Введение
Портовый район Эдинбурга, Шотландия
Лейт, Шотландия
Leith, Scotland
Лейт (/l//iː//θ/; Lìte) — портовый район на севере Эдинбурга, Шотландия, основанный у устья реки Лейт. Самые ранние сохранившиеся исторические упоминания о нём содержатся в королевской хартии, санкционировавшей строительство аббатства Холируд в 1128 году, где он упоминается как Инверлет (Инверлейт). После столетий управления со стороны Эдинбурга, Лейт получил статус отдельного города в 1833 году, но в 1920 году был вновь включён в состав Эдинбурга. Лейт расположен на южном побережье Ферт-оф-Форт и входит в состав городской территории Эдинбурга; с 2007 года он является одним из 17 многомандатных избирательных округов города.
История
Как главный порт, обслуживающий Эдинбург, Лейт стал местом многих важных событий в истории Шотландии.
Первое урегулирование
Самые ранние свидетельства заселения Лита происходят из нескольких археологических раскопок, проведенных в районе The Shore в конце XX века. Среди находок были средневековые кромки причалов XII века. Эта дата соответствует самым ранним письменным свидетельствам о заселении Лита, содержащимся в фундационной хартии аббатства Холируд. Мария Гелдернская, невеста Якова II, прибыла 18 мая 1449 года и отдохнула в монастыре Святого Антония. Среди известных лейских купцов и судовладельцев был Джеймс Маккисон, который поставил гобелены Якову IV в 1498 году для его новой резиденции в замке Стирлинг, а в 1503 году импортировал деревянный киль из Франции для постройки одного из королевских кораблей.
1600-е годы
В 1622 году произошел конфликт между частными судами из Дюнкерка, плавающими под испанским флагом, и кораблями из Голландской Республики. Король Яков разрешил судну из Дюнкерка стоять на якоре у Лейт-Роудс в июне 1622 года, и солдаты с корабля смогли высадиться в Лейте. Три голландских корабля под командованием Виллема де Зоэта, лорда Готайна, адмирала Зеландии, прибыли и атаковали судно из Дюнкерка в течение ночи. Бой прекратился утром, когда прилив выбросил корабли на мель. Шотландские власти потребовали прекращения боевых действий. Корабли были допущены в гавань Лейта, где артиллерия из Эдинбургского замка была установлена для поддержания порядка. Лейт сильно пострадал во время эпидемии чумы 1645 года, при которой погибло более 50% населения в южном районе. Археологические раскопки, проведенные в 2016 году компанией Wardell Armstrong на территории начальной школы Святой Марии в рамках градостроительных условий, обнаружили массовое захоронение, содержащее останки 81 человека, погибшего от чумы 1645 года. Археологи предположили, что люди испытывали крайний страх перед смертью от этой чумы, вероятно, пневмонической, поскольку многие тела были поспешно захоронены в одежде, с деньгами и другими личными вещами, что указывает на нежелание прикасаться к ним, даже чтобы забрать деньги. В 1650 году Лейт мог стать местом битвы, когда Армия Завета под предводительством генерала Дэвида Лесли возвела земляной вал между Колтон-Хиллом и Лейтом для защиты северных подступов к Эдинбургу от войск Оливера Кромвеля. Этот вал стал линией одной из самых длинных улиц Эдинбурга – Лейт-Уолк. После победы Кромвеля в битве при Данбаре в 1650 году и последовавшей за этим оккупации Шотландии, в 1656 году был возведен форт, известный как Цитадель Лейта, для регулирования портового движения. Сегодня от форта остался лишь сводчатый проход на Док-стрит, который служил его главным входом. Новым предприятием в Лейте стала Лейтская сахарная фабрика, основанная в 1677 году.
1700-е годы
Во время американской войны за независимость шотландец Джон Пол Джонс, которого, наряду с Джоном Барри, считают основателем ВМС США, отплыл 14 августа 1779 года в качестве коммодора эскадры из семи кораблей с намерением нанести ущерб британской торговле в Северном море. Он планировал захватить порт Лейт и удержать его за выкуп, но его замыслу помешал шторм 16 сентября, который задержал его устья Ферт-оф-Форт. Вызванная им тревога привела к спешному возведению Форта Лит с батареей из девяти орудий, спроектированной Джеймсом Крейгом, архитектором Нового города Эдинбурга, и построенной в 1780 году. Грузинская терраса на северо-востоке служила жильем для офицеров и была известна как «Лондонский ряд», поскольку, будучи построенной из кирпича, она больше напоминала лондонскую террасу, чем любую в Эдинбурге. Форт активно использовался до 1955 года, в последние годы для подготовки по национальной службе. Большая часть казарм была снесена для строительства жилого комплекса Совета, центром которого был Форт-Хаус и окруженного старыми крепостными стенами. Этот проект был удостоен награды в свое время (1955 год), но здание было снесено в январе 2013 года, а на его месте возведено новое жилье с низкой плотностью, также отмеченное наградами. У южного входа в комплекс сохранились ворота старого форта. С XII века Южный Лейт входил в состав прихода Ресталриг и не имел собственной церкви. После шотландской Реформации главным приходским храмом Лейта стала приходская церковь Южного Лейта, первоначально построенная в 1483 году. В июне 1811 года перепись населения показала, что в Южном Лейте проживало 15 938 человек, а в Северном Лейте – 4 875. 11 апреля 1814 года состоялась церемония закладки краеугольного камня новой церкви прихода Северный Лейт. Лейт был портом, через который король Георг IV прибыл в Шотландию, и отель «Старый корабль» и место высадки короля получили новое название в ознаменование прибытия монарха на корабельной шлюпке в Лит-Шор для этого события, и этот монарх был встречен Высокой констебюлярией порта Лейт (Leith High Constables). Картина, изображающая это событие, висела в ратуше Лейта, которая сейчас является полицейским участком Лейта.
XIX век
20 мая 1806 года состоялся парад лорда-провоста Эдинбурга, Бейли и Совета, а также многочисленных дам и господ, по случаю открытия первого нового мокрого дока – уникального для Шотландии сооружения. Первым войти в док удостоился фифовский пакетбот «Букклех» с городскими сановниками на борту, под залпы артиллерии из форта и военных кораблей Его Величества в Лит-Роудс. 14 марта 1811 года был заложен фундамент второго (среднего) мокрого дока, который был завершен и торжественно открыт в 1817 году лордом-провостом Арбутнотом. В том же году в Киркгейте в греческом архитектурном стиле был возведен Дом Троицы стоимостью 2500 фунтов стерлингов. В 1809 году для защиты входа в гавань во время наполеоновских войн была построена башня Талли-Тор – мартелло. В настоящее время она является охраняемым памятником в порту. Исторически Лейтом управлял городской совет Эдинбурга, при этом Бейли назначались различными органами независимо друг от друга и не взаимодействовали между собой. Такая система оказалась крайне неудовлетворительной, и половина Лейта оставалась без муниципального управления и местных магистратов. Закон парламента 1827 года (7 и 8 Geo. 4. c. cxii) упорядочил муниципальное управление и отправление правосудия в городе, обеспечив надзор, мощение, очистку и освещение, при этом совет Эдинбурга учитывал мнение жителей Лейта. Закон о реформе городских округов 1833 года (3 и 4 Will. 4. c. 46) сделал Лейт парламентским округом, который совместно с Портобелло и Массельбургом представлял один член парламента (MP). 1 ноября 1833 года Лейт стал самостоятельным муниципальным округом с собственным провостом, магистратами и советом и больше не управлялся Бейли. Исторически лорд-провост Эдинбурга по должности являлся адмиралом Ферт-оф-Форта, провост Лейта – адмиралом порта, а его четыре Бейли – адмиралами-заместителями. Император Николай II прибыл в Лейт по морю со своей семьей и свитой во вторник, 22 сентября 1896 года. Шотландский анархист Томас Хасти Белл сумел подойти к нему вплотную, чтобы высказать критику.
1900-е и 2000-е годы
В 1913 году в Лите произошла забастовка докеров, описанная в книге «Красная Шотландия». Продолжающийся рост привёл к тому, что Лит и Эдинбург образовали сплошную городскую зону. 1 ноября 1920 года Лит был присоединён к Эдинбургу, несмотря на плебисцит, на котором жители Лита проголосовали 26 810 голосами против 4340 за объединение. Население Лита на момент объединения составляло 80 000 человек, что равнялось 20% населения города, занимая при этом около 5% его территории, что отражало высокую плотность населения. В момент объединения Лит был шестым по величине городом Шотландии. До 1923 года прямого трамвайного сообщения между Литом и Эдинбургом не было; на границе, на Лейт-Уолк, требовалось пересаживаться с литовского трамвая (электрического) на эдинбургский трамвай (с кабельным приводом) до электрификации трамвайной сети Эдинбурга в начале 1920-х годов. Лит претерпел значительную реконструкцию и теперь является оживлённым портом, который посещают круизные лайнеры и где находится Королевская яхта «Британия», торговый центр Ocean Terminal и административные офисы нескольких департаментов шотландского правительства. Проект «Лейт», реализованный городским советом и правительством, дал дополнительный толчок экономике. Прибрежная зона Лита, ранее непривлекательная, теперь является центром множества новых пабов и ресторанов в живописных окрестностях. 6 ноября 2003 года в Лите проходила церемония вручения MTV Europe Music Awards, для которой рядом с Ocean Terminal была построена временная площадка.
Традиционные отрасли
Лейт был лидером Шотландии в нескольких отраслях промышленности на протяжении многих веков. Среди них наиболее примечательны:
Glass – the Leith Glassworks stood on Baltic Street and dated from 1746. There is also some reference to earlier glass production from 1682 at Leith Citadel. Leith specialised in wine bottles, largely for export to France and Spain. At its peak (c. 1770) production was one million bottles per week. The Leith pattern bottle is the parallel sided, round shouldered, narrow neck bottle now dominant within the wine industry. Around 1770 the company branched into lead crystal glass, mainly for chandeliers. This was under a new company name of the Edinburgh Crystal Company but stood on the same site in Leith (ironically this company has never truly been in "Edinburgh"). Soap – the Anchor Soapworks was established on Water Street around 1680. This largely used whale oil in its production. This survived until around 1930. Wine and whisky storage – wine storage in Leith dates from at least the early 16th century, notably being connected with the Vaults on Henderson Street from this time. At its peak there were around 100 warehouses storing wine and brandy. In the late 1880s, due to the collapse of wine harvest in Europe, most of these were "converted" for the storage of whisky used in the growing business of whisky blending and bottling. Important in this business were William Sanderson with Vat 69, John Crabbie who also produced green ginger wine, and Macdonald & Muir who later bought the Glenmorangie distillery. Around 85 bonded warehouses stood in Leith in the 1960s. The last bond, on Water Street, closed around 1995. An offshoot to the wine industry were several vinegar works. Lime juice – Rose's lime juice was founded by Lachlan Rose in Leith on Commercial Street in 1868. This was originally and primarily focussed upon provision of vitamin C to seamen. Shipbuilding – originally centred on the Water of Leith and limited in scale due to the shallow water, Leith's shipbuilding started to fade as vessels increased in size. Latterly Leith built specialised ship types: tugs, hotel ships, cable layers etc. Whilst the most notable large shipyard (Henry Robb's) closed in 1983, this was technically outlived by a very small shipbuilder on Sheriff Brae (run by the Scottish Co operative Society) which closed around 1988. The most notable ships built in Leith are the SS Sirius, one of the first steamships to cross the Atlantic, and SS Copenhagen, one of the largest rigged ships ever built. Robb's yard also made a great contribution to the RN and MN during the Second World War, building forty two vessels for the Royal Navy, fourteen merchant ships and refitted and repaired nearly 3,000 ships of the Royal Navy and Merchant Navy. This means that one new ship was launched on an average every six weeks and a ship repaired every day of this long and bloody conflict. The RN list included Flower and Castle Class Corvettes and River, Loch and Bay Class Frigates. Lead – Scotland's largest leadworks stood on the corner of Mitchell Street and Constitution Street. Founded around 1760 the operational part worked until the 1970s and the empty buildings stood until the late 1980s. The offices, on Constitution Street, still survive. The company specialised in lead pipes for water supply and lead drainpipes. They also produced lead sheet for roofing and lead shot for weapons. Sugar refining was developed at the Leith Sugar House by Robert Douglas, an established soap boiler, from 1677. Whaling – originally focussed on local, and Icelandic waters (the last whale in the Firth of Forth was caught in 1834); by the mid 19th century ships were travelling to the Antarctic. In the early 1900s, the Christian Salvesen company developed significant interests in whaling, initially in the Arctic, and then in the Antarctic. Among their many whaling stations in the South Atlantic, they established and operated from a base on the island of South Georgia, south east of the Falkland Islands at Leith Harbour (named for their base in Scotland). South Georgia later came to fame at the beginning of the Falklands War). The company moved from Leith to the Fettes area of Edinburgh around 1980 and then left Edinburgh altogether in the mid 1990s. The founder, Christian Salvesen is buried in Rosebank Cemetery. Whaling ships from Leith brought the very first penguins to Edinburgh Zoo around 1900. Corn trading – A Corn Exchange was erected in Constitution Street in 1861. Fishing – During the 19th century Leith became an important entrepôt for the Scottish herring trade, with exports peaking at 388,899 barrels in 1907.
Стекло – Стеклянная мануфактура Лейта располагалась на Балтийской улице и была основана в 1746 году. Существуют также упоминания о более раннем производстве стекла с 1682 года на цитадели Лейта. Лейт специализировался на винных бутылках, в основном для экспорта во Францию и Испанию. На пике производства (около 1770 года) выпускалось один миллион бутылок в неделю. Бутылка лейтовского образца – это цилиндрическая, с округлыми плечами и узким горлышком, форма, которая сейчас преобладает в винодельческой промышленности. Около 1770 года компания расширила производство, начав выпускать хрусталь, в основном для люстр. Это было сделано под новым названием компании – Edinburgh Crystal Company, но производство располагалось на той же территории в Лейте (иронично, но эта компания никогда не находилась в "Эдинбурге").
Glass – the Leith Glassworks stood on Baltic Street and dated from 1746. There is also some reference to earlier glass production from 1682 at Leith Citadel. Leith specialised in wine bottles, largely for export to France and Spain. At its peak (c. 1770) production was one million bottles per week. The Leith pattern bottle is the parallel sided, round shouldered, narrow neck bottle now dominant within the wine industry. Around 1770 the company branched into lead crystal glass, mainly for chandeliers. This was under a new company name of the Edinburgh Crystal Company but stood on the same site in Leith (ironically this company has never truly been in "Edinburgh"). Soap – the Anchor Soapworks was established on Water Street around 1680. This largely used whale oil in its production. This survived until around 1930. Wine and whisky storage – wine storage in Leith dates from at least the early 16th century, notably being connected with the Vaults on Henderson Street from this time. At its peak there were around 100 warehouses storing wine and brandy. In the late 1880s, due to the collapse of wine harvest in Europe, most of these were "converted" for the storage of whisky used in the growing business of whisky blending and bottling. Important in this business were William Sanderson with Vat 69, John Crabbie who also produced green ginger wine, and Macdonald & Muir who later bought the Glenmorangie distillery. Around 85 bonded warehouses stood in Leith in the 1960s. The last bond, on Water Street, closed around 1995. An offshoot to the wine industry were several vinegar works. Lime juice – Rose's lime juice was founded by Lachlan Rose in Leith on Commercial Street in 1868. This was originally and primarily focussed upon provision of vitamin C to seamen. Shipbuilding – originally centred on the Water of Leith and limited in scale due to the shallow water, Leith's shipbuilding started to fade as vessels increased in size. Latterly Leith built specialised ship types: tugs, hotel ships, cable layers etc. Whilst the most notable large shipyard (Henry Robb's) closed in 1983, this was technically outlived by a very small shipbuilder on Sheriff Brae (run by the Scottish Co operative Society) which closed around 1988. The most notable ships built in Leith are the SS Sirius, one of the first steamships to cross the Atlantic, and SS Copenhagen, one of the largest rigged ships ever built. Robb's yard also made a great contribution to the RN and MN during the Second World War, building forty two vessels for the Royal Navy, fourteen merchant ships and refitted and repaired nearly 3,000 ships of the Royal Navy and Merchant Navy. This means that one new ship was launched on an average every six weeks and a ship repaired every day of this long and bloody conflict. The RN list included Flower and Castle Class Corvettes and River, Loch and Bay Class Frigates. Lead – Scotland's largest leadworks stood on the corner of Mitchell Street and Constitution Street. Founded around 1760 the operational part worked until the 1970s and the empty buildings stood until the late 1980s. The offices, on Constitution Street, still survive. The company specialised in lead pipes for water supply and lead drainpipes. They also produced lead sheet for roofing and lead shot for weapons. Sugar refining was developed at the Leith Sugar House by Robert Douglas, an established soap boiler, from 1677. Whaling – originally focussed on local, and Icelandic waters (the last whale in the Firth of Forth was caught in 1834); by the mid 19th century ships were travelling to the Antarctic. In the early 1900s, the Christian Salvesen company developed significant interests in whaling, initially in the Arctic, and then in the Antarctic. Among their many whaling stations in the South Atlantic, they established and operated from a base on the island of South Georgia, south east of the Falkland Islands at Leith Harbour (named for their base in Scotland). South Georgia later came to fame at the beginning of the Falklands War). The company moved from Leith to the Fettes area of Edinburgh around 1980 and then left Edinburgh altogether in the mid 1990s. The founder, Christian Salvesen is buried in Rosebank Cemetery. Whaling ships from Leith brought the very first penguins to Edinburgh Zoo around 1900. Corn trading – A Corn Exchange was erected in Constitution Street in 1861. Fishing – During the 19th century Leith became an important entrepôt for the Scottish herring trade, with exports peaking at 388,899 barrels in 1907.
Мыло – Мыловарня Anchor Soapworks была основана на Уотер-стрит около 1680 года. В производстве в основном использовался китовый жир. Она просуществовала до 1930 года.
Glass – the Leith Glassworks stood on Baltic Street and dated from 1746. There is also some reference to earlier glass production from 1682 at Leith Citadel. Leith specialised in wine bottles, largely for export to France and Spain. At its peak (c. 1770) production was one million bottles per week. The Leith pattern bottle is the parallel sided, round shouldered, narrow neck bottle now dominant within the wine industry. Around 1770 the company branched into lead crystal glass, mainly for chandeliers. This was under a new company name of the Edinburgh Crystal Company but stood on the same site in Leith (ironically this company has never truly been in "Edinburgh"). Soap – the Anchor Soapworks was established on Water Street around 1680. This largely used whale oil in its production. This survived until around 1930. Wine and whisky storage – wine storage in Leith dates from at least the early 16th century, notably being connected with the Vaults on Henderson Street from this time. At its peak there were around 100 warehouses storing wine and brandy. In the late 1880s, due to the collapse of wine harvest in Europe, most of these were "converted" for the storage of whisky used in the growing business of whisky blending and bottling. Important in this business were William Sanderson with Vat 69, John Crabbie who also produced green ginger wine, and Macdonald & Muir who later bought the Glenmorangie distillery. Around 85 bonded warehouses stood in Leith in the 1960s. The last bond, on Water Street, closed around 1995. An offshoot to the wine industry were several vinegar works. Lime juice – Rose's lime juice was founded by Lachlan Rose in Leith on Commercial Street in 1868. This was originally and primarily focussed upon provision of vitamin C to seamen. Shipbuilding – originally centred on the Water of Leith and limited in scale due to the shallow water, Leith's shipbuilding started to fade as vessels increased in size. Latterly Leith built specialised ship types: tugs, hotel ships, cable layers etc. Whilst the most notable large shipyard (Henry Robb's) closed in 1983, this was technically outlived by a very small shipbuilder on Sheriff Brae (run by the Scottish Co operative Society) which closed around 1988. The most notable ships built in Leith are the SS Sirius, one of the first steamships to cross the Atlantic, and SS Copenhagen, one of the largest rigged ships ever built. Robb's yard also made a great contribution to the RN and MN during the Second World War, building forty two vessels for the Royal Navy, fourteen merchant ships and refitted and repaired nearly 3,000 ships of the Royal Navy and Merchant Navy. This means that one new ship was launched on an average every six weeks and a ship repaired every day of this long and bloody conflict. The RN list included Flower and Castle Class Corvettes and River, Loch and Bay Class Frigates. Lead – Scotland's largest leadworks stood on the corner of Mitchell Street and Constitution Street. Founded around 1760 the operational part worked until the 1970s and the empty buildings stood until the late 1980s. The offices, on Constitution Street, still survive. The company specialised in lead pipes for water supply and lead drainpipes. They also produced lead sheet for roofing and lead shot for weapons. Sugar refining was developed at the Leith Sugar House by Robert Douglas, an established soap boiler, from 1677. Whaling – originally focussed on local, and Icelandic waters (the last whale in the Firth of Forth was caught in 1834); by the mid 19th century ships were travelling to the Antarctic. In the early 1900s, the Christian Salvesen company developed significant interests in whaling, initially in the Arctic, and then in the Antarctic. Among their many whaling stations in the South Atlantic, they established and operated from a base on the island of South Georgia, south east of the Falkland Islands at Leith Harbour (named for their base in Scotland). South Georgia later came to fame at the beginning of the Falklands War). The company moved from Leith to the Fettes area of Edinburgh around 1980 and then left Edinburgh altogether in the mid 1990s. The founder, Christian Salvesen is buried in Rosebank Cemetery. Whaling ships from Leith brought the very first penguins to Edinburgh Zoo around 1900. Corn trading – A Corn Exchange was erected in Constitution Street in 1861. Fishing – During the 19th century Leith became an important entrepôt for the Scottish herring trade, with exports peaking at 388,899 barrels in 1907.
Хранение вина и виски – Хранение вина в Лейте датируется, по крайней мере, началом XVI века и связано, в частности, с погребами на Хендерсон-стрит с этого времени. На пике своего развития здесь было около 100 складов для хранения вина и бренди. В конце 1880-х годов, из-за неурожая вина в Европе, большинство из них были "переоборудованы" для хранения виски, используемого в растущем бизнесе по смешиванию и розливу виски. Важными игроками в этом бизнесе были Уильям Сандерсон с Vat 69, Джон Крэбби, который также производил зеленый имбирный напиток, и Макдональд и Мьюр, которые позже приобрели винокурню Glenmorangie. В 1960-х годах в Лейте насчитывалось около 85 складов. Последний склад на Уотер-стрит был закрыт около 1995 года. Побочным продуктом винодельческой промышленности были несколько заводов по производству уксуса.
Glass – the Leith Glassworks stood on Baltic Street and dated from 1746. There is also some reference to earlier glass production from 1682 at Leith Citadel. Leith specialised in wine bottles, largely for export to France and Spain. At its peak (c. 1770) production was one million bottles per week. The Leith pattern bottle is the parallel sided, round shouldered, narrow neck bottle now dominant within the wine industry. Around 1770 the company branched into lead crystal glass, mainly for chandeliers. This was under a new company name of the Edinburgh Crystal Company but stood on the same site in Leith (ironically this company has never truly been in "Edinburgh"). Soap – the Anchor Soapworks was established on Water Street around 1680. This largely used whale oil in its production. This survived until around 1930. Wine and whisky storage – wine storage in Leith dates from at least the early 16th century, notably being connected with the Vaults on Henderson Street from this time. At its peak there were around 100 warehouses storing wine and brandy. In the late 1880s, due to the collapse of wine harvest in Europe, most of these were "converted" for the storage of whisky used in the growing business of whisky blending and bottling. Important in this business were William Sanderson with Vat 69, John Crabbie who also produced green ginger wine, and Macdonald & Muir who later bought the Glenmorangie distillery. Around 85 bonded warehouses stood in Leith in the 1960s. The last bond, on Water Street, closed around 1995. An offshoot to the wine industry were several vinegar works. Lime juice – Rose's lime juice was founded by Lachlan Rose in Leith on Commercial Street in 1868. This was originally and primarily focussed upon provision of vitamin C to seamen. Shipbuilding – originally centred on the Water of Leith and limited in scale due to the shallow water, Leith's shipbuilding started to fade as vessels increased in size. Latterly Leith built specialised ship types: tugs, hotel ships, cable layers etc. Whilst the most notable large shipyard (Henry Robb's) closed in 1983, this was technically outlived by a very small shipbuilder on Sheriff Brae (run by the Scottish Co operative Society) which closed around 1988. The most notable ships built in Leith are the SS Sirius, one of the first steamships to cross the Atlantic, and SS Copenhagen, one of the largest rigged ships ever built. Robb's yard also made a great contribution to the RN and MN during the Second World War, building forty two vessels for the Royal Navy, fourteen merchant ships and refitted and repaired nearly 3,000 ships of the Royal Navy and Merchant Navy. This means that one new ship was launched on an average every six weeks and a ship repaired every day of this long and bloody conflict. The RN list included Flower and Castle Class Corvettes and River, Loch and Bay Class Frigates. Lead – Scotland's largest leadworks stood on the corner of Mitchell Street and Constitution Street. Founded around 1760 the operational part worked until the 1970s and the empty buildings stood until the late 1980s. The offices, on Constitution Street, still survive. The company specialised in lead pipes for water supply and lead drainpipes. They also produced lead sheet for roofing and lead shot for weapons. Sugar refining was developed at the Leith Sugar House by Robert Douglas, an established soap boiler, from 1677. Whaling – originally focussed on local, and Icelandic waters (the last whale in the Firth of Forth was caught in 1834); by the mid 19th century ships were travelling to the Antarctic. In the early 1900s, the Christian Salvesen company developed significant interests in whaling, initially in the Arctic, and then in the Antarctic. Among their many whaling stations in the South Atlantic, they established and operated from a base on the island of South Georgia, south east of the Falkland Islands at Leith Harbour (named for their base in Scotland). South Georgia later came to fame at the beginning of the Falklands War). The company moved from Leith to the Fettes area of Edinburgh around 1980 and then left Edinburgh altogether in the mid 1990s. The founder, Christian Salvesen is buried in Rosebank Cemetery. Whaling ships from Leith brought the very first penguins to Edinburgh Zoo around 1900. Corn trading – A Corn Exchange was erected in Constitution Street in 1861. Fishing – During the 19th century Leith became an important entrepôt for the Scottish herring trade, with exports peaking at 388,899 barrels in 1907.
Лимонный сок – Лимонный сок Rose's был основан Лахланом Роузом в Лейте на Коммерческой улице в 1868 году. Изначально и в первую очередь он предназначался для обеспечения моряков витамином С.
Glass – the Leith Glassworks stood on Baltic Street and dated from 1746. There is also some reference to earlier glass production from 1682 at Leith Citadel. Leith specialised in wine bottles, largely for export to France and Spain. At its peak (c. 1770) production was one million bottles per week. The Leith pattern bottle is the parallel sided, round shouldered, narrow neck bottle now dominant within the wine industry. Around 1770 the company branched into lead crystal glass, mainly for chandeliers. This was under a new company name of the Edinburgh Crystal Company but stood on the same site in Leith (ironically this company has never truly been in "Edinburgh"). Soap – the Anchor Soapworks was established on Water Street around 1680. This largely used whale oil in its production. This survived until around 1930. Wine and whisky storage – wine storage in Leith dates from at least the early 16th century, notably being connected with the Vaults on Henderson Street from this time. At its peak there were around 100 warehouses storing wine and brandy. In the late 1880s, due to the collapse of wine harvest in Europe, most of these were "converted" for the storage of whisky used in the growing business of whisky blending and bottling. Important in this business were William Sanderson with Vat 69, John Crabbie who also produced green ginger wine, and Macdonald & Muir who later bought the Glenmorangie distillery. Around 85 bonded warehouses stood in Leith in the 1960s. The last bond, on Water Street, closed around 1995. An offshoot to the wine industry were several vinegar works. Lime juice – Rose's lime juice was founded by Lachlan Rose in Leith on Commercial Street in 1868. This was originally and primarily focussed upon provision of vitamin C to seamen. Shipbuilding – originally centred on the Water of Leith and limited in scale due to the shallow water, Leith's shipbuilding started to fade as vessels increased in size. Latterly Leith built specialised ship types: tugs, hotel ships, cable layers etc. Whilst the most notable large shipyard (Henry Robb's) closed in 1983, this was technically outlived by a very small shipbuilder on Sheriff Brae (run by the Scottish Co operative Society) which closed around 1988. The most notable ships built in Leith are the SS Sirius, one of the first steamships to cross the Atlantic, and SS Copenhagen, one of the largest rigged ships ever built. Robb's yard also made a great contribution to the RN and MN during the Second World War, building forty two vessels for the Royal Navy, fourteen merchant ships and refitted and repaired nearly 3,000 ships of the Royal Navy and Merchant Navy. This means that one new ship was launched on an average every six weeks and a ship repaired every day of this long and bloody conflict. The RN list included Flower and Castle Class Corvettes and River, Loch and Bay Class Frigates. Lead – Scotland's largest leadworks stood on the corner of Mitchell Street and Constitution Street. Founded around 1760 the operational part worked until the 1970s and the empty buildings stood until the late 1980s. The offices, on Constitution Street, still survive. The company specialised in lead pipes for water supply and lead drainpipes. They also produced lead sheet for roofing and lead shot for weapons. Sugar refining was developed at the Leith Sugar House by Robert Douglas, an established soap boiler, from 1677. Whaling – originally focussed on local, and Icelandic waters (the last whale in the Firth of Forth was caught in 1834); by the mid 19th century ships were travelling to the Antarctic. In the early 1900s, the Christian Salvesen company developed significant interests in whaling, initially in the Arctic, and then in the Antarctic. Among their many whaling stations in the South Atlantic, they established and operated from a base on the island of South Georgia, south east of the Falkland Islands at Leith Harbour (named for their base in Scotland). South Georgia later came to fame at the beginning of the Falklands War). The company moved from Leith to the Fettes area of Edinburgh around 1980 and then left Edinburgh altogether in the mid 1990s. The founder, Christian Salvesen is buried in Rosebank Cemetery. Whaling ships from Leith brought the very first penguins to Edinburgh Zoo around 1900. Corn trading – A Corn Exchange was erected in Constitution Street in 1861. Fishing – During the 19th century Leith became an important entrepôt for the Scottish herring trade, with exports peaking at 388,899 barrels in 1907.
Судостроение – Изначально сосредоточенное на реке Лите и ограниченное по масштабу из-за ее мелкой глубины, судостроение в Лейте начало приходить в упадок по мере увеличения размеров судов. Впоследствии Лейт строил суда специализированных типов: буксиры, гостиничные суда, кабелеукладчики и т.д. Хотя наиболее известная крупная верфь (Henry Robb's) была закрыта в 1983 году, она пережила небольшую судостроительную компанию на Шериф-Брей (принадлежащую Шотландскому кооперативному обществу), которая прекратила свою деятельность около 1988 года. Наиболее известными судами, построенными в Лейте, являются SS Sirius, один из первых пароходов, пересекших Атлантический океан, и SS Copenhagen, один из крупнейших парусных кораблей, когда-либо построенных. Верфь Роббса также внесла значительный вклад в Королевский флот и торговый флот во время Второй мировой войны, построив сорок два судна для Королевского флота, четырнадцать торговых судов, а также переоборудовав и отремонтировав почти 3000 судов Королевского флота и торгового флота. Это означает, что в среднем одно новое судно спускалось на воду каждые шесть недель, а одно судно ремонтировалось каждый день этого долгого и кровопролитного конфликта. В состав Королевского флота входили корветы классов Flower и Castle, а также фрегаты классов River, Loch и Bay.
Glass – the Leith Glassworks stood on Baltic Street and dated from 1746. There is also some reference to earlier glass production from 1682 at Leith Citadel. Leith specialised in wine bottles, largely for export to France and Spain. At its peak (c. 1770) production was one million bottles per week. The Leith pattern bottle is the parallel sided, round shouldered, narrow neck bottle now dominant within the wine industry. Around 1770 the company branched into lead crystal glass, mainly for chandeliers. This was under a new company name of the Edinburgh Crystal Company but stood on the same site in Leith (ironically this company has never truly been in "Edinburgh"). Soap – the Anchor Soapworks was established on Water Street around 1680. This largely used whale oil in its production. This survived until around 1930. Wine and whisky storage – wine storage in Leith dates from at least the early 16th century, notably being connected with the Vaults on Henderson Street from this time. At its peak there were around 100 warehouses storing wine and brandy. In the late 1880s, due to the collapse of wine harvest in Europe, most of these were "converted" for the storage of whisky used in the growing business of whisky blending and bottling. Important in this business were William Sanderson with Vat 69, John Crabbie who also produced green ginger wine, and Macdonald & Muir who later bought the Glenmorangie distillery. Around 85 bonded warehouses stood in Leith in the 1960s. The last bond, on Water Street, closed around 1995. An offshoot to the wine industry were several vinegar works. Lime juice – Rose's lime juice was founded by Lachlan Rose in Leith on Commercial Street in 1868. This was originally and primarily focussed upon provision of vitamin C to seamen. Shipbuilding – originally centred on the Water of Leith and limited in scale due to the shallow water, Leith's shipbuilding started to fade as vessels increased in size. Latterly Leith built specialised ship types: tugs, hotel ships, cable layers etc. Whilst the most notable large shipyard (Henry Robb's) closed in 1983, this was technically outlived by a very small shipbuilder on Sheriff Brae (run by the Scottish Co operative Society) which closed around 1988. The most notable ships built in Leith are the SS Sirius, one of the first steamships to cross the Atlantic, and SS Copenhagen, one of the largest rigged ships ever built. Robb's yard also made a great contribution to the RN and MN during the Second World War, building forty two vessels for the Royal Navy, fourteen merchant ships and refitted and repaired nearly 3,000 ships of the Royal Navy and Merchant Navy. This means that one new ship was launched on an average every six weeks and a ship repaired every day of this long and bloody conflict. The RN list included Flower and Castle Class Corvettes and River, Loch and Bay Class Frigates. Lead – Scotland's largest leadworks stood on the corner of Mitchell Street and Constitution Street. Founded around 1760 the operational part worked until the 1970s and the empty buildings stood until the late 1980s. The offices, on Constitution Street, still survive. The company specialised in lead pipes for water supply and lead drainpipes. They also produced lead sheet for roofing and lead shot for weapons. Sugar refining was developed at the Leith Sugar House by Robert Douglas, an established soap boiler, from 1677. Whaling – originally focussed on local, and Icelandic waters (the last whale in the Firth of Forth was caught in 1834); by the mid 19th century ships were travelling to the Antarctic. In the early 1900s, the Christian Salvesen company developed significant interests in whaling, initially in the Arctic, and then in the Antarctic. Among their many whaling stations in the South Atlantic, they established and operated from a base on the island of South Georgia, south east of the Falkland Islands at Leith Harbour (named for their base in Scotland). South Georgia later came to fame at the beginning of the Falklands War). The company moved from Leith to the Fettes area of Edinburgh around 1980 and then left Edinburgh altogether in the mid 1990s. The founder, Christian Salvesen is buried in Rosebank Cemetery. Whaling ships from Leith brought the very first penguins to Edinburgh Zoo around 1900. Corn trading – A Corn Exchange was erected in Constitution Street in 1861. Fishing – During the 19th century Leith became an important entrepôt for the Scottish herring trade, with exports peaking at 388,899 barrels in 1907.
Свинцовые заводы – Крупнейшие свинцовые заводы Шотландии располагались на углу улиц Митчелл и Конституционной. Основанные около 1760 года, производственные мощности работали до 1970-х годов, а пустые здания простояли до конца 1980-х годов. Офисы на улице Конституционной сохранились до наших дней. Компания специализировалась на свинцовых трубах для водоснабжения и свинцовых водосточных трубах. Она также производила свинцовые листы для кровли и свинцовую дробь для оружия.
Glass – the Leith Glassworks stood on Baltic Street and dated from 1746. There is also some reference to earlier glass production from 1682 at Leith Citadel. Leith specialised in wine bottles, largely for export to France and Spain. At its peak (c. 1770) production was one million bottles per week. The Leith pattern bottle is the parallel sided, round shouldered, narrow neck bottle now dominant within the wine industry. Around 1770 the company branched into lead crystal glass, mainly for chandeliers. This was under a new company name of the Edinburgh Crystal Company but stood on the same site in Leith (ironically this company has never truly been in "Edinburgh"). Soap – the Anchor Soapworks was established on Water Street around 1680. This largely used whale oil in its production. This survived until around 1930. Wine and whisky storage – wine storage in Leith dates from at least the early 16th century, notably being connected with the Vaults on Henderson Street from this time. At its peak there were around 100 warehouses storing wine and brandy. In the late 1880s, due to the collapse of wine harvest in Europe, most of these were "converted" for the storage of whisky used in the growing business of whisky blending and bottling. Important in this business were William Sanderson with Vat 69, John Crabbie who also produced green ginger wine, and Macdonald & Muir who later bought the Glenmorangie distillery. Around 85 bonded warehouses stood in Leith in the 1960s. The last bond, on Water Street, closed around 1995. An offshoot to the wine industry were several vinegar works. Lime juice – Rose's lime juice was founded by Lachlan Rose in Leith on Commercial Street in 1868. This was originally and primarily focussed upon provision of vitamin C to seamen. Shipbuilding – originally centred on the Water of Leith and limited in scale due to the shallow water, Leith's shipbuilding started to fade as vessels increased in size. Latterly Leith built specialised ship types: tugs, hotel ships, cable layers etc. Whilst the most notable large shipyard (Henry Robb's) closed in 1983, this was technically outlived by a very small shipbuilder on Sheriff Brae (run by the Scottish Co operative Society) which closed around 1988. The most notable ships built in Leith are the SS Sirius, one of the first steamships to cross the Atlantic, and SS Copenhagen, one of the largest rigged ships ever built. Robb's yard also made a great contribution to the RN and MN during the Second World War, building forty two vessels for the Royal Navy, fourteen merchant ships and refitted and repaired nearly 3,000 ships of the Royal Navy and Merchant Navy. This means that one new ship was launched on an average every six weeks and a ship repaired every day of this long and bloody conflict. The RN list included Flower and Castle Class Corvettes and River, Loch and Bay Class Frigates. Lead – Scotland's largest leadworks stood on the corner of Mitchell Street and Constitution Street. Founded around 1760 the operational part worked until the 1970s and the empty buildings stood until the late 1980s. The offices, on Constitution Street, still survive. The company specialised in lead pipes for water supply and lead drainpipes. They also produced lead sheet for roofing and lead shot for weapons. Sugar refining was developed at the Leith Sugar House by Robert Douglas, an established soap boiler, from 1677. Whaling – originally focussed on local, and Icelandic waters (the last whale in the Firth of Forth was caught in 1834); by the mid 19th century ships were travelling to the Antarctic. In the early 1900s, the Christian Salvesen company developed significant interests in whaling, initially in the Arctic, and then in the Antarctic. Among their many whaling stations in the South Atlantic, they established and operated from a base on the island of South Georgia, south east of the Falkland Islands at Leith Harbour (named for their base in Scotland). South Georgia later came to fame at the beginning of the Falklands War). The company moved from Leith to the Fettes area of Edinburgh around 1980 and then left Edinburgh altogether in the mid 1990s. The founder, Christian Salvesen is buried in Rosebank Cemetery. Whaling ships from Leith brought the very first penguins to Edinburgh Zoo around 1900. Corn trading – A Corn Exchange was erected in Constitution Street in 1861. Fishing – During the 19th century Leith became an important entrepôt for the Scottish herring trade, with exports peaking at 388,899 barrels in 1907.
Рафинирование сахара было начато Робертом Дугласом, известным мыловаром, в Leith Sugar House с 1677 года.
Glass – the Leith Glassworks stood on Baltic Street and dated from 1746. There is also some reference to earlier glass production from 1682 at Leith Citadel. Leith specialised in wine bottles, largely for export to France and Spain. At its peak (c. 1770) production was one million bottles per week. The Leith pattern bottle is the parallel sided, round shouldered, narrow neck bottle now dominant within the wine industry. Around 1770 the company branched into lead crystal glass, mainly for chandeliers. This was under a new company name of the Edinburgh Crystal Company but stood on the same site in Leith (ironically this company has never truly been in "Edinburgh"). Soap – the Anchor Soapworks was established on Water Street around 1680. This largely used whale oil in its production. This survived until around 1930. Wine and whisky storage – wine storage in Leith dates from at least the early 16th century, notably being connected with the Vaults on Henderson Street from this time. At its peak there were around 100 warehouses storing wine and brandy. In the late 1880s, due to the collapse of wine harvest in Europe, most of these were "converted" for the storage of whisky used in the growing business of whisky blending and bottling. Important in this business were William Sanderson with Vat 69, John Crabbie who also produced green ginger wine, and Macdonald & Muir who later bought the Glenmorangie distillery. Around 85 bonded warehouses stood in Leith in the 1960s. The last bond, on Water Street, closed around 1995. An offshoot to the wine industry were several vinegar works. Lime juice – Rose's lime juice was founded by Lachlan Rose in Leith on Commercial Street in 1868. This was originally and primarily focussed upon provision of vitamin C to seamen. Shipbuilding – originally centred on the Water of Leith and limited in scale due to the shallow water, Leith's shipbuilding started to fade as vessels increased in size. Latterly Leith built specialised ship types: tugs, hotel ships, cable layers etc. Whilst the most notable large shipyard (Henry Robb's) closed in 1983, this was technically outlived by a very small shipbuilder on Sheriff Brae (run by the Scottish Co operative Society) which closed around 1988. The most notable ships built in Leith are the SS Sirius, one of the first steamships to cross the Atlantic, and SS Copenhagen, one of the largest rigged ships ever built. Robb's yard also made a great contribution to the RN and MN during the Second World War, building forty two vessels for the Royal Navy, fourteen merchant ships and refitted and repaired nearly 3,000 ships of the Royal Navy and Merchant Navy. This means that one new ship was launched on an average every six weeks and a ship repaired every day of this long and bloody conflict. The RN list included Flower and Castle Class Corvettes and River, Loch and Bay Class Frigates. Lead – Scotland's largest leadworks stood on the corner of Mitchell Street and Constitution Street. Founded around 1760 the operational part worked until the 1970s and the empty buildings stood until the late 1980s. The offices, on Constitution Street, still survive. The company specialised in lead pipes for water supply and lead drainpipes. They also produced lead sheet for roofing and lead shot for weapons. Sugar refining was developed at the Leith Sugar House by Robert Douglas, an established soap boiler, from 1677. Whaling – originally focussed on local, and Icelandic waters (the last whale in the Firth of Forth was caught in 1834); by the mid 19th century ships were travelling to the Antarctic. In the early 1900s, the Christian Salvesen company developed significant interests in whaling, initially in the Arctic, and then in the Antarctic. Among their many whaling stations in the South Atlantic, they established and operated from a base on the island of South Georgia, south east of the Falkland Islands at Leith Harbour (named for their base in Scotland). South Georgia later came to fame at the beginning of the Falklands War). The company moved from Leith to the Fettes area of Edinburgh around 1980 and then left Edinburgh altogether in the mid 1990s. The founder, Christian Salvesen is buried in Rosebank Cemetery. Whaling ships from Leith brought the very first penguins to Edinburgh Zoo around 1900. Corn trading – A Corn Exchange was erected in Constitution Street in 1861. Fishing – During the 19th century Leith became an important entrepôt for the Scottish herring trade, with exports peaking at 388,899 barrels in 1907.
Китобойный промысел – Изначально сосредоточенный на местных и исландских водах (последний кит в Ферт-оф-Форте был поймана в 1834 году), к середине XIX века корабли отправлялись в Антарктику. В начале 1900-х годов компания Christian Salvesen развила значительные интересы в китобойном промысле, сначала в Арктике, а затем в Антарктике. Среди многочисленных китобойных станций в Южной Атлантике они основали и управляли базой на острове Южная Георгия, к юго-востоку от Фолклендских островов, в гавани Лейт (названной в честь их базы в Шотландии). Южная Георгия позже прославилась в начале Фолклендской войны. Компания переехала из Лейта в район Феттес Эдинбурга около 1980 года, а затем окончательно покинула Эдинбург в середине 1990-х годов. Основатель, Кристиан Сальвесен, похоронен на кладбище Роузбанк. Корабли китобоев из Лейта доставили первых пингвинов в Эдинбургский зоопарк около 1900 года.
Glass – the Leith Glassworks stood on Baltic Street and dated from 1746. There is also some reference to earlier glass production from 1682 at Leith Citadel. Leith specialised in wine bottles, largely for export to France and Spain. At its peak (c. 1770) production was one million bottles per week. The Leith pattern bottle is the parallel sided, round shouldered, narrow neck bottle now dominant within the wine industry. Around 1770 the company branched into lead crystal glass, mainly for chandeliers. This was under a new company name of the Edinburgh Crystal Company but stood on the same site in Leith (ironically this company has never truly been in "Edinburgh"). Soap – the Anchor Soapworks was established on Water Street around 1680. This largely used whale oil in its production. This survived until around 1930. Wine and whisky storage – wine storage in Leith dates from at least the early 16th century, notably being connected with the Vaults on Henderson Street from this time. At its peak there were around 100 warehouses storing wine and brandy. In the late 1880s, due to the collapse of wine harvest in Europe, most of these were "converted" for the storage of whisky used in the growing business of whisky blending and bottling. Important in this business were William Sanderson with Vat 69, John Crabbie who also produced green ginger wine, and Macdonald & Muir who later bought the Glenmorangie distillery. Around 85 bonded warehouses stood in Leith in the 1960s. The last bond, on Water Street, closed around 1995. An offshoot to the wine industry were several vinegar works. Lime juice – Rose's lime juice was founded by Lachlan Rose in Leith on Commercial Street in 1868. This was originally and primarily focussed upon provision of vitamin C to seamen. Shipbuilding – originally centred on the Water of Leith and limited in scale due to the shallow water, Leith's shipbuilding started to fade as vessels increased in size. Latterly Leith built specialised ship types: tugs, hotel ships, cable layers etc. Whilst the most notable large shipyard (Henry Robb's) closed in 1983, this was technically outlived by a very small shipbuilder on Sheriff Brae (run by the Scottish Co operative Society) which closed around 1988. The most notable ships built in Leith are the SS Sirius, one of the first steamships to cross the Atlantic, and SS Copenhagen, one of the largest rigged ships ever built. Robb's yard also made a great contribution to the RN and MN during the Second World War, building forty two vessels for the Royal Navy, fourteen merchant ships and refitted and repaired nearly 3,000 ships of the Royal Navy and Merchant Navy. This means that one new ship was launched on an average every six weeks and a ship repaired every day of this long and bloody conflict. The RN list included Flower and Castle Class Corvettes and River, Loch and Bay Class Frigates. Lead – Scotland's largest leadworks stood on the corner of Mitchell Street and Constitution Street. Founded around 1760 the operational part worked until the 1970s and the empty buildings stood until the late 1980s. The offices, on Constitution Street, still survive. The company specialised in lead pipes for water supply and lead drainpipes. They also produced lead sheet for roofing and lead shot for weapons. Sugar refining was developed at the Leith Sugar House by Robert Douglas, an established soap boiler, from 1677. Whaling – originally focussed on local, and Icelandic waters (the last whale in the Firth of Forth was caught in 1834); by the mid 19th century ships were travelling to the Antarctic. In the early 1900s, the Christian Salvesen company developed significant interests in whaling, initially in the Arctic, and then in the Antarctic. Among their many whaling stations in the South Atlantic, they established and operated from a base on the island of South Georgia, south east of the Falkland Islands at Leith Harbour (named for their base in Scotland). South Georgia later came to fame at the beginning of the Falklands War). The company moved from Leith to the Fettes area of Edinburgh around 1980 and then left Edinburgh altogether in the mid 1990s. The founder, Christian Salvesen is buried in Rosebank Cemetery. Whaling ships from Leith brought the very first penguins to Edinburgh Zoo around 1900. Corn trading – A Corn Exchange was erected in Constitution Street in 1861. Fishing – During the 19th century Leith became an important entrepôt for the Scottish herring trade, with exports peaking at 388,899 barrels in 1907.
Торговля зерном – Зерновая биржа была построена на улице Конституционной в 1861 году.
Glass – the Leith Glassworks stood on Baltic Street and dated from 1746. There is also some reference to earlier glass production from 1682 at Leith Citadel. Leith specialised in wine bottles, largely for export to France and Spain. At its peak (c. 1770) production was one million bottles per week. The Leith pattern bottle is the parallel sided, round shouldered, narrow neck bottle now dominant within the wine industry. Around 1770 the company branched into lead crystal glass, mainly for chandeliers. This was under a new company name of the Edinburgh Crystal Company but stood on the same site in Leith (ironically this company has never truly been in "Edinburgh"). Soap – the Anchor Soapworks was established on Water Street around 1680. This largely used whale oil in its production. This survived until around 1930. Wine and whisky storage – wine storage in Leith dates from at least the early 16th century, notably being connected with the Vaults on Henderson Street from this time. At its peak there were around 100 warehouses storing wine and brandy. In the late 1880s, due to the collapse of wine harvest in Europe, most of these were "converted" for the storage of whisky used in the growing business of whisky blending and bottling. Important in this business were William Sanderson with Vat 69, John Crabbie who also produced green ginger wine, and Macdonald & Muir who later bought the Glenmorangie distillery. Around 85 bonded warehouses stood in Leith in the 1960s. The last bond, on Water Street, closed around 1995. An offshoot to the wine industry were several vinegar works. Lime juice – Rose's lime juice was founded by Lachlan Rose in Leith on Commercial Street in 1868. This was originally and primarily focussed upon provision of vitamin C to seamen. Shipbuilding – originally centred on the Water of Leith and limited in scale due to the shallow water, Leith's shipbuilding started to fade as vessels increased in size. Latterly Leith built specialised ship types: tugs, hotel ships, cable layers etc. Whilst the most notable large shipyard (Henry Robb's) closed in 1983, this was technically outlived by a very small shipbuilder on Sheriff Brae (run by the Scottish Co operative Society) which closed around 1988. The most notable ships built in Leith are the SS Sirius, one of the first steamships to cross the Atlantic, and SS Copenhagen, one of the largest rigged ships ever built. Robb's yard also made a great contribution to the RN and MN during the Second World War, building forty two vessels for the Royal Navy, fourteen merchant ships and refitted and repaired nearly 3,000 ships of the Royal Navy and Merchant Navy. This means that one new ship was launched on an average every six weeks and a ship repaired every day of this long and bloody conflict. The RN list included Flower and Castle Class Corvettes and River, Loch and Bay Class Frigates. Lead – Scotland's largest leadworks stood on the corner of Mitchell Street and Constitution Street. Founded around 1760 the operational part worked until the 1970s and the empty buildings stood until the late 1980s. The offices, on Constitution Street, still survive. The company specialised in lead pipes for water supply and lead drainpipes. They also produced lead sheet for roofing and lead shot for weapons. Sugar refining was developed at the Leith Sugar House by Robert Douglas, an established soap boiler, from 1677. Whaling – originally focussed on local, and Icelandic waters (the last whale in the Firth of Forth was caught in 1834); by the mid 19th century ships were travelling to the Antarctic. In the early 1900s, the Christian Salvesen company developed significant interests in whaling, initially in the Arctic, and then in the Antarctic. Among their many whaling stations in the South Atlantic, they established and operated from a base on the island of South Georgia, south east of the Falkland Islands at Leith Harbour (named for their base in Scotland). South Georgia later came to fame at the beginning of the Falklands War). The company moved from Leith to the Fettes area of Edinburgh around 1980 and then left Edinburgh altogether in the mid 1990s. The founder, Christian Salvesen is buried in Rosebank Cemetery. Whaling ships from Leith brought the very first penguins to Edinburgh Zoo around 1900. Corn trading – A Corn Exchange was erected in Constitution Street in 1861. Fishing – During the 19th century Leith became an important entrepôt for the Scottish herring trade, with exports peaking at 388,899 barrels in 1907.
Рыболовство – В XIX веке Лейт стал важным перевалочным пунктом для шотландской торговли сельдью, с пиком экспорта в 388 899 бочек в 1907 году.
Glass – the Leith Glassworks stood on Baltic Street and dated from 1746. There is also some reference to earlier glass production from 1682 at Leith Citadel. Leith specialised in wine bottles, largely for export to France and Spain. At its peak (c. 1770) production was one million bottles per week. The Leith pattern bottle is the parallel sided, round shouldered, narrow neck bottle now dominant within the wine industry. Around 1770 the company branched into lead crystal glass, mainly for chandeliers. This was under a new company name of the Edinburgh Crystal Company but stood on the same site in Leith (ironically this company has never truly been in "Edinburgh"). Soap – the Anchor Soapworks was established on Water Street around 1680. This largely used whale oil in its production. This survived until around 1930. Wine and whisky storage – wine storage in Leith dates from at least the early 16th century, notably being connected with the Vaults on Henderson Street from this time. At its peak there were around 100 warehouses storing wine and brandy. In the late 1880s, due to the collapse of wine harvest in Europe, most of these were "converted" for the storage of whisky used in the growing business of whisky blending and bottling. Important in this business were William Sanderson with Vat 69, John Crabbie who also produced green ginger wine, and Macdonald & Muir who later bought the Glenmorangie distillery. Around 85 bonded warehouses stood in Leith in the 1960s. The last bond, on Water Street, closed around 1995. An offshoot to the wine industry were several vinegar works. Lime juice – Rose's lime juice was founded by Lachlan Rose in Leith on Commercial Street in 1868. This was originally and primarily focussed upon provision of vitamin C to seamen. Shipbuilding – originally centred on the Water of Leith and limited in scale due to the shallow water, Leith's shipbuilding started to fade as vessels increased in size. Latterly Leith built specialised ship types: tugs, hotel ships, cable layers etc. Whilst the most notable large shipyard (Henry Robb's) closed in 1983, this was technically outlived by a very small shipbuilder on Sheriff Brae (run by the Scottish Co operative Society) which closed around 1988. The most notable ships built in Leith are the SS Sirius, one of the first steamships to cross the Atlantic, and SS Copenhagen, one of the largest rigged ships ever built. Robb's yard also made a great contribution to the RN and MN during the Second World War, building forty two vessels for the Royal Navy, fourteen merchant ships and refitted and repaired nearly 3,000 ships of the Royal Navy and Merchant Navy. This means that one new ship was launched on an average every six weeks and a ship repaired every day of this long and bloody conflict. The RN list included Flower and Castle Class Corvettes and River, Loch and Bay Class Frigates. Lead – Scotland's largest leadworks stood on the corner of Mitchell Street and Constitution Street. Founded around 1760 the operational part worked until the 1970s and the empty buildings stood until the late 1980s. The offices, on Constitution Street, still survive. The company specialised in lead pipes for water supply and lead drainpipes. They also produced lead sheet for roofing and lead shot for weapons. Sugar refining was developed at the Leith Sugar House by Robert Douglas, an established soap boiler, from 1677. Whaling – originally focussed on local, and Icelandic waters (the last whale in the Firth of Forth was caught in 1834); by the mid 19th century ships were travelling to the Antarctic. In the early 1900s, the Christian Salvesen company developed significant interests in whaling, initially in the Arctic, and then in the Antarctic. Among their many whaling stations in the South Atlantic, they established and operated from a base on the island of South Georgia, south east of the Falkland Islands at Leith Harbour (named for their base in Scotland). South Georgia later came to fame at the beginning of the Falklands War). The company moved from Leith to the Fettes area of Edinburgh around 1980 and then left Edinburgh altogether in the mid 1990s. The founder, Christian Salvesen is buried in Rosebank Cemetery. Whaling ships from Leith brought the very first penguins to Edinburgh Zoo around 1900. Corn trading – A Corn Exchange was erected in Constitution Street in 1861. Fishing – During the 19th century Leith became an important entrepôt for the Scottish herring trade, with exports peaking at 388,899 barrels in 1907.
География
После десятилетий промышленного упадка, деиндустриализации, сноса трущоб и последовавшей за этим депопуляции в послевоенный период, Лейт постепенно начал переживать экономический подъем в конце 1980-х годов. Несколько бывших промышленных площадок были застроены скромным и доступным жильем, а небольшие производственные и деловые помещения возвели в Суонфилде, Боннингтоне, Сифилде и у Линдси-роуд. Район The Shore обзавелся несколькими ресторанами высокого класса, включая первый отель сети Malmaison, разместившийся в здании бывшей миссии моряков, в то время как когда-то загрязненные и заброшенные берега Воды Лита были очищены и открыта пешеходная зона. Постепенному возрождению Лейта способствовало и решение Шотландского офиса разместить свои новые офисы в доках Лейта (непосредственно к северу от старого засыпанного Восточного дока). Площадка была выбрана по результатам конкурса проектов, обойдя другие варианты в Хеймаркете и Марионвилле. Строительство было завершено в 1994 году. Ожидаемый приток хорошо оплачиваемых рабочих мест в государственном секторе не оказал существенного влияния на местное население, поскольку большинство сотрудников добираются до офиса и лишь немногие покидают его в обеденный перерыв. Это укрепило растущую репутацию Лейта как места для офисных работников и малого бизнеса. В дальнейшем последовала масштабная застройка объектов сферы услуг и развитие туризма, включая Ocean Terminal и постоянно пришвартованную королевскую яхту «Британия». Расширение трамвайной линии Эдинбурга от центра города до Ньюхейвена открылось для пассажиров в июне 2023 года, обеспечив Лейт и новые доки быстрым и удобным сообщением как для местных жителей, так и для туристов. В 2004 году владелец доков, Forth Ports, объявил о планах по eventualному закрытию порта и проведению масштабной реконструкции территории. Планируемая застройка, получившая дополнительные градостроительные рекомендации от Городского совета Эдинбурга в 2004 году, предусматривала создание небольшого города с до 17 000 новых домов.
Площадь
Одна из областей – Тимбер-Буш, который изначально использовался как рынок древесины. До объединения с Эдинбургом в 1920 году самая южная граница города проходила по середине улицы Пилриг. Расширение в эпоху Георга привело к появлению таких улиц, как улица королевы Шарлотты, названной в честь Шарлотты, супруги Георга III.
Образовательные учреждения
В Лите находится Академия Лита, одна из старейших школ в Шотландии, и Школа искусств Лита, которая вместе со Школой искусств Глазго является одной из всего двух независимых школ искусств в Шотландии. С 1855 по 1987 год Лейтский морской колледж обеспечивал подготовку моряков торгового флота в Шотландии.
СМИ и искусство
Фестивали проходят в течение года, включая Фестиваль Лейта, Leith Late, PLU Parents Like Us и Эдинбургский Мела на Лейт-Линксе, являющийся частью Эдинбургского фестиваля с 2010 года. Гала в Лейте (Leith Gala), теперь известная как Гала-день Фестиваля Лейта, – это ежегодное мероприятие, которое проводится с 1907 года. Изначально это было благотворительное мероприятие, направленное на сбор средств для поддержки больничных коек до создания Национальной службы здравоохранения. Со временем оно превратилось в общественный Фестиваль Лейта. В Лейте расположено значительное количество студий искусств и небольших независимых предприятий, в том числе театр Лейта на Ферри-роуд, Школа искусств Лейта на Норт-Джанкшн-стрит, студии WASP The Shore и Out of the Blue в бывшем учебном корпусе на Далмени-стрит. Leith FM (позже переименованная в Castle FM) начала вещание в конце 1990-х годов как недельная временная радиостанция (RSL), связанная с Фестивалем Лейта. После нескольких лет ежегодного 28-дневного вещания станция подала заявку и получила постоянную лицензию на вещание для сообщества, и в течение нескольких лет вещала на частоте 98,8 FM и в интернете. В декабре 2013 года клуб "Лейт Докерс" заблокировал доступ станции к арендованным помещениям из-за "существенного" долга, и будущее станции в настоящее время под вопросом.
В популярной культуре
Шотландский фолк-рок-дуэт The Proclaimers назвал свой второй альбом Sunshine on Leith в честь этого города, включая одноименный трек. Это положило начало созданию одноименного мюзикла с музыкой The Proclaimers, который впоследствии был экранизирован в 2013 году. Ирвин Уэлш снимал свою драму для Channel 4, Wedding Belles (2007), на улице Хендерсон-стрит. Роман Уэлша "Трайнспоттинг" и его приквел "Скагбойз" повествуют о группе наркозависимых, живущих в районе Лейта в 1980-х годах. Действие драматического сериала BBC "Вина" разворачивается в Лите, а в качестве мест съемок использовалось, в частности, Восточное кладбище. Сценарий шоу написал Нил Форсайт, бывший житель Лейта, а главные роли исполнили Марк Боннар и Джейми Сивс, оба выпускника Академии Лейта. В драматическом сериале BBC Radio 4 "Маклеви" рассказываются истории, основанные на биографии исторической личности Джеймса Маклеви, который действовал в криминальных районах Лейта и других местах Эдинбурга.
Этническая принадлежность
Лейт по сравнению (данные переписи населения 2011 года) Лейт Эдинбург Белые 92,2% 91,7% Азиаты 4,6% 5,5% Африканцы/Карибское население 1,4% 1,2% Смешанное/Другое 1,8% 1,6%
Спорт
Лейт является домом для футбольного клуба «Хиберниан», который является членом шотландской Премьер-лиги. Футбольный клуб «Лейт Атлетик» был частью спортивной культуры Лейта с момента основания в 1887 году до закрытия в 1955 году. Клуб был возрожден в 1996 году, а в 2008 году объединился с «Эдинбург Атлетик» и в 2011 году добился повышения в Восточный дивизион Шотландии. Домашние матчи они проводят на поле Peffermill 3G. Лейт-Линкс на протяжении многих веков использовались как спортивная и рекреационная зона. Лейт имеет важное значение в историческом развитии правил гольфа, поскольку там играла «Почтенная компания эдинбургских гольфистов» до переезда в «Муссельбург Линкс», а затем в «Мюрфилд». Официальные правила гольфа, впервые сформулированные в Лейте в 1744 году, позже были приняты Королевским и древним гольф-клубом Сент-Эндрюса. Единственное изменение, внесенное в эти правила (которые остаются правилами гольфа), заключалось в исключении одного правила, касающегося таких препятствий, как рвы. С 1600 по 1816 год в Лейте на Лейт-Сэндс, территории непосредственно к северу от современных Линксов, застроенной в настоящее время, проводились скачки. Долгое время они считались одними из самых важных скаковых соревнований в Шотландии, прежде чем скачки навсегда переехали в Муссельбург с 1816 года. Лейт-Линкс также располагает одним из старейших полей для крикета в Шотландии, основанным в 1820 году. Купальный центр Leith Victoria Swim Centre на Junction Place открылся в 1899 году.