Введение
Принятие решения; оценка доказательств для принятия решения
Judgement (or judgment) (in legal context, known as adjudication) is the evaluation of given circumstances to make a decision. Judgement is also the ability to make considered decisions. The term has at least five distinct uses. Aristotle suggested one should think of the opposite of different uses of a term, if one exists, to help determine if the uses are in fact different. Some opposites help demonstrate that their uses are actually distinct:
Cognitive psychology in cognitive psychology (and related fields like experimental philosophy or experimental economics), judgement is part of a set of cognitive processes by which individuals reason, make decisions, and form beliefs and opinions (collectively, judgement and decision making, abbreviated JDM). This involves evaluating information, weighing evidence, making choices, and coming to conclusions. Judgements are often influenced by cognitive biases, heuristics, prior experience, social context, abilities (e. g., numeracy, probabalistic thinking), and psychological traits (e. g., tendency toward analytical reasoning). In research, the Society for Judgment and Decision Making is an international academic society dedicated to the topic; they publish the peer reviewed journal Judgment and Decision Making. Informal opinions expressed as facts. Informal in psychology used in reference to the quality of cognitive faculties and adjudicational capabilities of particular individuals, typically called wisdom or discernment. Opposite terms include foolishness or indiscretion. Formal the mental act of affirming or denying one statement or another through comparison. Judgements are communicated to others using agreed upon terms in the form of words or algebraic symbols as meanings to form propositions relating the terms, and whose further asserted meanings "of relation" are interpreted by those trying to understand the judgement. Legal used in the context of a legal trial, to refer to a final finding, statement, or ruling, based on a considered weighing of evidence, called, "adjudication". Opposites could be suspension or deferment of adjudication. See Judgment (law) for further explanation. Additionally, judgement can mean personality judgment; a psychological phenomenon in which a person forms specific opinions of other people.
Суждение (или решение) (в юридическом контексте, известное как adjudication) – это оценка данных обстоятельств для вынесения решения. Суждение также – способность принимать обдуманные решения. Термин имеет как минимум пять различных значений. Аристотель предлагал рассматривать противоположность различных значений термина, если она существует, чтобы определить, действительно ли эти значения различны. Некоторые противоположности помогают продемонстрировать, что их значения фактически различны:
Judgement (or judgment) (in legal context, known as adjudication) is the evaluation of given circumstances to make a decision. Judgement is also the ability to make considered decisions. The term has at least five distinct uses. Aristotle suggested one should think of the opposite of different uses of a term, if one exists, to help determine if the uses are in fact different. Some opposites help demonstrate that their uses are actually distinct:
Cognitive psychology in cognitive psychology (and related fields like experimental philosophy or experimental economics), judgement is part of a set of cognitive processes by which individuals reason, make decisions, and form beliefs and opinions (collectively, judgement and decision making, abbreviated JDM). This involves evaluating information, weighing evidence, making choices, and coming to conclusions. Judgements are often influenced by cognitive biases, heuristics, prior experience, social context, abilities (e. g., numeracy, probabalistic thinking), and psychological traits (e. g., tendency toward analytical reasoning). In research, the Society for Judgment and Decision Making is an international academic society dedicated to the topic; they publish the peer reviewed journal Judgment and Decision Making. Informal opinions expressed as facts. Informal in psychology used in reference to the quality of cognitive faculties and adjudicational capabilities of particular individuals, typically called wisdom or discernment. Opposite terms include foolishness or indiscretion. Formal the mental act of affirming or denying one statement or another through comparison. Judgements are communicated to others using agreed upon terms in the form of words or algebraic symbols as meanings to form propositions relating the terms, and whose further asserted meanings "of relation" are interpreted by those trying to understand the judgement. Legal used in the context of a legal trial, to refer to a final finding, statement, or ruling, based on a considered weighing of evidence, called, "adjudication". Opposites could be suspension or deferment of adjudication. See Judgment (law) for further explanation. Additionally, judgement can mean personality judgment; a psychological phenomenon in which a person forms specific opinions of other people.
Когнитивная психология – в когнитивной психологии (и смежных областях, таких как экспериментальная философия или экспериментальная экономика), суждение является частью набора когнитивных процессов, посредством которых люди рассуждают, принимают решения и формируют убеждения и мнения (в совокупности – суждение и принятие решений, сокращенно JDM). Это включает в себя оценку информации, взвешивание доказательств, выбор и формулирование выводов. На суждения часто влияют когнитивные искажения, эвристики, предыдущий опыт, социальный контекст, способности (например, счет, вероятностное мышление) и психологические черты (например, склонность к аналитическому мышлению). В исследованиях Общество суждения и принятия решений является международным научным сообществом, посвященным этой теме; они публикуют рецензируемый журнал «Суждение и принятие решений».
Judgement (or judgment) (in legal context, known as adjudication) is the evaluation of given circumstances to make a decision. Judgement is also the ability to make considered decisions. The term has at least five distinct uses. Aristotle suggested one should think of the opposite of different uses of a term, if one exists, to help determine if the uses are in fact different. Some opposites help demonstrate that their uses are actually distinct:
Cognitive psychology in cognitive psychology (and related fields like experimental philosophy or experimental economics), judgement is part of a set of cognitive processes by which individuals reason, make decisions, and form beliefs and opinions (collectively, judgement and decision making, abbreviated JDM). This involves evaluating information, weighing evidence, making choices, and coming to conclusions. Judgements are often influenced by cognitive biases, heuristics, prior experience, social context, abilities (e. g., numeracy, probabalistic thinking), and psychological traits (e. g., tendency toward analytical reasoning). In research, the Society for Judgment and Decision Making is an international academic society dedicated to the topic; they publish the peer reviewed journal Judgment and Decision Making. Informal opinions expressed as facts. Informal in psychology used in reference to the quality of cognitive faculties and adjudicational capabilities of particular individuals, typically called wisdom or discernment. Opposite terms include foolishness or indiscretion. Formal the mental act of affirming or denying one statement or another through comparison. Judgements are communicated to others using agreed upon terms in the form of words or algebraic symbols as meanings to form propositions relating the terms, and whose further asserted meanings "of relation" are interpreted by those trying to understand the judgement. Legal used in the context of a legal trial, to refer to a final finding, statement, or ruling, based on a considered weighing of evidence, called, "adjudication". Opposites could be suspension or deferment of adjudication. See Judgment (law) for further explanation. Additionally, judgement can mean personality judgment; a psychological phenomenon in which a person forms specific opinions of other people.
Неформальное – мнения, выраженные как факты. В психологии неформальное суждение используется для обозначения качества когнитивных способностей и способности к вынесению решений у конкретных индивидуумов, обычно называемого мудростью или проницательностью. Противоположные термины включают глупость или нерассудительность.
Judgement (or judgment) (in legal context, known as adjudication) is the evaluation of given circumstances to make a decision. Judgement is also the ability to make considered decisions. The term has at least five distinct uses. Aristotle suggested one should think of the opposite of different uses of a term, if one exists, to help determine if the uses are in fact different. Some opposites help demonstrate that their uses are actually distinct:
Cognitive psychology in cognitive psychology (and related fields like experimental philosophy or experimental economics), judgement is part of a set of cognitive processes by which individuals reason, make decisions, and form beliefs and opinions (collectively, judgement and decision making, abbreviated JDM). This involves evaluating information, weighing evidence, making choices, and coming to conclusions. Judgements are often influenced by cognitive biases, heuristics, prior experience, social context, abilities (e. g., numeracy, probabalistic thinking), and psychological traits (e. g., tendency toward analytical reasoning). In research, the Society for Judgment and Decision Making is an international academic society dedicated to the topic; they publish the peer reviewed journal Judgment and Decision Making. Informal opinions expressed as facts. Informal in psychology used in reference to the quality of cognitive faculties and adjudicational capabilities of particular individuals, typically called wisdom or discernment. Opposite terms include foolishness or indiscretion. Formal the mental act of affirming or denying one statement or another through comparison. Judgements are communicated to others using agreed upon terms in the form of words or algebraic symbols as meanings to form propositions relating the terms, and whose further asserted meanings "of relation" are interpreted by those trying to understand the judgement. Legal used in the context of a legal trial, to refer to a final finding, statement, or ruling, based on a considered weighing of evidence, called, "adjudication". Opposites could be suspension or deferment of adjudication. See Judgment (law) for further explanation. Additionally, judgement can mean personality judgment; a psychological phenomenon in which a person forms specific opinions of other people.
Формальное – умственный акт подтверждения или опровержения того или иного утверждения посредством сравнения. Суждения передаются другим с использованием согласованных терминов в виде слов или алгебраических символов, которые служат значениями для формирования предложений, относящихся к этим терминам, а дальнейшие утвержденные значения «отношений» интерпретируются теми, кто пытается понять суждение.
Judgement (or judgment) (in legal context, known as adjudication) is the evaluation of given circumstances to make a decision. Judgement is also the ability to make considered decisions. The term has at least five distinct uses. Aristotle suggested one should think of the opposite of different uses of a term, if one exists, to help determine if the uses are in fact different. Some opposites help demonstrate that their uses are actually distinct:
Cognitive psychology in cognitive psychology (and related fields like experimental philosophy or experimental economics), judgement is part of a set of cognitive processes by which individuals reason, make decisions, and form beliefs and opinions (collectively, judgement and decision making, abbreviated JDM). This involves evaluating information, weighing evidence, making choices, and coming to conclusions. Judgements are often influenced by cognitive biases, heuristics, prior experience, social context, abilities (e. g., numeracy, probabalistic thinking), and psychological traits (e. g., tendency toward analytical reasoning). In research, the Society for Judgment and Decision Making is an international academic society dedicated to the topic; they publish the peer reviewed journal Judgment and Decision Making. Informal opinions expressed as facts. Informal in psychology used in reference to the quality of cognitive faculties and adjudicational capabilities of particular individuals, typically called wisdom or discernment. Opposite terms include foolishness or indiscretion. Formal the mental act of affirming or denying one statement or another through comparison. Judgements are communicated to others using agreed upon terms in the form of words or algebraic symbols as meanings to form propositions relating the terms, and whose further asserted meanings "of relation" are interpreted by those trying to understand the judgement. Legal used in the context of a legal trial, to refer to a final finding, statement, or ruling, based on a considered weighing of evidence, called, "adjudication". Opposites could be suspension or deferment of adjudication. See Judgment (law) for further explanation. Additionally, judgement can mean personality judgment; a psychological phenomenon in which a person forms specific opinions of other people.
Юридическое – используется в контексте судебного разбирательства для обозначения окончательного заключения, заявления или постановления, основанного на взвешенной оценке доказательств, называемого «решением». Противоположностями могут быть приостановка или отсрочка вынесения решения. Подробнее см. статью «Суд (право)».
Judgement (or judgment) (in legal context, known as adjudication) is the evaluation of given circumstances to make a decision. Judgement is also the ability to make considered decisions. The term has at least five distinct uses. Aristotle suggested one should think of the opposite of different uses of a term, if one exists, to help determine if the uses are in fact different. Some opposites help demonstrate that their uses are actually distinct:
Cognitive psychology in cognitive psychology (and related fields like experimental philosophy or experimental economics), judgement is part of a set of cognitive processes by which individuals reason, make decisions, and form beliefs and opinions (collectively, judgement and decision making, abbreviated JDM). This involves evaluating information, weighing evidence, making choices, and coming to conclusions. Judgements are often influenced by cognitive biases, heuristics, prior experience, social context, abilities (e. g., numeracy, probabalistic thinking), and psychological traits (e. g., tendency toward analytical reasoning). In research, the Society for Judgment and Decision Making is an international academic society dedicated to the topic; they publish the peer reviewed journal Judgment and Decision Making. Informal opinions expressed as facts. Informal in psychology used in reference to the quality of cognitive faculties and adjudicational capabilities of particular individuals, typically called wisdom or discernment. Opposite terms include foolishness or indiscretion. Formal the mental act of affirming or denying one statement or another through comparison. Judgements are communicated to others using agreed upon terms in the form of words or algebraic symbols as meanings to form propositions relating the terms, and whose further asserted meanings "of relation" are interpreted by those trying to understand the judgement. Legal used in the context of a legal trial, to refer to a final finding, statement, or ruling, based on a considered weighing of evidence, called, "adjudication". Opposites could be suspension or deferment of adjudication. See Judgment (law) for further explanation. Additionally, judgement can mean personality judgment; a psychological phenomenon in which a person forms specific opinions of other people.
Кроме того, суждение может означать оценку личности; психологический феномен, при котором человек формирует определенные мнения о других людях.
Judgement (or judgment) (in legal context, known as adjudication) is the evaluation of given circumstances to make a decision. Judgement is also the ability to make considered decisions. The term has at least five distinct uses. Aristotle suggested one should think of the opposite of different uses of a term, if one exists, to help determine if the uses are in fact different. Some opposites help demonstrate that their uses are actually distinct:
Cognitive psychology in cognitive psychology (and related fields like experimental philosophy or experimental economics), judgement is part of a set of cognitive processes by which individuals reason, make decisions, and form beliefs and opinions (collectively, judgement and decision making, abbreviated JDM). This involves evaluating information, weighing evidence, making choices, and coming to conclusions. Judgements are often influenced by cognitive biases, heuristics, prior experience, social context, abilities (e. g., numeracy, probabalistic thinking), and psychological traits (e. g., tendency toward analytical reasoning). In research, the Society for Judgment and Decision Making is an international academic society dedicated to the topic; they publish the peer reviewed journal Judgment and Decision Making. Informal opinions expressed as facts. Informal in psychology used in reference to the quality of cognitive faculties and adjudicational capabilities of particular individuals, typically called wisdom or discernment. Opposite terms include foolishness or indiscretion. Formal the mental act of affirming or denying one statement or another through comparison. Judgements are communicated to others using agreed upon terms in the form of words or algebraic symbols as meanings to form propositions relating the terms, and whose further asserted meanings "of relation" are interpreted by those trying to understand the judgement. Legal used in the context of a legal trial, to refer to a final finding, statement, or ruling, based on a considered weighing of evidence, called, "adjudication". Opposites could be suspension or deferment of adjudication. See Judgment (law) for further explanation. Additionally, judgement can mean personality judgment; a psychological phenomenon in which a person forms specific opinions of other people.
Формальное суждение
Можно использовать способность к суждению, чтобы выносить суждения, стремясь понять идеи и то, что они обозначают, посредством рассуждений, проявляя при этом хорошее или плохое рассуждение и проницательность. Каждое употребление слова "суждение" имеет свой оттенок значения, соответствующий триаде умственной силы, акта и привычки. Является ли возможной научная классификация или изучение привычек, и существует ли вообще человеческая природа – это вопросы, которые остаются предметом споров.
Судебная власть или способность
Аристотель заметил, что наша способность судить проявляется в двух формах: выдвижение утверждений и размышление об определениях. Он определил эти способности различными способами. Утверждение, являющееся результатом суждения, может утверждать или отрицать что-либо; оно должно быть либо истинным, либо ложным. В суждении утверждается определенная связь между двумя вещами или отрицается существование такой связи. Определения, которые являются суждениями, – это пересечение двух или более понятий, а не те, которые представлены лишь обычными примерами, то есть конститутивные определения. Позднейшие аристотелисты, такие как Мортимер Адлер, ставили под вопрос, действительно ли "абстрактные определения", возникающие в результате объединения примеров в уме, аналитически отличны от суждений. Ум может автоматически склоняться к вынесению суждения, получив такие примеры.
Различение частей
В неформальном употреблении такие слова, как "суждение", часто используются неточно, даже когда их разделяют триада власти, действия и привычки. Аристотель заметил, что, хотя мы интерпретируем высказывания, вытекающие из суждений, и называем их "истинными" и "ложными", объекты, которые эти термины пытаются представить, являются лишь "истинными" или "ложными" – по отношению к акту суждения или выражению этого суждения – в смысле "удачно выбранного" или "неудачно выбранного". Например, мы можем сказать, что высказывание "апельсин круглый" является истинным, поскольку мы согласны с лежащим в основе сужденным отношением между объектами терминов, что заставляет нас считать высказывание соответствующим действительности. Однако сам объект термина "апельсин" не является отношением, которое можно судить как истинное или ложное, а название, взятое отдельно как термин, лишь представляет собой нечто, привлекшее наше внимание, верно или неверно, ради суждения, без какой-либо возможности дальнейшей оценки. Или можно увидеть "2 + 2 = 4" и назвать это высказывание, полученное из арифметического суждения, истинным, но, скорее всего, согласятся, что сами объекты числовых терминов "2" и "4" не являются ни истинными, ни ложными. В качестве еще одного примера рассмотрим язык математической задачи: "выразить составное число n через простые множители". Как только составное число разделяется на простые числа, выступающие в качестве объектов назначенных терминов задачи, можно увидеть, что они в определенном смысле называются терминами, поскольку их объекты являются конечными компонентами, возникающими в момент определенных суждений, как в случае "суждения о разделении". Это типы суждений, описанные в этом примере, которые должны завершаться, поскольку достигается точка, где дальнейшие "суждения о разложении" определенного качества (в данном случае, целые числа, отличные от единицы, делящие целые числа на целые числа, отличные от единицы) невозможны.
Суждение в религии
Христианство – Иисус предостерегал от осуждения других в Нагорной проповеди: «Не судите, да не судимы будете». Страшный суд является важной концепцией в авраамических религиях (иудаизме, христианстве и исламе), а также встречается во Фрашокерети зороастризма.