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Введение
Экологический учет полных затрат (ЭПЗ) – это метод учета затрат, отслеживающий прямые затраты и распределяющий косвенные затраты путем сбора и представления информации о возможных экологических издержках и выгодах, или, проще говоря, о "тройной результативности" для каждой рассматриваемой альтернативы. Это один из аспектов учета истинных затрат (УИЗ), наряду с человеческим и социальным капиталом. Поскольку определения понятий "истинный" и "полный" по своей сути субъективны, эксперты считают оба термина проблематичными. Поскольку издержки и выгоды обычно рассматриваются с точки зрения экологического, экономического и социального воздействия, усилия по учету полных или истинных затрат в совокупности называют "тройной нижней чертой". В настоящее время существует множество стандартов в этой области, включая экологический след, экологическую маркировку и подход Международного совета местных экологических инициатив к "тройной нижней черте" с использованием метрики ecoBudget. Международная организация по стандартизации (ISO) разработала несколько аккредитованных стандартов, полезных для ЭПЗ или УИЗ, включая стандарты для парниковых газов, серию ISO 26000 по корпоративной социальной ответственности (выпущенную в 2010 году) и стандарт ISO 19011 для проведения аудитов, охватывающих все вышеперечисленное. В связи с эволюцией терминологии, особенно в государственном секторе, термин "учет полных затрат" теперь чаще используется в управленческом учете, например, в управлении инфраструктурой и финансами. Использование терминов ЭПЗ или УИЗ обычно указывает на относительно консервативное расширение существующих управленческих практик и постепенное улучшение общепринятых принципов бухгалтерского учета (GAAP) для учета отходов и ресурсов. Это позволяет избежать более спорных вопросов, связанных с социальными издержками.
Environmental full cost accounting (EFCA) is a method of cost accounting that traces direct costs and allocates indirect costs by collecting and presenting information about the possible environmental costs and benefits or advantagesin short, about the "triple bottom line"for each proposed alternative. It is one aspect of true cost accounting (TCA), along with Human capital and Social capital. As definitions for "true" and "full" are inherently subjective, experts consider both terms problematic. Since costs and advantages are usually considered in terms of environmental, economic and social impacts, full or true cost efforts are collectively called the "triple bottom line". Many standards now exist in this area including Ecological Footprint, eco labels, and the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives' approach to triple bottom line using the ecoBudget metric. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has several accredited standards useful in FCA or TCA including for greenhouse gases, the ISO 26000 series for corporate social responsibility coming in 2010, and the ISO 19011 standard for audits including all these. Because of this evolution of terminology in the public sector use especially, the term full cost accounting is now more commonly used in management accounting, e. g. infrastructure management and finance. Use of the terms FCA or TCA usually indicate relatively conservative extensions of current management practices, and incremental improvements to GAAP to deal with waste output or resource input. These have the advantage of avoiding the more contentious questions of social cost.
Расходы, а не расходы
Расходы – это выплаты денежных средств для приобретения или использования ресурса. Стоимость – это денежное выражение ценности ресурса по мере его использования. Например, выплаты осуществляются при покупке транспортного средства, но стоимость этого транспортного средства признается в течение всего срока его эксплуатации (например, десяти лет). Стоимость транспортного средства необходимо распределять во времени, поскольку каждый год его использования приводит к уменьшению его стоимости (амортизации).
Expenditure of cash to acquire or use a resource. A cost is the cash value of the resource as it is used. For example, an outlay is made when a vehicle is purchased, but the cost of the vehicle is incurred over its active life (e. g., ten years). The cost of the vehicle must be allocated over a period of time because every year of its use contributes to the depreciation of the vehicle's value.
Скрытые расходы
Стоимость товаров и услуг отражается как затраты, даже если не происходит фактической выплаты денежных средств. Например, одно сообщество может получить грант от государства на приобретение оборудования. Это оборудование имеет ценность, даже если сообщество не оплатило его наличными. Следовательно, это оборудование должно быть учтено при проведении анализа FCA. Государственные субсидии в энергетической и пищевой промышленности удерживают реальные затраты на низком уровне за счет искусственно заниженных цен на продукцию. Такая манипуляция ценами стимулирует неустойчивые практики и дополнительно скрывает негативные внешние эффекты, характерные для производства ископаемого топлива и современного механизированного сельского хозяйства.
The value of goods and services is reflected as a cost even if no cash outlay is involved. One community might receive a grant from a state, for example, to purchase equipment. This equipment has value, even though the community did not pay for it in cash. The equipment, therefore, should be valued in an FCA analysis. Government subsidies in the energy and food production industries keep true costs low through artificially cheap product pricing. This price manipulation encourages unsustainable practices and further hides negative externalities endemic to fossil fuel production and modern mechanized agriculture.
Направленные и косвенные расходы
Расчет полной себестоимости (FCA) учитывает все накладные и косвенные расходы, включая те, которые распределяются между различными государственными учреждениями. Накладные и косвенные расходы могут включать в себя юридические услуги, административную поддержку, обработку данных, выставление счетов и закупки. Экологические издержки, рассматриваемые как косвенные расходы, включают в себя весь спектр затрат на протяжении жизненного цикла продукта (оценка жизненного цикла), некоторые из которых даже не отражаются в финансовых результатах компании. Он также включает в себя постоянные накладные расходы, постоянные административные расходы и т.д.
FCA accounts for all overhead and indirect costs, including those that are shared with other public agencies. Overhead and indirect costs might include legal services, administrative support, data processing, billing, and purchasing. Environmental costs as indirect costs include the full range of costs throughout the life cycle of a product (Life cycle assessment), some of which even do not show up in the firm's bottom line. It also contains fixed overhead, fixed administration expense etc.
Прошлые и будущие расходы
Прошлые и будущие денежные выплаты часто не отражаются в годовых бюджетах при использовании кассовых систем учета. Прошлые (или авансовые) затраты – это первоначальные инвестиции, необходимые для внедрения услуг, такие как приобретение транспортных средств, оборудования или объектов недвижимости. Будущие (или последующие) выплаты – это затраты, связанные с завершением деятельности, такие как закрытие объекта и последующий уход за ним, вывод оборудования из эксплуатации, а также медицинское и пенсионное обеспечение после выхода на пенсию.
Past and future cash outlays often do not appear on annual budgets under cash accounting systems. Past (or upfront) costs are initial investments necessary to implement services such as the acquisition of vehicles, equipment, or facilities. Future (or back end) outlays are costs incurred to complete operations such as facility closure and postclosure care, equipment retirement, and post employment health and retirement benefits.
Управление отходами
Государство Флорида использует термин "полная себестоимость" для управления твердыми бытовыми отходами. В данном случае, полная себестоимость (FCA) – это систематический подход к выявлению, суммированию и отчетности о фактических затратах на управление твердыми бытовыми отходами. Он учитывает прошлые и будущие затраты, накладные расходы (обеспечение надзора и поддержки) и операционные расходы. Интегрированные системы управления твердыми бытовыми отходами состоят из различных видов деятельности и путей обращения с твердыми коммунальными отходами (ТКО). Деятельность является основой системы и может включать сбор отходов, работу перегрузочных станций, транспортировку на объекты по обработке отходов, переработку и утилизацию отходов, а также продажу вторичного сырья. Пути – это направления движения ТКО в процессе интегрированного управления твердыми отходами (то есть, от источника образования через обработку до окончательного размещения) и включают переработку, компостирование, энергетическую утилизацию и захоронение на полигонах. Стоимость некоторых видов деятельности распределяется между различными путями. Понимание затрат на деятельность по обращению с ТКО часто необходимо для расчета общей стоимости системы управления твердыми отходами и помогает муниципалитетам определить, предоставлять ли услуги самостоятельно или передавать их на аутсорсинг. Однако, при рассмотрении изменений, влияющих на объемы ТКО, направляемого на переработку, компостирование, энергетическую утилизацию или захоронение, аналитику следует сосредоточиться на затратах, связанных с различными путями обращения с отходами. Понимание полной себестоимости каждого пути обращения с ТКО является важным первым шагом при обсуждении возможности изменения потоков ТКО в ту или иную сторону.
The State of Florida uses the term full cost accounting for its solid waste management. In this instance, FCA is a systematic approach for identifying, summing, and reporting the actual costs of solid waste management. It takes into account past and future outlays, overhead (oversight and support services) costs, and operating costs. Integrated solid waste management systems consist of a variety of municipal solid waste (MSW) activities and paths. Activities are the building blocks of the system, which may include waste collection, operation of transfer stations, transport to waste management facilities, waste processing and disposal, and sale of byproducts. Paths are the directions that MSW follows in the course of integrated solid waste management (i. e., the point of generation through processing and ultimate disposition) and include recycling, composting, waste to energy, and landfill disposal. The cost of some activities is shared between paths. Understanding the costs of MSW activities is often necessary for compiling the costs of the entire solid waste system, and helps municipalities evaluate whether to provide a service itself or contract out for it. However, in considering changes that affect how much MSW ends up being recycled, composted, converted to energy, or landfilled, the analyst should focus the costs of the different paths. Understanding the full costs of each MSW path is an essential first step in discussing whether to shift the flows of MSW one way another.
Преимущества
Определите затраты на управление ТКО. Когда муниципалитеты финансируют услуги по управлению ТКО из общих налоговых средств, затраты на управление ТКО могут теряться среди других расходов. Благодаря методу FCA (полной стоимости услуг) руководители могут лучше контролировать расходы на ТКО, поскольку они знают их точную величину.
Identify the costs of MSW management When municipalities handle MSW services through general tax funds, the costs of MSW management can get lost among other expenditures. With FCA, managers can have more control over MSW costs because they know what the costs are. See through the peaks and valleys in MSW cash expenditures Using techniques such as depreciation and amortization, FCA produces a more accurate picture of the costs of MSW programs, without the distortions that can result from focusing solely on a given year's cash expenditures. Explain MSW costs to citizens more clearly FCA helps you collect and compile the information needed to explain to citizens what solid waste management actually costs. Although some people might think that solid waste management is free (because they are not billed specifically for MSW services), others might overestimate its cost. FCA can result in "bottom line" numbers that speak directly to residents. In addition, public officials can use FCA results to respond to specific public concerns. Adopt a business like approach to MSW management By focusing attention on costs, FCA fosters a more businesslike approach to MSW management. Consumers of goods and services increasingly expect value, which means an appropriate balance between quality and cost of service. FCA can help identify opportunities for streamlining services, eliminating inefficiencies, and facilitating cost saving efforts through informed planning and decision making. Develop a stronger position in negotiating with vendors When considering privatization of MSW services, solid waste managers can use FCA to learn what it costs (or would cost) to do the work. As a result, FCA better positions public agencies for negotiations and decision making. FCA also can help communities with publicly run operations determine whether their costs are competitive with the private sector. Evaluate the appropriate mix of MSW services FCA gives managers the ability to evaluate the cost of each element of their solid waste system, such as recycling, composting, waste to energy, and landfilling. FCA can help managers avoid common mistakes in thinking about solid waste management, notably the error of treating avoided costs as revenues. Fine tune MSW programs As more communities use FCA and report the results, managers might be able to "benchmark" their operations to similar communities or norms. This comparison can suggest options for "re engineering" current operations. Furthermore, when cities, counties, and towns know what it costs to manage MSW independently, they can better identify any savings that might come from working together.
Проанализируйте динамику денежных расходов на ТКО. Используя такие методы, как амортизация и накопление, FCA формирует более точную картину затрат на программы по ТКО, без искажений, которые могут возникнуть при фокусировке исключительно на денежных расходах за конкретный год.
Identify the costs of MSW management When municipalities handle MSW services through general tax funds, the costs of MSW management can get lost among other expenditures. With FCA, managers can have more control over MSW costs because they know what the costs are. See through the peaks and valleys in MSW cash expenditures Using techniques such as depreciation and amortization, FCA produces a more accurate picture of the costs of MSW programs, without the distortions that can result from focusing solely on a given year's cash expenditures. Explain MSW costs to citizens more clearly FCA helps you collect and compile the information needed to explain to citizens what solid waste management actually costs. Although some people might think that solid waste management is free (because they are not billed specifically for MSW services), others might overestimate its cost. FCA can result in "bottom line" numbers that speak directly to residents. In addition, public officials can use FCA results to respond to specific public concerns. Adopt a business like approach to MSW management By focusing attention on costs, FCA fosters a more businesslike approach to MSW management. Consumers of goods and services increasingly expect value, which means an appropriate balance between quality and cost of service. FCA can help identify opportunities for streamlining services, eliminating inefficiencies, and facilitating cost saving efforts through informed planning and decision making. Develop a stronger position in negotiating with vendors When considering privatization of MSW services, solid waste managers can use FCA to learn what it costs (or would cost) to do the work. As a result, FCA better positions public agencies for negotiations and decision making. FCA also can help communities with publicly run operations determine whether their costs are competitive with the private sector. Evaluate the appropriate mix of MSW services FCA gives managers the ability to evaluate the cost of each element of their solid waste system, such as recycling, composting, waste to energy, and landfilling. FCA can help managers avoid common mistakes in thinking about solid waste management, notably the error of treating avoided costs as revenues. Fine tune MSW programs As more communities use FCA and report the results, managers might be able to "benchmark" their operations to similar communities or norms. This comparison can suggest options for "re engineering" current operations. Furthermore, when cities, counties, and towns know what it costs to manage MSW independently, they can better identify any savings that might come from working together.
Более четко объясняйте гражданам затраты на ТКО. FCA помогает собрать и систематизировать информацию, необходимую для объяснения гражданам реальной стоимости управления твердыми коммунальными отходами. Хотя некоторые могут считать, что управление ТКО бесплатно (поскольку за эти услуги не выставляются отдельные счета), другие могут переоценивать его стоимость. FCA позволяет получить итоговые цифры, которые будут понятны жителям. Кроме того, государственные служащие могут использовать результаты FCA для ответа на конкретные вопросы общественности.
Identify the costs of MSW management When municipalities handle MSW services through general tax funds, the costs of MSW management can get lost among other expenditures. With FCA, managers can have more control over MSW costs because they know what the costs are. See through the peaks and valleys in MSW cash expenditures Using techniques such as depreciation and amortization, FCA produces a more accurate picture of the costs of MSW programs, without the distortions that can result from focusing solely on a given year's cash expenditures. Explain MSW costs to citizens more clearly FCA helps you collect and compile the information needed to explain to citizens what solid waste management actually costs. Although some people might think that solid waste management is free (because they are not billed specifically for MSW services), others might overestimate its cost. FCA can result in "bottom line" numbers that speak directly to residents. In addition, public officials can use FCA results to respond to specific public concerns. Adopt a business like approach to MSW management By focusing attention on costs, FCA fosters a more businesslike approach to MSW management. Consumers of goods and services increasingly expect value, which means an appropriate balance between quality and cost of service. FCA can help identify opportunities for streamlining services, eliminating inefficiencies, and facilitating cost saving efforts through informed planning and decision making. Develop a stronger position in negotiating with vendors When considering privatization of MSW services, solid waste managers can use FCA to learn what it costs (or would cost) to do the work. As a result, FCA better positions public agencies for negotiations and decision making. FCA also can help communities with publicly run operations determine whether their costs are competitive with the private sector. Evaluate the appropriate mix of MSW services FCA gives managers the ability to evaluate the cost of each element of their solid waste system, such as recycling, composting, waste to energy, and landfilling. FCA can help managers avoid common mistakes in thinking about solid waste management, notably the error of treating avoided costs as revenues. Fine tune MSW programs As more communities use FCA and report the results, managers might be able to "benchmark" their operations to similar communities or norms. This comparison can suggest options for "re engineering" current operations. Furthermore, when cities, counties, and towns know what it costs to manage MSW independently, they can better identify any savings that might come from working together.
Внедрите подход к управлению ТКО, характерный для бизнеса. Сосредоточив внимание на затратах, FCA способствует более деловому подходу к управлению ТКО. Потребители товаров и услуг все чаще ожидают соответствия цены и качества. FCA помогает выявить возможности для оптимизации услуг, устранения неэффективности и снижения затрат за счет обоснованного планирования и принятия решений.
Identify the costs of MSW management When municipalities handle MSW services through general tax funds, the costs of MSW management can get lost among other expenditures. With FCA, managers can have more control over MSW costs because they know what the costs are. See through the peaks and valleys in MSW cash expenditures Using techniques such as depreciation and amortization, FCA produces a more accurate picture of the costs of MSW programs, without the distortions that can result from focusing solely on a given year's cash expenditures. Explain MSW costs to citizens more clearly FCA helps you collect and compile the information needed to explain to citizens what solid waste management actually costs. Although some people might think that solid waste management is free (because they are not billed specifically for MSW services), others might overestimate its cost. FCA can result in "bottom line" numbers that speak directly to residents. In addition, public officials can use FCA results to respond to specific public concerns. Adopt a business like approach to MSW management By focusing attention on costs, FCA fosters a more businesslike approach to MSW management. Consumers of goods and services increasingly expect value, which means an appropriate balance between quality and cost of service. FCA can help identify opportunities for streamlining services, eliminating inefficiencies, and facilitating cost saving efforts through informed planning and decision making. Develop a stronger position in negotiating with vendors When considering privatization of MSW services, solid waste managers can use FCA to learn what it costs (or would cost) to do the work. As a result, FCA better positions public agencies for negotiations and decision making. FCA also can help communities with publicly run operations determine whether their costs are competitive with the private sector. Evaluate the appropriate mix of MSW services FCA gives managers the ability to evaluate the cost of each element of their solid waste system, such as recycling, composting, waste to energy, and landfilling. FCA can help managers avoid common mistakes in thinking about solid waste management, notably the error of treating avoided costs as revenues. Fine tune MSW programs As more communities use FCA and report the results, managers might be able to "benchmark" their operations to similar communities or norms. This comparison can suggest options for "re engineering" current operations. Furthermore, when cities, counties, and towns know what it costs to manage MSW independently, they can better identify any savings that might come from working together.
Укрепите свои позиции при переговорах с поставщиками. При рассмотрении вопроса о приватизации услуг по управлению ТКО специалисты могут использовать FCA для определения фактической (или потенциальной) стоимости выполнения работ. Это позволяет государственным учреждениям более эффективно вести переговоры и принимать решения. FCA также может помочь организациям, осуществляющим управление ТКО самостоятельно, оценить, насколько их затраты конкурентоспособны по сравнению с частным сектором.
Identify the costs of MSW management When municipalities handle MSW services through general tax funds, the costs of MSW management can get lost among other expenditures. With FCA, managers can have more control over MSW costs because they know what the costs are. See through the peaks and valleys in MSW cash expenditures Using techniques such as depreciation and amortization, FCA produces a more accurate picture of the costs of MSW programs, without the distortions that can result from focusing solely on a given year's cash expenditures. Explain MSW costs to citizens more clearly FCA helps you collect and compile the information needed to explain to citizens what solid waste management actually costs. Although some people might think that solid waste management is free (because they are not billed specifically for MSW services), others might overestimate its cost. FCA can result in "bottom line" numbers that speak directly to residents. In addition, public officials can use FCA results to respond to specific public concerns. Adopt a business like approach to MSW management By focusing attention on costs, FCA fosters a more businesslike approach to MSW management. Consumers of goods and services increasingly expect value, which means an appropriate balance between quality and cost of service. FCA can help identify opportunities for streamlining services, eliminating inefficiencies, and facilitating cost saving efforts through informed planning and decision making. Develop a stronger position in negotiating with vendors When considering privatization of MSW services, solid waste managers can use FCA to learn what it costs (or would cost) to do the work. As a result, FCA better positions public agencies for negotiations and decision making. FCA also can help communities with publicly run operations determine whether their costs are competitive with the private sector. Evaluate the appropriate mix of MSW services FCA gives managers the ability to evaluate the cost of each element of their solid waste system, such as recycling, composting, waste to energy, and landfilling. FCA can help managers avoid common mistakes in thinking about solid waste management, notably the error of treating avoided costs as revenues. Fine tune MSW programs As more communities use FCA and report the results, managers might be able to "benchmark" their operations to similar communities or norms. This comparison can suggest options for "re engineering" current operations. Furthermore, when cities, counties, and towns know what it costs to manage MSW independently, they can better identify any savings that might come from working together.
Оцените оптимальный набор услуг по управлению ТКО. FCA предоставляет руководителям возможность оценить стоимость каждого элемента системы управления ТКО, такого как переработка, компостирование, переработка отходов в энергию и захоронение. FCA помогает избежать распространенных ошибок при планировании управления ТКО, в частности, ошибочного учета экономии затрат как доходов.
Identify the costs of MSW management When municipalities handle MSW services through general tax funds, the costs of MSW management can get lost among other expenditures. With FCA, managers can have more control over MSW costs because they know what the costs are. See through the peaks and valleys in MSW cash expenditures Using techniques such as depreciation and amortization, FCA produces a more accurate picture of the costs of MSW programs, without the distortions that can result from focusing solely on a given year's cash expenditures. Explain MSW costs to citizens more clearly FCA helps you collect and compile the information needed to explain to citizens what solid waste management actually costs. Although some people might think that solid waste management is free (because they are not billed specifically for MSW services), others might overestimate its cost. FCA can result in "bottom line" numbers that speak directly to residents. In addition, public officials can use FCA results to respond to specific public concerns. Adopt a business like approach to MSW management By focusing attention on costs, FCA fosters a more businesslike approach to MSW management. Consumers of goods and services increasingly expect value, which means an appropriate balance between quality and cost of service. FCA can help identify opportunities for streamlining services, eliminating inefficiencies, and facilitating cost saving efforts through informed planning and decision making. Develop a stronger position in negotiating with vendors When considering privatization of MSW services, solid waste managers can use FCA to learn what it costs (or would cost) to do the work. As a result, FCA better positions public agencies for negotiations and decision making. FCA also can help communities with publicly run operations determine whether their costs are competitive with the private sector. Evaluate the appropriate mix of MSW services FCA gives managers the ability to evaluate the cost of each element of their solid waste system, such as recycling, composting, waste to energy, and landfilling. FCA can help managers avoid common mistakes in thinking about solid waste management, notably the error of treating avoided costs as revenues. Fine tune MSW programs As more communities use FCA and report the results, managers might be able to "benchmark" their operations to similar communities or norms. This comparison can suggest options for "re engineering" current operations. Furthermore, when cities, counties, and towns know what it costs to manage MSW independently, they can better identify any savings that might come from working together.
Оптимизируйте программы по управлению ТКО. По мере того, как все большее число муниципалитетов используют FCA и публикуют результаты, руководители смогут проводить сравнительный анализ своих показателей с аналогичными муниципалитетами или общепринятыми нормами. Это сравнение может предложить варианты реинжиниринга текущих операций. Кроме того, когда города, округа и поселки знают, сколько стоит самостоятельно управлять ТКО, они могут лучше определить потенциальную экономию от совместной работы.
Identify the costs of MSW management When municipalities handle MSW services through general tax funds, the costs of MSW management can get lost among other expenditures. With FCA, managers can have more control over MSW costs because they know what the costs are. See through the peaks and valleys in MSW cash expenditures Using techniques such as depreciation and amortization, FCA produces a more accurate picture of the costs of MSW programs, without the distortions that can result from focusing solely on a given year's cash expenditures. Explain MSW costs to citizens more clearly FCA helps you collect and compile the information needed to explain to citizens what solid waste management actually costs. Although some people might think that solid waste management is free (because they are not billed specifically for MSW services), others might overestimate its cost. FCA can result in "bottom line" numbers that speak directly to residents. In addition, public officials can use FCA results to respond to specific public concerns. Adopt a business like approach to MSW management By focusing attention on costs, FCA fosters a more businesslike approach to MSW management. Consumers of goods and services increasingly expect value, which means an appropriate balance between quality and cost of service. FCA can help identify opportunities for streamlining services, eliminating inefficiencies, and facilitating cost saving efforts through informed planning and decision making. Develop a stronger position in negotiating with vendors When considering privatization of MSW services, solid waste managers can use FCA to learn what it costs (or would cost) to do the work. As a result, FCA better positions public agencies for negotiations and decision making. FCA also can help communities with publicly run operations determine whether their costs are competitive with the private sector. Evaluate the appropriate mix of MSW services FCA gives managers the ability to evaluate the cost of each element of their solid waste system, such as recycling, composting, waste to energy, and landfilling. FCA can help managers avoid common mistakes in thinking about solid waste management, notably the error of treating avoided costs as revenues. Fine tune MSW programs As more communities use FCA and report the results, managers might be able to "benchmark" their operations to similar communities or norms. This comparison can suggest options for "re engineering" current operations. Furthermore, when cities, counties, and towns know what it costs to manage MSW independently, they can better identify any savings that might come from working together.
Продовольствие и сельское хозяйство
В течение последних десяти лет в области продовольствия и сельского хозяйства уделялось значительное внимание учету полных затрат (FCA) или учету истинных затрат (TCA). В 2013 и 2016 годах Sustainable Food Trust организовал две конференции по учету истинных затрат в продовольственной системе и сельском хозяйстве, соответственно в Великобритании и США. В 2014 и 2015 годах ФАО опубликовала два исследования с анализом TCA воздействия пищевых отходов ("Food wastage footprint: full cost accounting") и еще один анализ TCA общего воздействия мирового производства продовольствия на природный капитал ("Natural Capital Impacts in Agriculture"). В первом отчете ФАО пришла к выводу, что ежегодное скрытое воздействие пищевых отходов на природный капитал составило 700 миллиардов долларов США, а скрытое воздействие на социальный капитал – 900 миллиардов долларов США. Во втором отчете ФАО оценила экологический ущерб от мирового производства продовольствия в 2330 миллиардов долларов США в год.
Over the last ten years there has been considerable attention on Full Cost Accounting (FCA) or True Cost Accounting (TCA) in the field of food and agriculture. In 2013 and 2016, the Sustainable Food Trust organised two conferences on True Cost Accounting in food and farming, in the UK and the USA respectively. The FAO published two studies in 2014 and 2015 with a TCA analysis of the impact of food wastage ("Food wastage footprint: full cost accounting" ) and another TCA analysis of the total impact of world food production on Natural Capital ("Natural Capital Impacts in Agriculture" ). In the first report, the FAO came to the conclusion that the yearly hidden impact of food wastage on Natural Capital amounted to USD 700 billion while the hidden impact on social capital amounted to USD 900 billion dollars. In the second report, the FAO estimated the environmental damage of the world food production at USD 2330 billion per year.
Причины принятия
Были выявлены различные мотивы принятия FCA/TCA. Наиболее значимые из них обычно связаны с предвидением рыночных или регуляторных проблем, возникающих из-за игнорирования комплексных последствий всего процесса или события. В зеленой экономике это является ключевой проблемой и основой для критики таких показателей, как ВВП. Государственный сектор все чаще склоняется к долгосрочным показателям, чтобы избежать обвинений в предвзятости в пользу конкретных решений, которые кажутся финансово или экономически выгодными в краткосрочной перспективе, но не в долгосрочной. Руководители компаний иногда используют FCA/TCA для принятия решений о необходимости отзыва продукции или внедрения добровольного управления жизненным циклом продукта (форма отзыва в конце срока службы продукта). Это может быть обусловлено стремлением снизить будущие риски ответственности перед теми, кто пострадал от отходов, образующихся после использования продукта. Продвинутые теории FCA, такие как Natural Step, уделяют этому особое внимание. По словам Рэя Андерсона, который внедрил форму FCA/TCA в Interface Carpet, он использовал ее для исключения решений, увеличивающих экологический след, и для более четкой ориентации компании на устойчивую маркетинговую стратегию. Подходы городской и промышленной экологии по своей сути поддерживают FCA, рассматривая застроенную среду как своего рода экосистему для минимизации собственных отходов.
Various motives for adoption of FCA/TCA have been identified. The most significant of which tend to involve anticipating market or regulatory problems associated with ignoring the comprehensive outcome of the whole process or event accounted for. In green economics, this is the major concern and basis for critiques of such measures as GDP. The public sector has tended to move more towards longer term measures to avoid accusations of political favoritism towards specific solutions that seem to make financial or economic sense in the short term, but not longer term. Corporate decision makers sometimes call on FCA/TCA measures to decide whether to initiate recalls, practice voluntary product stewardship (a form of recall at the end of a product's useful life). This can be motivated as a hedge against future liabilities arising from those who are negatively affected by the waste a product becomes. Advanced theories of FCA, such as Natural Step, focus firmly on these. According to Ray Anderson, who instituted a form of FCA/TCA at Interface Carpet, used it to rule out decisions that increase Ecological Footprint and focus the company more clearly on a sustainable marketing strategy. The urban ecology and industrial ecology approaches inherently advocate FCA — treating the built environment as a sort of ecosystem to minimize its own wastes.