bottoms and Martin Shaw, the film was directed by Lewis Gilbert and shot mostly on location in Prague. It is adapted from the book Seven Men at Daybreak by Alan Burgess.

In late 1941, General František Moravec commands three Czech partisans, Jan Kubiš, Jozef Gabčík, and Karel Čurda, who were trained by the British, to undertake a crucial military operation described as being the most important of the war. Reinhard Heydrich, the ruthless Reich Protector in Prague, is seen as a potential successor to Hitler if the Fuhrer were to die. The men parachute into occupied Czechoslovakia, but their landing is not where it was intended to be. Gabčík injures his foot during the descent and Čurda falls several miles away. After regrouping with Čurda, they head to Prague and are offered refuge by the Moravec family: aunt Marie and her son Ata and daughter Jindřiška, where they plan how to execute Heydrich. The first attempt to assassinate Heydrich on his departing train is thwarted. Under vigilance from Gabčík, Kubiš hides in a control room and aims his rifle at Heydrich, but another train abruptly passes to the opposite direction, obstructing the trajectory. They devise a new plan to shoot Heydrich as his car slows down at a bend in the road during his regular morning drive into the city from his country residence. When Heydrich approaches, Gabčík's gun jams, and he runs away, pursued by Heydrich's driver. Kubiš, who is sitting nearby, then throws a grenade at the car, causing it to explode nearby and injuring Heydrich, who later dies at hospital due to mortal wounds caused by the shrapnel. A manhunt is launched as the Gestapo offer a large sum of money for an informant who can give a lead to their capture. Čurda, who fears for his wife and child's safety, surrenders to the Gestapo, betraying Gabčík, Kubiš and their group. The Moravec family is arrested after learning of Čurda's intelligence. The paratroopers seek refuge in the crypt of Saints Cyril and Methodius Cathedral, but when the Germans discover their location, a long battle ensues. The Germans try to force them out by gassing and flooding the crypt. Knowing they cannot escape alive and unwilling to surrender, the assassins fatally shoot each other in the flooded crypt.

The screen rights to the novel Seven Men at Daybreak by Alan Burgess were acquired by Warner Bros in mid 1973. Filming on the wartime action movie based on the book, itself based on a factual story, was announced to be starting in November 1974 with screenplay by Ronald Harwood, and based on the factual events of the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich. The film was produced by Carter Dehaven and directed by Lewis Gilbert. Gilbert says he was approached to do the project. To prepare for the role of Kubiš, leader of the group and eventual hero who does the killing, Bottoms spent three months on location in Czechoslovakia. The castings of Anthony Andrews, Martin Shaw and Nicola Pagett were announced in December 1974, who all had acting experience from London's West End theatre. In January 1975, Gilbert announced that the actor chosen to play Adolf Hitler had to be replaced, as the original actor turned out to be too small for the role. Calls were made to Gunnar Möller and George Sewell, the latter of who went on to play Heinz Pannwitz. The size of the cast was around 3,000 which also included actors of German, French, Finnish and Czech origin.

The film was entirely American produced and financed and was shot on location in Prague, Czechoslovakia, using various places that were part of the real assassination. Scenes outside Prague were filmed in the town of Karlovy Vary. The Swastika flag was hung around Prague and in particular at Prague railway station. Younger extras on set, who had no experience of the war, showed little emotion. In one instance, an elderly woman arriving from the countryside needed reassurance from railway station workers that the German invaders had not returned, while another Czech woman was observed to glance disapprovingly at an actor wearing a full Nazi SS uniform. For the razing of Lidice, the movie deployed convincing replica Tiger tanks, built on the T 34 chassis. Historic film footage from the destruction is inter cut with new film footage shot by Gilbert.

Gilbert considered it a "good film" but felt it came along "fifteen years too late there was nothing in it for people to relate to." However, the film impressed Albert Broccoli and prompted the producer to hire Gilbert to direct The Spy Who Loved Me.

David Hentschel composed the score from an ARP synthesizer and the orchestra was conducted by Harry Rabinowitz.

Colin Bennett of Australia's The Age newspaper felt that while the latter part of the film was "very moving", this only made up for the "quiet drabness" that was shown before. He did believe that the film felt authentic and felt the acting was mostly understated, suggesting that British actors Andrews and Shaw eclipsed Bottoms, who was promoted as the star of the show. Film critic Tony Sloman described the film as a "grimly exciting war drama", describing Andrews as "excellent" in his role as a fellow Czech patriot. Writing for The Baltimore Sun, R. H. Gardner was critical of the film's omission of historical context and felt the film lacked "the punch a chronicle of such a tragic and heroic event should have". While the film portrays the British Special Operations Executive as being responsible for the operation, in reality they had little involvement, as it was primarily the Czechoslovak government in exile that organised the operation. The operation was considered a necessity by Winston Churchill in an effort to raise allied morale, despite the expectation of German retribution. The film failed to emphasize this facet or the involvement of those whose actions ultimately resulted in the Nazi destruction of Lidice. Other reports from the time suggested that the Gestapo claimed the paratroopers were captured while hiding and were immediately executed.