In-game advertising

Advertising in electronic games

In game advertising (IGA) is advertising in electronic games. IGA differs from advergames, which refers to games specifically made to advertise a product. The IGA industry is large and growing. In game advertising generated $34 million in 2004, $56 million in 2005, $80 million in 2006,
and $295 million in 2007. and according to Forbes is anticipated to grow to $7.2 billion by 2016. The earliest known IGA was the 1978 computer game Adventureland, which inserted a self promotional advertisement for its next game, Pirate Adventure. IGA can be integrated into the game either through a display in the background, such as an in game billboard or a commercial during the pause created when a game loads, or highly integrated within the game so that the advertised product is necessary to complete part of the game or is featured prominently within cutscenes. Due to the custom programming required, dynamic advertising is usually presented in the background; static advertisements can appear as either. One of the advantages of IGA over traditional advertisements is that consumers are less likely to multitask with other media while playing a game, however, some attention is still divided between the gameplay, controls, and the advertisement.

Similar to product placement in the film industry, static IGAs cannot be changed after they are programmed directly into the game (unless it's completely online). However, unlike product placement in traditional media, IGA allows gamers to interact with the virtual product. For example, Splinter Cell has required the use of in game Sony Ericsson phones to catch terrorists. Unlike static IGAs, dynamic IGAs are not limited to a developer and publisher determined pre programmed size or location and allow the advertiser to customize the advertisement display. For example, many sports games incorporate these advertisements to simulate the heavy advertising within professional sports. Similarly, many games employ brand name products such as guns and cars as in game status symbols. These brand references may not be advertisements and are instead placed in the game purely for plot or design reasons. However, trademark owners sometimes object to unlicensed references to their trademarks. See, e. g., E. S. S. Entertainment 2000, Inc. v. Rock Star Videos, Inc.

Increasing Internet connectivity and bandwidth has increased the use of dynamic IGA, which allows the game manufacturer or its advertisement vendor to deliver advertisements remotely, update advertisements after the game is launched, and target advertisements based on time or geography. This approach combines the customization of web banners with the functionality of traditional billboards and posters as most in game advertisements do not link to a website outside the game. Dynamic IGAs allow the game manufacturer or its advertisement delivery service to track advertisements in real time and capture viewing data such as screen time, type of advertisement, and viewing angle. Dynamic advertising campaigns allow IGA to be part of a time sensitive advertisement campaign because they do not need to be designed months or years before the game is finished. Dynamic advertisements can be purchased after a game is released to the general public are featured in a developer determined in game location. For example, in October 2008, billboard advertisements were purchased in 10 swing states by then US Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama in numerous Xbox games.

Freemium and free to play games are typically playable online and provide a free basic game with options for players to purchase advanced features or additional items. They operate under the theory that a gamer will pay for additional in game features after investing enough time in the game. In freemium games like Farmville, these transactions are typically one time payments for specific in game goods (micro transactions). Free to play games like Age of Conan instead try to induce players to enter into a pay to play relationship for premium content. While typically generating income though these other revenue sources, freemium and free to play games often feature advertisements as well via splash advertisements or advertiser sponsorships of virtual good giveaways as additional income.

Pay to play games charge players to access the game content. Depending on the game environment, some pay to play games feature IGA. For example, City of Heroes and Anarchy Online both use dynamic IGA in an urban game setting to mimic real world stimuli. In contrast, fantasy games such as EverQuest II and World of Warcraft may not include IGA when real world advertisements do not fit contextually. Blizzard has previously remarked that it would not consider using IGA within World of Warcraft; conversely, SOE experimented briefly with an in game command line function allowing players to order food delivery from Pizza Hut in EverQuest II. Virtual worlds and MMORPGs may host persistent online advertisements by allowing marketers to purchase virtual real estate. Aside from establishing a brand presence, companies can use it to test future real world locations. For example, the Aloft Hotels brand was established within Second Life prior to the completion of its real world counterpart.

The advertising industry has generally embraced IGA and advergaming as effective ways to reach 16 to 34 year old males. IGA is seen as an important means of gaining access to a generation of young males who use gaming as their relaxation activity instead of watching television. Advertisers may also appreciate IGA's economic returns; a 2010 Nielsen Company study showed that IGA had a return on investment of $3.11 per dollar spent. In 2007, Nielsen Media Research branched out into the IGA space by announcing a video games ratings service, GamePlay Metrics, to serve in game advertisers and measure IGA effectiveness. Several advertising agencies or ad networks specialize in IGA, and even more traditional advertising agencies have experimented with IGA.

Viewer numbers are hard to estimate because it is difficult to gauge the popularity of a game before its release; however, advertiser risk can be partially mitigated through benchmark based advertisement payments on game units sold or a refund agreement if a certain number of game sales are not reached. Some publishers see IGA as a way to offset growing game development costs, while others believe IGA will allow them to experiment with gameplay by reducing the financial risks associated with game development. However, not all publishers have found IGA successful. In 2008, Sony Corporation expressed doubts about advertisement funded games because of limited advertiser dollars and gamers' skepticism of IGA, However, in 2010, an Electronic Arts representative remarked, "We actually aren't getting much from ad revenue at all. The in game advertisement business hasn't grown as fast as people expected it to." Another issue publishers and developers must deal with is integrating IGA into games without alienating or frustrating players. Game companies worry that they may be forced to change the game as requested by advertisers if IGA becomes a common revenue source, and face a possible backlash from consumers. In some games it may be easier to rely on revenue from sales of virtual goods, as they may provide a more reliable and greater stream of income than advertising while having the advantage of being directly incorporated into the game experience and being under the complete creative control of the developer. Gamers may feel that IGA is invasive and in some cases have dubbed IGA supported software as spyware. Some gamers choose to remove advertisements from the game experience, either by paying more for an advertisement free copy or disabling the advertisements through exploits.

Several academic researchers have attempted to understand how effective IGA is. The effectiveness of such advertising is debated by several scholars. Yang et al. found some types of recognition were low among college students, although players did retain word fragments in sports games. Grace and Coyle found that 35% of players could recall advertised brands in a controlled study of car racing games. Lee and Faber found that the primary factors for player retention of IGA are location of brand messages in the game, game involvement, and prior game playing experience.