Hungarian orthography

Standard written Hungarian

Hungarian orthography (helyesírás) consists of rules defining the standard written form of the Hungarian language. It includes the spelling of lexical words, proper nouns and foreign words (loanwords) in themselves, with suffixes, and in compounds, as well as the hyphenation of words, punctuation, abbreviations, collation (alphabetical ordering), and other information (such as how to write dates).

Hungarian is written with the Hungarian alphabet, an extended version of the Latin alphabet. Its letters usually indicate sounds, except when morphemes are to be marked (see below). The extensions include consonants written with digraphs or a trigraph and vowel letters marked with diacritics. Long consonants are marked by a double letter (e. g. l > ll and sz > ssz) while long vowels get an acute accent (e. g. o > ó) or their umlaut is replaced with a double acute accent (ö, ü > ő, ű). Only the first letter of digraphs and of the trigraph dzs is written in upper case when capitalizing in normal text, but all letters are capitalized in acronyms and all uppercase inscriptions. The letters q, w, x, y are only included in the extended Hungarian alphabet and they are rarely used in Hungarian words, where they are normally replaced with their phonetic equivalents kv, v, ksz, i (only the x is relatively common, e. g. taxi). However y occurs in several native digraphs, which are treated as letters by themselves: gy, ly, ny, ty. Digraph ch is not part of the alphabet but it still exists in some words (like technika, 'technology' or 'technique'). In traditional surnames, other digraphs may occur as well, both for vowels and consonants.

Hungarian orthography is based on four main principles: following pronunciation, word analysis (reflecting the constituting morphemes), keeping traditions and simplification. The first principle is that the Hungarian writing system is phonemic by default, i. e. letters correspond to phonemes (roughly, sounds) and vice versa. In some cases, however, vowel length or consonant length is not the same in writing as in pronunciation (e. g. szúnyog 'mosquito', küzd 'fight', állat 'animal', egy 'one'). Suffixed or compound words usually obey the second main principle, word analysis. This means that the original constituents (morphemes) of a word should be written the same way, regardless of pronunciation assimilations. The third principle, tradition, affects, for example, surnames, where many spellings predate the modern spelling rules of Hungarian. For example, kovács "smith" may be spelt Kovács, Kováts or Kovách as a surname. Another example of tradition is that the digraph ly is still used despite the fact that it stands for the same sound as j in today's standard Hungarian. The fourth principle, simplification, affects only a handful of cases. If a common noun ending in a double consonant has a suffix beginning with the same consonant, the third instance is dropped, e. g. toll + lal > tollal. This rule doesn't apply to given names or surnames, e. g. Bernadett + től > Bernadett től "from Bernadette", Wittmann né "Mrs. Wittmann": all three consecutive identical consonants are preserved, but a hyphen is inserted, just as in compounds and in suffixed proper names (sakk kör "chess group", Bonn nal "with Bonn"). The simplification principle is also applied to double digraphs at the border of suffixes, thus sz + sz becomes ssz (e. g. Kovács + csal > Kováccsal "with Kovács"). However, there is no simplification in compounds: e. g. kulcscsomó "bunch of keys". Also, in cases of suffix like derivational elements such as szerű and féle " like", simplification is not applied to words ending in single digraphs, such as viasz + szerű > viaszszerű "wax like", similarly to doubled forms: dzsessz + szerű > dzsessz szerű "jazz like". The rules concerning cases like Bernadett től (Hungarian given names) and cases like viaszszerű changed in 2015, with the 12th edition of the regulations being released. Prior to that, spellings like Bernadettől and viasszerű were preferred.

Compound words are typically spelt as one word (without spaces) and phrases are normally spelt as more than one word (with one or more spaces), but this is not always the case. Hyphenated spelling is considered an alternative to writing as one word and is used, e. g., if a compound contains a proper name.

As far as repeated words are concerned, they are normally written separately (with a comma), but a hyphen is used if their connection is more than occasional (e. g. ki 'who' but ki ki 'everyone'). If a word is repeated with a different suffix or postposition, the words are written separately (napról napra 'day by day', lit. 'from day to day'), except if an element only exists in this phrase, in which case the words are written with a hyphen (régi 'old' réges régi 'ancient old'). Coordinated words are normally written separately (with a comma). If the meaning of the result is different from that of the two words together, but both elements take suffixes, they are written with a hyphen (e. g. süt főz 'cook', consisting of words referring to cooking in the oven and cooking in water, sütnek főznek 'they cook'). A hyphen is needed in cases when a phrase is only used with certain suffixes. Connections of words which are completely fused and thus take suffixes only at the end of the second element are written as one word (e. g. búbánat 'sorrow and grief', búbánatos 'stricken with sorrow and grief'). However, there are phrases that only take suffixes at the end but their elements are still connected with a hyphen, as when words are contrasted (e. g. édes bús 'bittersweet'). Certain phrases can be suffixed either at the end of both elements or only at the end of the second element (e. g. hírnév 'fame': hírneve or híre neve 'his/her/its fame').

The above rule doesn't apply to compounds where an element is already a compound itself, even if the whole compound expresses function or purpose. For example, rakétaindító állvány 'rocket launching platform' is written as two words because of its compound first element, despite the fact that it is not the platform which launches the rocket, but it is only used for it, so a function is expressed. Words containing a suffixed numeral are written as one word (e. g. húszméteres út 'a twenty metres long way,' cf. húsz méter 'twenty metres'), except if an element is already a compound (e. g. huszonegy méteres út 'a twenty one metres long way' or húsz kilométeres út 'a twenty kilometres long way'). This rule doesn't apply to compounds with numbers written in digits, e. g. 20 méteres út, as they are written with spaces. A similar principle is applied to compounds whose first element expresses the material of the second (e. g. faasztal 'wooden table' but fenyőfa asztal 'pine wood table' and fa konyhaasztal 'wooden kitchen table'). Problematic point(s):, linguistically speaking, these do not constitute actual compounds (because the meaning is not institutionalized), so there is no sound reason for writing them in one word. In addition, the normal alternative for writing in one word is writing with hyphens, rather than writing separately, so this opposition is unusual in Hungarian orthography.

To avoid too long words, a "syllable counting rule" is applied. Compounds with more than 6 syllables (excluding all its inflectional suffixes as well as the derivational suffix i) and more than 2 elements take a hyphen at the border of the two main elements. For example, labdarúgócsapataitokkal 'with your [PL] football teams' has 10 syllables, but its stem, labdarúgócsapat is only 6 syllables long, so all its forms are written as one word. On the other hand, labdarúgó bajnokság 'football championship' has 7 syllables even in its base form, so all its forms should take a hyphen. Compounds of whatever length are permitted, supposing they consist of only two elements, e. g. nitrogénasszimiláció 'nitrogen assimilation' is written as one word despite its 9 syllables. Derivational suffixes (with the exception of the adjective forming i) are considered part of the base form in terms of counting syllables, so e. g. divatlapszerkesztő 'fashion magazine editor' is written as one word, but divatlap szerkesztőség 'fashion magazine editorial office' will take a hyphen in accordance with the above rules. Due to the exception given above, vendéglátóipari 'catering industry related' is written as one word, as i is not reckoned with when determining its stem vendéglátóipar 'catering industry'. The latter point is thanks to a change with the release of the 12th edition in 2015. The preceding edition made no exception with i, resulting in homographs differing only in a hyphen, like gépjárművezetői "his/her/its motorists" and gépjármű vezetői "motorist related" (the derivational suffix coinciding with the inflectional suffix of the plural possessive). The previous rule also changed the appearance of closely related word pairs, enforcing a hyphen when it was not otherwise justified by readability. Problematic point(s): not only keeping the numbers and their meanings in mind and the differentiation between inflectional and derivational suffixes, but also that compounds are sometimes far from transparent to today's speakers (e. g. rendszer 'system' from rend 'order' and an obsolete szer). In addition, it is not commonly known what is considered an element: it includes e. g. foreign prefixes that are used on their own with Hungarian second elements (there is a list of them) as well as verbal prefixes consisting of no less than two syllables.

Sometimes word boundaries are flexibly rearranged to reflect the meaning of the whole compound: the three rules dealing with it are referred to as "mobility rules". If a compound with a hyphen takes another element, its original hyphen is removed, and only the new element takes a hyphen: békeszerződés tervezet 'peace treaty draft' but békeszerződéstervezet kidolgozás 'peace treaty draft development'. If a phrase of two words takes another element that belongs to both, the two original elements will be exceptionally written together, and the new element will be attached to them with a hyphen: hideg víz 'cold water' but hidegvíz csap 'cold water tap'. If two compounds with an identical element are contracted, the identical element is written separately and the two other elements are connected with a hyphen: e. g. rézötvözet 'copper alloy' and aranyötvözet 'gold alloy' but réz arany ötvözet 'copper gold alloy'. Problematic point(s): the resulting very long words are difficult to comprehend, so instead of rephrasing them, people tend to write them separately. In addition, it is debated whether these forms occasionally written in one word should be allowed, because this form only shows the highest relationship at the expense of an easy to read overview of the other parts. (One of the OH. authors, Attila Mártonfi noted: the inscription forgalmi rend változás 'change in traffic regulations' is easier to read if written in three words rather than the regular form created with the mobility rules, forgalmirend változás.) Sometimes this rule is ignored even in the title of linguistic books, such as Magyar nyelvtörténet ('Hungarian historical linguistics,' lit. "Hungarian language history"), which should be written Magyarnyelv történet, to reflect that it is not historical linguistics in Hungarian language, but the historical linguistics of the Hungarian language. It may also cause problems when the involved elements are proper names, such as Nap–Föld távolság 'Sun–Earth distance,' because the dashes and hyphens follow a different rule in this case (see the part on punctuation).

The following type of proper names are distinguished: personal names, animals' names, geographical names, astronomical names, names of institutions, brand names, names of awards and prizes, and titles (of works). Proper names may become common names, and in this case they are written in lowercase (e. g. röntgen 'x ray') and even their derived compounds may become lowercase, losing the hyphen (e. g. ádámcsutka rather than Ádám csutka 'Adam's apple').

Surnames and given names are capitalized. Surnames may have an old fashioned spelling, which is usually retained – except if their form already has variations, and some of them may interfere with reading. They may consist of two or more elements, and they may be given as one word or in several words, but today hyphenation is the most common method. Given names are written phonetically (even modern names like Dzsenifer, cf. English Jennifer), except that x and ch are retained (even though they are pronounced ksz and h), e. g. Richárd, Alexandra. Names of gods and religious figures are capitalized, except when they are referred to as common names (like Greek gods) or if they are mentioned as part of common phrases (e. g. hála istennek 'thank God'). Occasional epithets are not capitalized: only their fixed equivalents are. Common nouns expressing rank or relation are written separately (István király 'King Stephen', Németh mérnök 'Mr Németh, engineer'). Groups of people named after people (or even a fancy name) are written separately, except for groups founded or led by that person (in which case it is a compound, written with a hyphen). Problematic point(s): sometimes it is not commonly known which is the case, for example, Kodály vonósnégyes 'Kodály string quartet' is written with a space as it was only named after Kodály, while [[Tátrai Quartet is written with a hyphen as it was founded by Vilmos Tátrai. Another problematic point is that this rule applies to families (e. g. Kovács család 'Kovács family') but it does not apply to dynasties (Bourbon család 'Bourbon family')

Suffixes are added to personal names without hyphens. If a suffix is attached, it follows the pronunciation of the word, including obsolete consonant clusters (e. g. Móricz, pronounced , suffixed: Móriczcal). However, if a surname or a foreign name ends in a double consonant, suffixes are added with a hyphen, so that the original form can be restored (e. g. Papp is suffixed as Papp pal, because Pappal would refer to another name, Pap). Given names are suffixed the same way, even if they are from a fairly limited set, so their original forms could be retraced (e. g. Bernadett + tel > Bernadett tel). Compounds formed with personal names are always hyphenated, e. g. Ady vers 'a poem by Ady'. Problematic point(s): e. g. Kossuth díj Kossuth Prize is also hyphenated, even if it is not a prize by Lajos Kossuth, and no reason can be found for an actual compound: he had nothing to do with the prize, it was only named in his honour. This rule is also often ignored when it is considered to be overruled by another rule concerning names of institutions, e. g. in the name of Mindszenty emlékhely 'Mindszenty Memorial', advertised as Mindszenty Emlékhely. In this case there are actually two reasons to capitalize Mindszenty (as a name of a person and the beginning letter of the institution name) but the second element of the compound should not be affected. An exception to the hyphenation of compounds with a proper name is when the proper name contains an uncapitalized common noun. For example, if there is a monastery (kolostor) named after Jeremiás próféta 'the Prophet Jeremiah', the compound Jeremiás próféta kolostor cannot have the usual hyphen, as it would falsely suggest a closer relationship between próféta and kolostor. (If all the elements were common nouns, the case would be simpler, as the above mobility rules could be applied.) Animals' names are capitalized, and if the species is added, it is written in lowercase, without a hyphen.

The two most important questions about geographical names are whether a name should be written in one word, with a hyphen, or in separate words, and which elements should be written uppercase and lowercase. Different written forms may refer to different entities, e. g. Sáros patak lit. 'muddy river' refers to a river, but Sárospatak refers to a city (because rivers' names are written with a hyphen, but city names are written as one word). This field is considered one of the most complex parts of Hungarian orthography, so a separate volume has been published about it, and a separate board (Földrajzinév bizottság) working in the Ministry of Agriculture is entitled to give statements. It consists of experts in linguistics, education, transportation, hydrology, natural protection, public administration, ethnic minorities, foreign relations, and other fields. Apart from single element names, country names with ország, föld, alföld or part ('country', 'land', 'plain', 'coast') and most regions are written in one word, as well as Hungarian settlements and their districts ("towns") and quarters, and even Hungarian names outside Hungary. The adjective forming suffix i (sometimes beli) is attached directly to the name. If it already ends in i, this ending is not repeated. Problematic point(s): certain region names have become one word, dropping the hyphen, such as Dunakanyar; there are about 60 such forms. Quarters also need to be written as one word, even if they contain a proper name (e. g. Wekerletelep, lit. "Wekerle's settlement"), and even if they exceed the 6 syllables (e. g. [[Sânmartin, Cluj, 7 syllables and 4 elements, despite the above mentioned syllable counting rule). If a geographical name contains a common geographical expression (river, lake, mountain, island etc.) or another common noun or an adjective, the compound is written with a hyphen (e. g. Huron tó 'Lake Huron' or Új Zéland 'New Zealand'). When these forms are converted into an adjective, only those elements are left capitalized which are actual proper names themselves (Kaszpi tenger and Kaszpi tengeri 'Caspian Sea', however Új Zéland and új zélandi – zélandi is not considered a proper name because it carries the adjectival suffix). The same rule is applied to compounds with three or more elements, although compounds with more than four elements are simplified (lower ranked hyphens are removed). An en dash is used to express a relation between two places, and its adjectival form becomes completely lower case (e. g. Moszkva–Párizs 'Moscow Paris [route]' and moszkva–párizsi 'of the Moscow Paris route'). However, if a higher ranked connected element becomes an adjective, the geographical proper names will retain the upper case (e. g. Volga–Don csatorna 'Volga Don canal' vs. Volga–Don csatornai), except when the elements of the name contain adjectives or common nouns, which will become lower case (e. g. Cseh–Morva dombság 'Bohemian Moravian Highlands' vs. cseh–morva dombsági). All elements are written separately (excluding the above mentioned names that are written as one word or with a hyphen) in current and historical country names and geographical historical region names. Their adjectival forms are all written with lower case. (For example, Egyesült Királyság 'United Kingdom' vs. egyesült királysági 'from/of the U. K.', Dél afrikai Köztársaság 'South African Republic' vs. dél afrikai köztársasági but San Marino Köztársaság 'Republic of San Marino' vs. San Marino köztársasági). Only the first element is capitalized in subnational entities like counties, areas, districts, neighbourhoods. When forming an adjective, this uppercase letter is only kept if this element is a proper name, e. g. New York állam 'State of New York' vs. New York állami. However, if the first element of such an entity is a common noun or an adjectival form, all elements are written lower case (e. g. in names of local administrative units like Váci kistérség vs. váci kistérségi). Names of public spaces (roads, streets, squares, bridges etc.) are written separately (except for elements that are already compounds or hyphenated). Their first element is capitalized, and this capitalization is kept even in the adjectival forms, e. g. Váci utca 'Váci Street' and Váci utcai. Problematic point(s): people need to know if a phrase is officially the name of that place or just a designation, e. g. Erzsébet híd is a name ('Elisabeth Bridge') but Duna híd merely refers to a bridge on the Danube, so a hyphen should be used. If a common name is added to a geographical name to clarify its nature, it is written separately. Problematic point(s): it is often unclear whether a common noun is actually part of an official geographical name, e. g. many people believe Fertő tó is the actual name of Fertő Lake so they write it with a hyphen; but the name is only Fertő, thus a space must be used before tó. In addition, names like Szahara sivatag ('Sahara Desert') or Urál hegység 'Ural Mountains' do not contain the common name, so no hyphen must be used, as opposed to the Kaszpi tenger type. If a geographical name consists of several elements whose relationship is marked by suffixes or postpositions, these elements are also written separately. The uppercase letter of the beginning element is kept even in an adjectival form. Problematic point(s): the suffix that marks the possessive relationship is lost in the adjectival form, so the relationship is eventually unmarked, but the hyphen is still not used. For example, when Vác környéke 'Vác environs' becomes Vác környéki 'of/from Vác environs', the possessive marker e is lost, so it seemingly becomes analogous with the above Kaszpi tengeri type. In addition, while names like Külső Pesti út ('Outer Pest Road') makes it obvious that külső is part of the name (rather than an occasional designation), the adjectival form Külső Pesti úti can only be given correctly with this knowledge. The above case of Jeremiás próféta kolostor emerges again with the type of Mária asszony sziget 'Lady Mary Island', where sziget 'island' would normally be connected with a hyphen, were it not for the common noun asszony 'lady' in the original name, which makes it impossible, so all elements have to be written separately.

Names of offices, social organizations, educational institutions, academic institutes, cooperatives, companies etc. are written capitalizing all elements except conjunctions and articles. In adjectival forms, only actual proper names and trade names ("fantasy names") are left uppercase. For example, Országos Széchényi Könyvtár 'National Széchényi Library' vs. országos Széchényi könyvtári or Bíró Háza Étterem és Panzió "[The] Judge’s House Restaurant and Guesthouse" vs. Bíró Háza étterem és panzióbeli, retaining the capitalization of Bíró Háza "[the] Judge’s House" in the adjectival form. Problematic point(s): it is not always known whether a specific form is actually the official name of an institution, or what is its official name (e. g. whether the city where it is located is part of the name). In addition, it is not always clear if a group is actually an institution in the sense of having been registered at the court, with a statute, a stamp, letter header etc. on its own. A third problem is the question of whether the spelling of an organization can be corrected if it is not written according to the above rule. In addition, adjectival forms derived from institution names are also often mistaken because people feel the need to distinguish them from genuine common nouns (especially if the name contains a trade name that becomes identical with a common noun if written in lowercase). Furthermore, it is unclear why cinemas are treated differently (see above) from theatres, cf. Művész mozi, but Magyar Színház. If a part of the institution name stands for the whole name, its upper case form is preserved if it is a specific keyword of the name. However, if a common noun part is used for the whole name, it is written in lower case (except for Akadémia for the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Opera for the Hungarian State Opera House). This rule is commonly violated in legal documents where the authors want to make it as clear as possible that the names refer to the contracting parties in particular, so they write it in upper case (not only the common noun parts of the company names but also generic words referring to the parties involved). Subordinated units of institutions are written in uppercase if they are major divisions (e. g. Földrajzi Társaság 'Geographical Society', under the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), not including the personnel department or the warden's office. Railway stations, airports, cinemas, restaurants, cafés, shops, baths and spas, cemeteries etc. are considered less conventional institutions, so normally only their actual proper name elements (including possible trade names, "fantasy names") are written in upper case, apart from the first word. Their adjectival forms retain the original case. For example, Keleti pályaudvar 'Eastern Railway Station' vs. Keleti pályaudvari; Vén Diák eszpresszó 'Alumnus Café' (or 'Old Student Café') vs. Vén Diák eszpresszóbeli. However, most of these names may also be full institution names, thus their spelling reflecting the rules given above (see the beginning of this section).

Names of products, articles, makes, and brands are written capitalized, e. g. Alfa Romeo. This does not include names which include the material or origin of the product, e. g. narancsital 'orange juice'. If the word showing the type is added to the name for clarification, it is done with a space, and in lowercase, e. g. Panangin tabletta 'Panangin pill'.

Words denoting a prize, an award, a medal etc. are attached with a hyphen to proper names, e. g. Kossuth díj 'Kossuth Prize.' If the name consists of several elements, whose relation is marked, all the elements are capitalized, e. g. Akadémiai Aranyérem 'Golden Medal of the academy.' Degrees and types of awards are written in lowercase.

Titles are classified as constant and individual titles: the first being the title of newspapers, periodicals, magazines, and the second used with literary, artistic, musical, and other works, articles etc. All elements of constant titles are written in uppercase (e. g. Élet és Tudomány 'Life and Science' [weekly]), while only the first word is capitalized in individual titles (e. g. Magyar értelmező kéziszótár 'Defining Desk Dictionary of the Hungarian Language' or Kis éji zene 'A Little Night Music'). Suffixes are attached to titles without a hyphen, except if a title already ends in a suffix or a punctuation mark, or if the suffix creates an adjective: in these cases, a hyphen must be used. (For example: a Magyar Hírlapban 'in Magyar Hírlap' but Magyar Hírlap szerű 'Magyar Hírlap like.')

Names of national and religious holidays, celebrations, notable days, periods, historical events are not capitalized (nor day or month names), neither are names of nationalities and ethnicities, languages and language groups as well as religions. Events, programmes, and arrangements are not capitalized either, except if they have an institutional background. Problematic point(s): an average person cannot always know if an event has an institutional background. Therefore, events are still usually written with capital letters. Apart from personal names, commons nouns expressing rank or relation may also be capitalized in addresses for reasons of politeness. suffixes and titles like Doctor, Junior, Senior, and their abbreviations are only capitalized if they are in a prominent position (e. g. in postal addresses or lists).

Foreign words either retain their foreign spelling or they are phonetically respelled according to the Hungarian writing system.

If a word comes from a language using the Latin script, it is only respelled if it has become an integral, widely known part of Hungarian language (e. g. laser > lézer; manager > menedzser). If it is less widely used, it retains its original spelling, e. g. bestseller, myocarditis, rinascimento. But there is no hard and consistent rule, and many widely used terms are written in the original spelling, e. g. musical or show. Certain phrases from foreign languages are always written in their original form, even if the individual words would be respelled in isolation, e. g. tuberkulózis cf. tuberculosis bronchialis. Problematic point(s): Inconsistency in some cases, cf. fitnesz for 'fitness' and wellness, or Milánó and Torino. Certain words, long present in Hungarian, are written in the foreign way (such as musical), despite their being commonly known, because of uncommon sound clusters in Hungarian (such as [mju] in *mjuzikel), or because of possible confusion with an existing Hungarian word (e. g. show for só 'salt'). Moreover, the traditional Hungarian transliteration may be rejected for languages like Chinese that already have a Latin version of their writing system. In addition, it may not be obvious whether a Latin or a non Latin official language of a country should be considered as a basis (e. g. Indian names). Some features of the original spelling are sometimes retained, e. g. football > futball (pronounced "fudbal"), million > millió (pronounced "milió"). The digraph ch is preserved if it is pronounced [h]. The letter x, if pronounced "ksz", is usually written x in Hungarian too. However, if it is pronounced "gz", it is normally written gz, again with a few exceptions. The letters qu are always respelled as kv. If the source language uses a non Latin script (Greek, Russian, Chinese etc.) words are respelled phonetically. This does not always mean exact transliteration: sometimes the foreign pronunciation is bent to conform to Hungarian phonology better (e. g. szamovár, tájfun 'samovar', 'typhoon'). In practice however, English transliterations are often used instead, such as using gyros instead of gírosz).

Proper names from languages with a Latin alphabet are normally written in the original way, e. g. Shakespeare, Horatius, Chopin, including all the diacritics (e. g. Molière, Gdańsk). Certain foreign proper names have a Hungarian version, e. g. Kolumbusz Kristóf for Christopher Columbus (in the Eastern name order, typical of Hungarian). Other names adapted the given name and the word order to Hungarian customs, but left the surname intact, e. g. Verne Gyula for Jules Verne. Recently borrowed names are no longer modified in Hungarian. The only exceptions are some given names which can only be written in Hungarian spelling, e. g. Krisztián for Christian and Kármen for Carmen. As with common nouns, ch and x are retained in both personal names and geographical names of foreign origin (e. g. Beatrix, Mexikó). Similarly to common names again, widely known and fixed forms of proper names from languages with a non Latin script are preserved (e. g. Ezópus (Aesop), Athén, Peking), rather than introducing a more up to date or more accurate transliteration (e. g. Aiszóposz, Athénai/Athína, Pejtying). Some well established foreign names have a popular form used in phrases and another referring to the person (e. g. Pitagorasz tétele 'Pythagorean theorem' but Püthagorasz for the philosopher himself).

Suffixes are added directly in most cases. The i suffix is omitted in writing if the word already ends in the letter i (e. g. Stockholm > stockholmi; Helsinki > helsinki). In the case of suffixes of variable forms depending on Hungarian vowel harmony rules, the version in accordance with the actual pronunciation should be used. If a certain suffix requires lengthening of the word final vowels a, e, o, ö, they are lengthened as usual, e. g. Oslo but Oslóban, oslói. In addition, suffixes will follow the pronunciation of the word in terms of the ending consonant and the front or back vowels (e. g. Bachhal 'with Bach', Greenwichcsel 'with Greenwich'). If the last letter of a foreign word is silent (not pronounced) or part of a complex cluster of letters, a hyphen is used when attaching suffixes (e. g. guillotine nal 'with a guillotine', Montesquieu vel 'with M.'). If an adjective is formed from a proper name with only one element, it will be lowercase (e. g. voltaire es 'Voltaire esque'). If the suffix begins with the same letter as a word final double letter (e. g. Grimm mel 'with Grimm')., a hyphen is used again.

Hyphenation at the end of a line depends on whether there is an easily recognizable word boundary there. If the word is not a compound (or it is, but the boundary is not nearby) the word is hyphenated by syllables, otherwise by word elements (e. g. vas út 'railway', lit. 'iron road,' instead of va sút). The number of syllables is defined by the number of vowels (i. e., every syllable must contain one and only one vowel) and the main rule can be summarized as follows: a syllable can begin with at most one consonant (except for the first syllable of a word, which may contain up to three initial consonants). It means that a syllable can only begin without a consonant if there is no consonant after the preceding vowel (e. g. di ó nyi 'nut sized'), and if there are multiple consonants between vowels, only one can go to the next syllable (e. g. lajst rom 'list'). Hyphenation normally follows pronunciation, rather than the written form. If a word contains several vowel letters but they are pronounced as a single sound, it cannot be hyphenated (e. g. Soós 'a surname', blues 'blues'). Pronunciation is respected in the case of ch, which is pronounced as a single sound so both its letters are kept together (e. g. pszi chológia, züri chi 'from Zürich'). Hungarian surnames are also hyphenated by pronunciation, e. g. Beöthy > Beö thy [pr. bő ti], Baloghék 'the Balogh family' > Ba lo ghék [pr. balog], móri czos 'typical of Móricz' Even acronyms can be hyphenated if they contain at least two vowels (e. g. NA TO) or at the boundary of the acronym and the suffix, where a hyphen already exists (e. g. NATO ért 'for the NATO'). On the other hand, x denotes two sounds, but it is not separated at the boundary of two syllables (e. g. ta xi rather than tak szi, based on phonetics). Although not incorrect, it is not recommended to leave a single vowel at the end or the beginning of a line (e. g. Á ron, Le a). Double vowels can be separated (e. g. váku um 'vacuum'), and long consonants can also be separated (e. g. ton na 'ton'). Inflectional suffixes are not considered elements on their own (e. g. although the stem of pénzért 'for money' is pénz, its hyphenation is pén zért rather than pénz ért). Apart from the hyphenation based on pronunciation, foreign compounds may be hyphenated at their boundary, if the prefix or suffix is widely recognized, e. g. fotog ráfia (by syllables) or foto gráfia (by elements). The elements are also taken into consideration in compound names (e. g. Pálffy [pr. pálfi], hyphenated as Pál ffy, rather than Pálf fy). Sometimes different ways of hyphenation reflect different words (e. g. me gint 'again,' a single word hyphenated by syllables, cf. meg int 'admonish,' a compound with a verbal prefix, hyphenated by elements). Problematic point(s): certain vowel couples are sometimes pronounced as diphthongs, e. g. augusztus 'August' is often pronounced in three syllables like au gusz tus, but the syllable counting rule (above) should consider it as a word of four syllables. Another problematic point is that some words might seem to be compounds although they are not (e. g. jobbágy 'serf' > job bágy, although jobb 'better' and ágy 'bed' are existing words). A third possible problem is that although hyphenation strictly follows pronunciation, long consonants pronounced as short are treated as if they were pronounced long (e. g. milliméter is pronounced [miliméter] so hyphenation could be mi lli mé ter but it follows the written form and will be mil li mé ter, or Kossuth is hyphenated as Kos suth, although the ss is pronounced short.) A further problem is that dz is not considered as a genuine diphthong by current Hungarian phonology, but it is treated as a digraph, and both of its letters should be moved together (e. g. ma dzag 'string') and the trigraph dzs is also treated as a single letter, even when it is pronounced long (e. g. me ne dzser 'impresario'). Finally, the pronunciation and spelling rules of foreign words are not always known, so people may not be able to hyphenate them correctly (although they can separate them at a different point, or take them to the next line altogether).

Punctuation marks are added to the end of the sentence depending on its intended meaning. The exclamation mark is not only used for exclamations, but also for wishes and commands. If the sentence formally reflects one mood, but it actually refers to a different idea, the punctuation mark is selected based on the actual meaning. Punctuation marks may be repeated or combined to express an intense or mixed emotion. (For example, Hogy képzeled ezt?! 'How dare you?!') In case of coordinating clauses, the punctuation mark is adapted to the ending clause. Subordinated clauses take a punctuation mark reflecting the main clause – except if the main clause is only symbolic, emphasizing the subordinate clause.

A comma (or a colon, semicolon etc.) should be placed at the border of clauses whether or not there is a conjunction. It also applies to cases when the clause begins with one of the conjunctions és, s, meg 'and' and vagy 'or'. However, it is sometimes difficult to assess whether the part joined with these conjunctions is a separate clause (because if it is not, no comma is needed). For example: Bevágta az ajtót, és dühösen elrohant. 'He banged the door and rushed away in fury.' but Hirtelen felugrott és elrohant. 'He suddenly jumped up and rushed away.' Similes introduced with the word mint 'as, like' are to be preceded by a comma. The exception is a kind of a 'more than' construction that has a mere intensifying function (as opposed to 'practically' or 'almost'). In case of a double conjunction expressing 'instead of (doing)', 'without (doing)' etc., only the first element should be preceded by a comma – except if the first element closely belongs to the first clause, in which case the comma is placed between the two conjunctions. Semicolons are generally used to separate sets of closely connected clauses, if these larger sets of clauses are loosely connected to each other. A semicolon may also be used to mark that two single clause have but a loose relation to each other. Colons attract the attention to a forthcoming idea, or they may be used to mark that an important explanation or conclusion follows. If a clause introduces several separate sentences, all of them (including the first) are written with an uppercase initial. To express that a fairly distinct set of ideas follows, a dash may be used after the full stop, the question mark, or the exclamation mark.

Coordinated clause elements are separated by commas if no conjunction is used. (A semicolon may be used to separate series of words whose elements are separated by commas.) If a conjunction is used between coordinated clause elements, a comma is used before it, except if the conjunction is one of the words és, s, meg 'and' or vagy 'or,' where the comma is omitted. Since the abbreviation stb. 'etc.' includes the conjunction s 'and,' it doesn't need a comma either. For example: tetszetős, de helytelen elmélet 'an appealing but incorrect theory,' a rózsának, a szegfűnek vagy a levendulának az illata 'the scent of a rose, a carnation, or a lavender.' If a coordinated sentence element is mentioned at the end of the whole clause, separated from the related elements, in a postponed manner, it is separated from the rest of the clause with a comma. For example: Ernyőt hozzál magaddal a kirándulásra, vagy kabátot! 'Bring an umbrella to the excursion, or a raincoat.' Coordinated structures formed with coupled conjunctions (e. g. "either – or") are written with a comma placed before the second conjunction. Appositions are separated from the referred element with a comma (or a colon), if they are in the same grammatical position as the referred element. If the apposition gets further back in the sentence, the comma will precede it directly. If the apposition is followed by a pause in speech, a comma may be placed after it, too. If a descriptive phrase is added to a personal name but only the last part takes the suffixes (in which case it is not called an apposition), no comma is used after the personal name. For example: Nagy Elemérnek, városunk díszpolgárának 'to Elemér Nagy, honorary citizen of our town' – because of the possessive structure, both element take the suffixes, and the second part can only be an apposition, so a comma is needed. On the other hand: Nagy Elemér díszpolgárnak 'to Elemér Nagy honorary citizen' – the whole structure takes one suffix at the very end, thus it cannot be appositive, and no comma is used. If the apposition or the referred element is a derivative of the word maga ("himself" etc. ), the comma is not used. However, adverbs used like appositions take the comma. Subordinated clause elements take no comma (e. g. fekete szemüveges férfi 'a man with black glasses' – the word fekete 'black' doesn't belong to férfi 'man' but to szemüveg 'glasses'). If the word mint 'as' precedes a phrase expressing status or quality, no comma is used before it (e. g. Bátyámat mint tanút hallgatták ki. 'My brother was heard as a witness.') Structures formed with an adverbial participle are not usually separated from the clause with a comma, especially if the participle is directly connected to it. However, if this part is loosely attached to the clause (especially if the participle has its own complement), it is recommended to use a comma.

Words or phrases (especially external elements) interposed into a sentence are marked with commas, dashes (with spaces), or parentheses. For example: Bátyámat, a baleset tanújaként, többször is kihallgatták. or Bátyámat – a baleset tanújaként – többször is kihallgatták. or Bátyámat (a baleset tanújaként) többször is kihallgatták. 'My brother, as the witness of the accident, was heard several times.' The comma may be omitted around interposed elements depending on the articulation, reflecting the intention of the author, e. g. A vonat, persze, megint késett. 'The train was, of course, late again.' can be written without commas as well. If the conjunction mint 'as' precedes an interpolation separated by pauses in speech, commas may be used before and after the interjected part. Subordinated clauses are also separated by commas, dashes, or parentheses if they are interposed into another clause. Évi, bár még át tudott volna szaladni az úttesten, hagyta elmenni a teherautót. 'Eve, though she could have run through the road, let the truck leave.' If a word, phrase, or clause is interposed into a sentence right next to a punctuation mark, this mark needs to be inserted after the pair of dashes or parentheses. For example: Műszaki egyetemen szerzett diplomát – vegyészmérnökit –, de író lett. 'He graduated at a technical university – as a chemical engineer – but he became a writer.' However, if an independent sentence is interposed, its punctuation mark is inserted inside the parentheses.

Forms of address are usually followed by an exclamation mark, e. g. Kedves Barátaim! 'My dear friends,' or a comma can be used in private letters. If this form stands within a sentence, it is separated from the rest with commas. Problematic point(s): intonation is sometimes unbroken before appositions wedged into sentences, so even a series of books was published by a notable publishing house with the title Magad uram, ha gondod van a PC vel 'Do it yourself, Sir, if you are in trouble with the PC,' without a comma preceding uram.

Quotation marks are placed below at the beginning and above at the ending of a quotation, both signs turning left, being curly and double. If another quotation is included in a quotation, angle quotation marks (guillemets) are used, directed towards each other with their tips: („quote1 »quote2« quote1"). If a quoting sentence introduces the quotation, it is preceded by a colon; the ending punctuation mark should be inserted as in the original. Lowercase initials should only be used if they are lowercase in the original. If a quoting sentence follows the quotation, they are separated by a dash (and spaces). Punctuation marks of the original text are preserved, except for the full stop, which is omitted. If the quoting sentence is interposed in the quotation itself, it is written in lowercase and separated with dashes (and spaces). The second quotation mark stands at the end of the quotation. For example: Így felelt: „Igen, tudom." or „Igen, tudom" – felelte. or „Igen – felelte –, tudom." '"Yes, I know," he replied.' If the quotation is organically interwoven into one's own text, the quoted part is marked with quotation marks, and common words beginning the quotation are written in lowercase (even despite the original). For example: A tanterv szerint az iskola egyik célja, hogy „testileg, szellemileg egészséges nemzedéket neveljen". 'According to the syllabus, one of the goals of a school is "to bring up a generation healthy in body and mind."' When quoting others' words in terms of their content, the quotation marks are not used: Alkotmányunk kimondja, hogy társadalmi rendszerünknek a munka az alapja. 'Our constitution states that our social system is based on work.' Indirect (reported) speech is treated in the same way. In fiction and prose, quotations are marked by dashes instead of quotation marks, placed at the beginning of a line. If the quotation is written in a separate line, the only dash is the one that precedes it. If quotation is followed by the quoting sentence, they are separated by another dash (the full stop omitted from the end, other punctuation marks retained, as described above). If a quotation is continued after the author's words, another dash follows. For example:
– Nagyon vártalak már – fogadta a barátját. – Sok a teendőnk. "I have been waiting for you," he received his friend. "We have a lot to do."

These two groups are distinguished by whether the shortened form is only used in writing (abbreviations) or in speech as well (acronyms). Acronyms may be pronounced with the name of their letters (e. g. OTP 'National Savings Bank' [pr. ótépé]), or if possible, in full (MÁV 'Hungarian State Railways' [pr. máv]). The article preceding these forms is always adapted to the spoken form.

Abbreviations are written in one word whether they are created from single nouns, nouns with derivational suffixes, or compounds, and they are written with a full stop. If an abbreviation retains the ending of the original word, the full stop is still preserved (e. g. pság. < parancsnokság 'headquarters'). Abbreviation of phrases normally contains as many elements as the original phrase contains (e. g. s. k. < saját kezével 'by his/her own hand') but there are exceptions (e. g. vö. < vesd össze 'compare'). Case is usually kept in abbreviations (e. g. Mo. < Magyarország 'Hungary') but some abbreviations created from lowercase words use the uppercase (e. g. Ny < nyugat 'west'). Units of measurement are used in accordance with the international standard, depending on whether the sign comes from a common name (m < méter) or a proper name (N < newton after Isaac Newton). Standard forms of abbreviations are not to be altered even in full capitalized inscriptions (ÁRA: 100 Ft 'PRICE: 100 HUF'). Some abbreviations are written without a full stop, such as names of currencies, cardinal and ordinal directions, country codes of cars, codes of country names, chemical, physical, mathematicals symbols, symbols of units, etc. The full stop can be omitted from abbreviations in encyclopedias, but they are to be explained in a legend. A full stop is not used after abbreviations whose last element is a full word (e. g. uaz < ugyanaz 'the same'). Suffixes are attached to abbreviations based on their pronunciation (even if the pronunciation is considerably different from the symbol, e. g. F [vas 'iron'] > Fe sal [vassal 'with iron'], and the article, too, should reflect the pronounced form). If an abbreviation forms a compound with a full word, they are connected with a hyphen (e. g. fszla. kivonat < folyószámla kivonat 'statement of current account').

Acronyms are classified into two groups: those consisting only of initials (betűszók lit. 'letter words'), and those consisting parts of the original word (szóösszevonások 'word contractions'). The first group is divided again by whether they denote proper names (written in uppercase, e. g. ENSZ < Egyesült Nemzetek Szövetsége 'United Nations Organization', note that both letters of the digraphs SZ are capitalized) or common names (written in lowercase, e. g. vb < végrehajtó bizottság 'executive committee', note that it is written as one word despite the two elements). Some acronyms created from common names are still written in uppercase, though, especially in sciences (URH < ultrarövidhullám 'ultra high frequency') but other capitalized acronyms may be accepted too (TDK < tudományos diákkör 'students' scholarly circle'). In some cases, full fledged words are created from the pronounced form of acronyms standing for common names (e. g. tévé < tv < televízió). Since 2015, a hyphen is required even if the additional word is already contained in the acronym (e. g. CD lemez literally 'CD disk', though CD already comprises "disk", versus CD írás 'CD burning', in accordance with earlier regulations). Acronyms of the second group are created from longer parts of the original words (in fact, at least one word of the original should keep at least two letters, not including digraphs). Their letters are not all capitalized, only the initial of acronyms that derive from proper names (e. g. Kermi < Kereskedelmi Minőség ellenőrző Intézet, 'Commercial Quality Control Institute' cf. gyes < gyermekgondozási segély 'maternity benefit'). Neither type of acronyms need a full stop between their elements or at their end. Acronyms take suffixes in accordance with their pronounced forms, whether their letters are pronounced one by one or as a full word (e. g. tbc s [tébécés] 'one with tuberculosis'). Those from the first group, consisting only of word initials, are suffixed with a hyphen. Their capitalized types will retain their uppercase even in their adjectival forms (ENSZ beli 'one from the UN'), and their ending vowel letter will not be lengthened even if it would be phonologically justified (e. g. ELTE n [eltén] 'at ELTE'). Those from the second group, however, consisting of shorter pieces of the constituting words, take suffixes without a hyphen (e. g. gyesen van 'she is on maternity leave'). The same happens to those words that were created from pronounced letters (e. g. tévézik 'watch TV'). Proper name types of these acronyms are written in lowercase if an adjective is formed out of them (e. g. kermis 'Kermi related'). In addition, their ending vowel letter may be lengthened in accordance with general phonological rules (e. g. Hungexpo > Hungexpónál 'at Hungexpo'). Compounds are created with acronyms by the following rules: those from the first group take other elements with a hyphen (e. g. URH adás 'UHF broadcast'), and proper name types of the second group behave the same way (e. g. Kermi ellenőrzés 'control by Kermi'). The common name types of the second group, however, can be written as one word with other elements, except if they require a hyphen because of length (e. g. tévéközvetítés 'TV transmission').

Numerals that can be pronounced with a short word are usually written in letters, just like those having a suffix, a postposition, or another compound element. On the other hand, digits should be used in case of longer or bigger numerals, as well as to note down exact quantities, dates, amounts of money, measurement, statistical data etc. If cardinal numbers are written in letters, they should be written as one word up to 2000 (e. g. ezerkilencszázkilencvenkilenc '1,999') and they should be divided by hyphens by the usual three digit division over 2000 (e. g. kétezer egy '2,001'). Numbers written in digits can be written without a space up to four digits; above that, they are divided by spaces from the end by the usual three digit division (e. g. 9999 but 10 000). If numbers are written under each other in a column, all can be divided by spaces. Ordinal numbers written in digits take a full stop (e. g. 3. sor '3rd line'). The full stop is retained even before the hyphen that connects suffixes (e. g. a 10. kel 'with the 10th'). Dates are an exception to this rule, see below. If a fraction functions as a noun, the quantifier is written separately (e. g. egy negyed 'one quarter'). However, if a fraction takes an adjectival role in a phrase, the two parts are written in one word (e. g. egynegyed rész 'a one quarter part'). Giving the hour is also done by this rule. The integer part of a decimal is divided from the rest by a comma (e. g. 3,14 '3.14'). Numbers are usually written in Arabic numerals. Roman numerals are only used in some special traditional cases, only to express ordinal numbers (e. g. to express the numbering of monarchs, popes, districts of a city, congresses, etc.). Their use is advisable if they have a distinctive role as opposed to Arabic numbers, e. g. to denote the month between the year and the day, or to mark the floor number in front of the door number.

The year is always given in Arabic numerals and it is followed by a full stop. The name of the month can be written in full or abbreviated, or it can be marked with a Roman or Arabic numeral. The day is always written in Arabic numerals. Dates are sometimes written without full stops and spaces, divided only by hyphens. Normally, a full stop is needed after the year. However, it is omitted in three cases: (1) if it is in a possessive relationship with the forthcoming word, (2) if it is followed by a postposition or an adjective coined from it, or (3) if it is the subject of a sentence or it stands solely in parentheses. For example, 1994. tavasz 'the 1994 spring' but 1994 tavasza 'the spring of 1994' and 1994 után 'after 1994.' When digits expressing year and day take suffixes, the full stop is dropped before the hyphen (e. g. 1838 ban 'in 1838' and március 15 én 'on March 15'). The word elsején 'on the 1st of' and its suffixed forms are abbreviated as 1 jén etc. If a day is followed by a postposition, the full stop is retained (e. g. 20. és 30. között 'between the 20th and the 30th').

Letters and other postal consignments are to be addressed by the official addressing patterns of the Hungarian Postal Service. (It currently means that the name comes first, then the settlement, the street or the P. O. B., and finally the postcode, written under each other. Street directions contain the street number first, and optionally the floor number and the door number.) The words for "hour" and "minute" (óra and perc) are not usually abbreviated in fluent texts. If the time is given in digits, a full stop or a hyphen is placed between the hour and the minute without a space (e. g. 10.35). This latter form takes a hyphen before suffixes (e. g. 10.35 kor 'at 10:35').

Digraphs are distinguished in collation (i. e. to determine the order of entries in a dictionary or directory) from the letters they consist of. For example, cukor is followed by csata, even though s precedes u, as cs is considered a single entity, and follows all the words starting with c. In general dictionaries, contracted forms of digraphs are collated as if they were written in full, e. g. Menyhért precedes mennybolt, even though n precedes y, because nny consists of ny + ny, and h precedes ny. Short and long versions of vowels are considered equal for the purposes of collation (e. g. ír precedes Irak) unless the words are otherwise identically spelt, in which case the short vowel precedes the long one (e. g. egér precedes éger). Phrases and hyphenated compounds are collated ignoring the space or the hyphen between their elements; lower and upper case don't count either. Obsolete digraphs in traditional Hungarian names and foreign words are treated as a series of individual letters. Diacritics are only taken into consideration if there is no other difference between words. However, in encyclopedias, map indices, and other specialized works, where Hungarian and foreign names are mixed, the universal Latin alphabet is followed.

The rules of Hungarian orthography were first published by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (HAS) in 1832, edited by Mihály Vörösmarty. Revisions followed in 1877, 1922, 1954, 1984, and 2015 (the last two being minor). The currently effective version is the 12th edition from 2015. Rules of Hungarian orthography are laid down by the Hungarian Language Committee of the Research Institute for Linguistics (formerly named of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; but since 2019 the institute is affiliated with Eötvös Loránd Research Network). They are published in a book titled Rules of Hungarian Orthography (A magyar helyesírás szabályai). The two most significant orthographic dictionaries are the one published by Akadémiai Kiadó ("Academy Press") (originally founded by HAS), searchable online, and the one published by Osiris Kiadó. The former is considered as the standard, and comprises 140,000+ words and phrases; the latter is more comprehensive, including more than 210,000 words and phrases as well as a more detailed elaboration of the regulations.

Although orthography gives only instructions how to note down an existing text, usage related suggestions are also given in most Hungarian linguistic publications (such as if a construction should be rephrased or a word should be avoided). These periodicals include Magyar Nyelv, Magyar Nyelvőr, Édes Anyanyelvünk, Magyartanítás, and Nyelvünk és Kultúránk, and several other periodicals have linguistic columns (such as Élet és Tudomány). Ádám Nádasdy sometimes touched on orthographic issues in his column popularizing linguistics in Magyar Narancs, and in his books based on this column and its forerunners. New entries of Korrektorblog (Proofreader's Blog – "The mild Grammar Nazi") are published on the main page of the popular news portal Index. hu. Linguistic educational programmes were broadcast on television, the most famous being Álljunk meg egy szóra! "Let's stop for a word", screened more than 500 occasions between 1987 and 1997, and some of its issues were published in a book. Apart from the Geographical Names Committee and the manual on geographical names mentioned above, other fields have their specialized orthographical dictionaries, such as economy, medicine, technology, chemistry, and military affairs, as well as collections of examples in periodicals, such as for zoological and botanical names. Orthographical competitions are organized at primary, secondary, and tertiary level in every year (Zsigmond Simonyi competition for upper primary schools – for students aged 10 to 14, József Implom competition for secondary schools, and Béla J. Nagy competition for universities). Word processors, some Internet browsers and mailing applications are supplied with a Hungarian spellchecker: Hunspell for OpenOffice. org, Firefox and Thunderbird. A Hungarian company, MorphoLogic has developed its own proofing tools, which is used in Microsoft Office. People can seek advice for free in orthography related and other linguistic topics from the Department of Normative Linguistics at the Research Institute for Linguistics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences or from the Hungarian Linguistic Service Office.