Введение
Вымерший вид рода Aenocyon из Северной Америки.
Speciesbox
| name = Dire wolf
| fossil range =
| image = Canis dirus Sternberg Museum. jpg
| image upright = 1.1
| image caption = Mounted skeleton, Sternberg Museum of Natural History
| parent authority = Merriam, 1918
Canis ayersi Sellards, 1916 /iː//'//n//ɒ//s//aɪ//.//ɒ//n// //'//d//aɪ//r//ə//s/) is an extinct canine. The dire wolf lived in the Americas (with a possible single record also known from East Asia) during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene epochs (125,000–9,500 years ago). The species was named in 1858, four years after the first specimen had been found. Two subspecies are recognized: Aenocyon dirus guildayi and Aenocyon dirus dirus. The largest collection of its fossils has been obtained from the Rancho La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles. Dire wolf remains have been found across a broad range of habitats including the plains, grasslands, and some forested mountain areas of North America, the arid savanna of South America. The sites range in elevation from sea level to Dire wolf fossils have rarely been found north of 42°N latitude; there have been only five unconfirmed reports above this latitude. This range restriction is thought to be due to temperature, prey, or habitat limitations imposed by proximity to the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets that existed at the time. The dire wolf was about the same size as the largest modern gray wolves (Canis lupus): the Yukon wolf and the northwestern wolf. A. d. guildayi weighed on average and A. d. dirus was on average Its skull and dentition matched those of C. lupus, but its teeth were larger with greater shearing ability, and its bite force at the canine tooth was stronger than any known Canis species. These characteristics are thought to be adaptations for preying on Late Pleistocene megaherbivores, and in North America, its prey is known to have included western horses, ground sloths, mastodons, ancient bison, and camels. Its extinction occurred during the Quaternary extinction event along with its main prey species. Its reliance on megaherbivores has been proposed as the cause of its extinction, along with climatic change and competition with other species, or a combination of those factors. Dire wolves lived as recently as 9,500 years ago, according to dated remains.
Speciesbox
| name = Dire wolf
| fossil range =
| image = Canis dirus Sternberg Museum.jpg
| image upright = 1.1
| image caption = Смонтированный скелет, Музей естественной истории Стернберга
| parent authority = Merriam, 1918
Speciesbox
| name = Dire wolf
| fossil range =
| image = Canis dirus Sternberg Museum. jpg
| image upright = 1.1
| image caption = Mounted skeleton, Sternberg Museum of Natural History
| parent authority = Merriam, 1918
Canis ayersi Sellards, 1916 /iː//'//n//ɒ//s//aɪ//.//ɒ//n// //'//d//aɪ//r//ə//s/) is an extinct canine. The dire wolf lived in the Americas (with a possible single record also known from East Asia) during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene epochs (125,000–9,500 years ago). The species was named in 1858, four years after the first specimen had been found. Two subspecies are recognized: Aenocyon dirus guildayi and Aenocyon dirus dirus. The largest collection of its fossils has been obtained from the Rancho La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles. Dire wolf remains have been found across a broad range of habitats including the plains, grasslands, and some forested mountain areas of North America, the arid savanna of South America. The sites range in elevation from sea level to Dire wolf fossils have rarely been found north of 42°N latitude; there have been only five unconfirmed reports above this latitude. This range restriction is thought to be due to temperature, prey, or habitat limitations imposed by proximity to the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets that existed at the time. The dire wolf was about the same size as the largest modern gray wolves (Canis lupus): the Yukon wolf and the northwestern wolf. A. d. guildayi weighed on average and A. d. dirus was on average Its skull and dentition matched those of C. lupus, but its teeth were larger with greater shearing ability, and its bite force at the canine tooth was stronger than any known Canis species. These characteristics are thought to be adaptations for preying on Late Pleistocene megaherbivores, and in North America, its prey is known to have included western horses, ground sloths, mastodons, ancient bison, and camels. Its extinction occurred during the Quaternary extinction event along with its main prey species. Its reliance on megaherbivores has been proposed as the cause of its extinction, along with climatic change and competition with other species, or a combination of those factors. Dire wolves lived as recently as 9,500 years ago, according to dated remains.
Canis dirus (произносится как /ˌkeɪˈnɪs ˈdaɪrəs/) – вымерший вид псовых. Волк-убийца (Dire wolf) обитал в Америке (с возможной единичной находкой в Восточной Азии) в позднем плейстоцене и раннем голоцене (125 000–9 500 лет назад). Вид был описан в 1858 году, спустя четыре года после обнаружения первого экземпляра. Выделяют два подвида: Aenocyon dirus guildayi и Aenocyon dirus dirus. Наибольшая коллекция ископаемых останков найдена в битуминозных ямах Ранчо Ла-Бреа в Лос-Анджелесе. Останки волков-убийц обнаружены в широком спектре местообитаний, включая равнины, луга и некоторые лесистые горные районы Северной Америки, а также засушливые саванны Южной Америки. Высота мест находок варьируется от уровня моря до… Ископаемые останки волков-убийц редко находят севернее 42° северной широты; известно лишь пять неподтвержденных находок выше этой широты. Считается, что такое ограничение ареала связано с температурными ограничениями, доступностью добычи или условиями среды обитания, обусловленными близостью к существовавшим в то время лаврентийскому и кордильерскому ледниковым щитам. Волк-убийца был примерно такого же размера, как самые крупные современные серые волки (Canis lupus): юконский волк и северо-западный волк. A. d. guildayi в среднем весил…, а A. d. dirus –… Его череп и зубная система соответствовали таковым у C. lupus, но зубы были крупнее и обладали большей способностью к разрезанию, а сила укуса клыком была сильнее, чем у любого известного вида Canis. Эти характеристики, вероятно, являются адаптацией к охоте на мегагербиворов позднего плейстоцена, а в Северной Америке его добычей были, в частности, западные лошади, наземные ленивцы, мастодонты, древние бизоны и верблюды. Вымирание произошло во время четвертичного вымирания вместе с основными видами добычи. Предполагается, что зависимость от мегагербиворов, изменение климата и конкуренция с другими видами, или их сочетание, стали причиной вымирания. Согласно датированным останкам, волки-убийцы существовали до 9500 лет назад.
Speciesbox
| name = Dire wolf
| fossil range =
| image = Canis dirus Sternberg Museum. jpg
| image upright = 1.1
| image caption = Mounted skeleton, Sternberg Museum of Natural History
| parent authority = Merriam, 1918
Canis ayersi Sellards, 1916 /iː//'//n//ɒ//s//aɪ//.//ɒ//n// //'//d//aɪ//r//ə//s/) is an extinct canine. The dire wolf lived in the Americas (with a possible single record also known from East Asia) during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene epochs (125,000–9,500 years ago). The species was named in 1858, four years after the first specimen had been found. Two subspecies are recognized: Aenocyon dirus guildayi and Aenocyon dirus dirus. The largest collection of its fossils has been obtained from the Rancho La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles. Dire wolf remains have been found across a broad range of habitats including the plains, grasslands, and some forested mountain areas of North America, the arid savanna of South America. The sites range in elevation from sea level to Dire wolf fossils have rarely been found north of 42°N latitude; there have been only five unconfirmed reports above this latitude. This range restriction is thought to be due to temperature, prey, or habitat limitations imposed by proximity to the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets that existed at the time. The dire wolf was about the same size as the largest modern gray wolves (Canis lupus): the Yukon wolf and the northwestern wolf. A. d. guildayi weighed on average and A. d. dirus was on average Its skull and dentition matched those of C. lupus, but its teeth were larger with greater shearing ability, and its bite force at the canine tooth was stronger than any known Canis species. These characteristics are thought to be adaptations for preying on Late Pleistocene megaherbivores, and in North America, its prey is known to have included western horses, ground sloths, mastodons, ancient bison, and camels. Its extinction occurred during the Quaternary extinction event along with its main prey species. Its reliance on megaherbivores has been proposed as the cause of its extinction, along with climatic change and competition with other species, or a combination of those factors. Dire wolves lived as recently as 9,500 years ago, according to dated remains.
Таксономия
С 1850-х годов в США находили окаменелые останки вымерших крупных волков, и сразу не стало понятно, что все они принадлежат одному виду. Первый экземпляр, который впоследствии связали с Aenocyon dirus, был обнаружен в середине 1854 года в русле реки Огайо близ Эвансвилла, штат Индиана. Окаменелую челюсть с коренными зубами получил геолог Джозеф Гранвилл Норвуд от коллекционера из Эвансвилла, Фрэнсиса А. Линка. Палеонтолог Джозеф Лейди установил, что этот экземпляр представляет собой вымерший вид волка, и описал его под названием Canis primaevus.