Елла Делория: Дакота халқының мұрасы және антропологиядағы рөлі

Yankton Dakota Author

Ella Cara Deloria (January 31, 1889 – February 12, 1971), also called Aŋpétu Wašté Wiŋ (Beautiful Day Woman), was a Yankton Dakota (Sioux) educator, anthropologist, ethnographer, linguist, and novelist. She recorded Native American oral history and contributed to the study of Native American languages. According to Cotera (2008), Deloria was "a pre eminent expert on Dakota/Lakota/Nakota cultural religious, and linguistic practices." In the 1940s, Deloria wrote a novel titled Waterlily, which was published in 1988, and republished in 2009.

Deloria met Franz Boas while at Teachers College, and began a professional association with him that lasted until his death in 1942. She worked with Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict, anthropologists who had been graduate students of Boas. For her work on American Indian cultures, she had the advantage of fluency in the Dakota and Lakota dialects of Sioux, in addition to English and Latin. Although Deloria worked under Boas, Mead, and Benedict, experts have primarily focused on the bridge she enacted between white and Native cultural perspectives, Deloria's dual commitments to her work and family, and the importance of her expertise to Indigenous communities. Therefore, "exam[ining] Deloria's reciprocal mentoring relationships, in this way intervening in previous scholarship’s emphasis upon Deloria’s cultural mediation and personal hardships to highlight her impact on the field of anthropology ( ) was instrumental in bringing about important advances to the field." In 1938–39, Deloria was one of a small group of researchers commissioned to do a socioeconomic study on the Navajo Reservation for the Bureau of Indian Affairs; it was funded by the Phelps Stokes Fund. They published their report, entitled The Navajo Indian Problem. This project opened the door for Deloria to receive more speaking engagements, as well as funding to support her continued important work on Native languages. In 1940, she and her sister Susan went to Pembroke, North Carolina to conduct some research among the self identified Lumbee of Robeson County. Deloria believed she could make an important contribution to their effort for recognition by studying their distinctive culture and what remained of their original language. In her study, she conducted interviews with a range of people in the group, including women, about their use of plants, food, medicine, and animal names. She came very close to completing a dictionary of what may have been their original language before they adopted English. She also assembled a pageant with, for and about the Robeson County Indians in 1940 that depicted their origin account. Deloria received grants for her research from Columbia University, the American Philosophical Society, the Bollingen Foundation, the National Science Foundation, and the Doris Duke Foundation, from 1929 1960s. She was compiling a Lakota dictionary at the time of her death. Her extensive data has proven invaluable to researchers since that time. In 2010, the Department of Anthropology of Columbia University, Deloria's alma mater, established the Ella C. Deloria Undergraduate Research Fellowship in her honor." "The Forum on Public Policy," the online journal of the Oxford Roundtable [Harris Manchester College, Oxford, England]. Gardner, Susan. 2014. "Subverting the Rhetoric of Assimilation: Ella Cara Deloria (Dakota) in the 1920s." Hecate 39.1/2: 8–32. Gere, Anne Ruggles. 2005. "Indian Heart/White Man's Head: Native American Teachers in Indian Schools, 1880–1930", History of Education Quarterly 45:1. Gibbon, Guy E. 2003. The Sioux: the Dakota And Lakota Nations. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. Heflin, Ruth J. 2000. 'I Remain Alive:' The Sioux Literary Renaissance. Syracuse Univ. Press. I Remain Alive: the Sioux Literary Renaissance. Kelsey, Penelope Myrtle. 2008. Tribal Theory in Native American Literature. University of Nebraska Press;
Medicine, Bea. 1980. "Ella C. Deloria: The Emic Voice." MELUS 7.4: 23–30. Murray, Janette. 1974. Ella Deloria: A Biographical Sketch and Literary Analysis. Ph. D. thesis, University of North Dakota. Rice, Julian. 1992. Deer Women and Elk Men: The Lakota Narratives of Ella Deloria. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. Rice, Julian. 1993. Ella Deloria's Iron Hawk. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. Rice, Julian. 1994. Ella Deloria's The Buffalo People. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. Rice, Julian. 1998. Before the Great Spirit: The Many Faces of Sioux Spirituality. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. (Includes extended quotation and analysis of stories and cultural commentary from several of Deloria's unpublished manuscripts.) Rice, Julian. 1983. "An Ohunkakan Brings a Virgin Back to Camp," American Indian Quarterly 7.4: 37–55. Rice, Julian. 1984. "Why the Lakota Still Have Their Own: Ella Deloria's Dakota Texts." Western American Literature 19.3, 205–17. Reprinted in Native North American Literature. Ed. Janet Witalec. New York: Gale Research, Inc., 1994: 243–44. Rice, Julian. 1984. "Encircling Ikto: Incest and Avoidance in Dakota Texts," South Dakota Review 22.4: 92–103. Rice, Julian. 1984. "How Lakota Stories Keep the Spirit and Feed the Ghost." American Indian Quarterly 8.4: 331–47. Rice, Julian. 1989. Lakota Storytelling: Black Elk, Ella Deloria, and Frank Fools Crow. New York: Peter Lang. Rice, Julian. 1992. "Narrative Styles in Dakota Texts," in On the Translation of Native American Literatures. Ed. Brian Swann. Washington D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 276–92. Reprinted in Sky Loom: Native American Myth, Story, and Song. Ed. Brian Swann. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2014. 73–93. Rice, Julian. 1997. "Ella C. Deloria." Dictionary of Literary Biography: Native American Writers of the United States. Ed. Kenneth Roemer. Detroit, Washington, D. C., London: Bruccoli Clark Layman, Gale Research, 47–56. (Includes an extended analysis of Waterlily.) Rice, Julian. 1998. "It Was Their Own Fault for Being Intractable: Internalized Racism and Wounded Knee," American Indian Quarterly. 221/2: 63–82. (An interview Deloria conducted twenty years after the massacre at Wounded Knee with the mixed blood wife of a white employee at the Pine Ridge Agency. Deloria condemns her condescending attitude toward the victims.) Rice, Julian. 2000. "Akicita of the Thunder: Horses in Black Elk's Visions." In The Black Elk Reader. Ed. Clyde Holler. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 59–76. (Includes an analysis of "The Gift of the Horse" from Deloria's Dakota Texts.) Rice, Julian. 2004. "Double Face Tricks a Girl." In Voices from Four Directions: Contemporary Translations of the Native Literatures of North America. Ed. Brian Swann. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 397–407. Rosenfelt, W. E. 1973. The Last Buffalo: Cultural Views of the Plains Indians: the Sioux Or Dakota Nation. Minneapolis: Denison. Sligh, Gary Lee. 2003. A Study of Native American Women Novelists: Sophia Alice Callahan, Mourning Dove, And Ella Cara Deloria. Lewiston, N. Y.: Edwin Mellen Press. Ullrich, Jan. 2008. New Lakota Dictionary. Lakota Language Consortium. (includes a detailed chapter on Deloria's contribution to the study of the Lakota language)
Visweswaran, Kamala. 1994. Fictions of Feminist Ethnography. Univ. of Minnesota Press.