Калибан: История персонажа и его интерпретации в искусстве

Character in Shakespeare's play The Tempest

Caliban ('/k//æ//l//ɪ//b//æ//n/ KALiban), son of the witch Sycorax, is an important character in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest. His character is one of the few Shakespearean figures to take on a life of its own "outside" Shakespeare's own work: as Russell Hoban put it, "Caliban is one of the hungry ideas, he's always looking for someone to word him into being Caliban is a necessary idea".

There is a long history of enthusiastic speculation on the name's origin or derivation. One of the most prominent suggestions concerns Caliban being an anagram of the Spanish word caníbal (Carib people), the source of cannibal in English. The character may be seen as a satire on "Noble cannibal" from Montaigne's Essays (A.30, "Of Cannibals"). Also popular has been comparison to kaliban or cauliban in the Romani language, which mean black or with blackness. The first Romanichal had arrived in England a century before Shakespeare's time. Since 1889, it has been suggested that Shakespeare may have named Caliban after the Tunisian city Calibia (now called Kelibia) that is seen on maps of the Mediterranean dating to 1529. Many other, though less notable, suggestions have been made, primarily in the 19th century, including an Arabic word for "vile dog", a Hindu Kalee ban "satyr of Kalee, the Hindu Proserpine", German Kabeljau ("codfish"), etc.

In the 1956 science fiction film Forbidden Planet, Caliban is re imagined as "the Monster from the Id", a wild and violent monster that is invisible to the naked eye. The monster later turns out to be born of the subconscious of the film's Prospero character, Dr. Morbius, using the advanced technology of the Krell. Like Caliban, the monster ultimately rebels and attempts to kill its master. Captain Adams confronts Dr. Morbius with the fact that he is giving form to his subconscious, and his guilty conscience, from having brought it into existence, finally ends the monster's destructive rampage. In Derek Jarman's 1979 film adaptation, Caliban is portrayed by Jack Birkett. In the 1980 BBC Television adaptation, Caliban was portrayed by Warren Clarke. Caliban appears as the wild and lustful Greek Kalibanos (played by Raúl Juliá) in Paul Mazursky's film adaptation Tempest (1982). In the 1989 animated Swedish film The Journey to Melonia, loosely inspired by The Tempest, Caliban is presented as a creature made of vegetable and branches. While he still resents his servitude, this Caliban is kind at heart. In Peter Greenaway's 1991 film Prospero's Books, Caliban was played by Scottish dancer Michael Clark. In the 1992 animated version, Caliban was voiced by Alun Armstrong. Caliban appears as the bayou dwelling "Gator Man" (played by John Pyper Ferguson) in Jack Bender's 1998 TV film The Tempest (set in Mississippi during the Civil War). In Julie Taymor's 2010 film adaptation, Caliban is portrayed by Djimon Hounsou. In The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina, Caliban is a prince of Hell competing for Sabrina's throne, portrayed by Sam Corlett. This character happens to be knowledgeable and skilled in witchcraft, a reference to Shakespeare's Sycorax.