Талыш тілі: Иран мен Әзірбайжанның солтүстік-батыс аймағындағы тілдері

Iranic language spoken in Northwestern Iran and Southeastern Azerbaijan

Talysh (تؤلشه زوؤن, Tolışə Zıvon, Tолышә зывон) is a Northwestern Iranian language spoken in the northern regions of the Iranian provinces of Gilan and Ardabil and the southern regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan by around 500,000 800,000 people. Talysh language is closely related to the Tati language. It includes many dialects usually divided into three main clusters: Northern (in Azerbaijan and Iran), Central (Iran) and Southern (Iran). Talysh is partially, but not fully, intelligible with Persian. Talysh is classified as "vulnerable" by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.

The origin of the name Talysh is not clear but is likely to be quite old. The name of the people appears in early Arabic sources as Al Taylasân and in Persian as Tâlišân and Tavâliš, which are plural forms of Tâliš. Northern Talysh (in the Republic of Azerbaijan) was historically known as Tâlish i Guštâsbi. Talysh has always been mentioned with Gilan or Muqan. Writing in the 1330s AD, Hamdallah Mostowfi calls the language of Gushtaspi (covering the Caspian border region between Gilan to Shirvan) a Pahlavi language connected to the language of Gilan. Although there are no confirmed records, the language called in Iranian linguistics as Azari can be the antecedent of both Talysh and Tati. Miller's (1953) hypothesis that the Âzari of Ardabil, as appears in the quatrains of Shaikh Safi, was a form of Talysh was confirmed by Henning (1954). In western literature the people and the language are sometimes referred to as Talishi, Taleshi or Tolashi. Generally speaking, written documents about Taleshi are rare. The first information about the Talysh language in Russian can be found in Volume X of Strachevsky's "Encyclopedic Dictionary" ("Справочный энциклопедический словарь"), published in St. Petersburg in 1848. The work says:

"The Talysh dialect is one of the six main dialects of Persian. It is used in the Talysh khanate and is probably the homeland of that language. Due to its grammatical and lexicographic forms, this language is noticeably different from other dialects. Except for the addition of the plural suffix "un", it is peculiar and is not derived from any Pahlavi or any other language. This language puts all relative pronouns before the noun, and the pronouns themselves are original in it. The second information about the Talysh language is provided by Ilya Berezin, a professor at Kazan University, in Russian, but not in Russian, but in French. In 1853, Berezin's book on Persian grammar was published in Kazan. In the same year, his book "Recherches sur les dialectes persans" was published in Kazan. Experts still refer to this work as the first work of Russian Iranians in the field of Iranian dialectology. He used the "Talysh" songs given in A. Khodzko's work. IN Berezin's work consists of two parts a grammatical essay and songs from A. Khodzko's work. IN Berezin writes that he conducted his research on Iranian dialects on the basis of materials he personally collected and studied, but does not write anywhere with whom, when and in what area he collected them. In the work, Talysh words are distorted. IN Berezin writes about the quartets taken from the work of A. Khodzko:

"Here I present to the reader a new translation of the Talysh, Gilan and Mazandaran songs and accompany them with critical notes; the Talysh texts, if not in Khodzko, were restored by me on the basis of his transcription." However, the author writes that "grammatical rules are not strictly observed in the Talysh language, as the verb's news form is usually confused almost all the time, i. e. instead of the aorist preterit, the future  time in the present tense, etc. is used. " Going even further, he writes: "In the Talysh language, the verb is the most difficult, the most confusing and the most dubious part."

In the north of Iran, there are six cities where Talysh is spoken: Masal, Rezvanshar, Talesh, Fuman, Shaft, and Masuleh (in these cities some people speak Gilaki and Turkish as well). The only towns where Talysh is spoken exclusively are the townships of Masal and Masuleh. In other cities, in addition to Talysh, people speak Gilaki and Azerbaijani. In Azerbaijan there are eight cities where Talysh is spoken: Astara (98%), Lerik (90%), Lenkoran (90%), Masalli (36%). Talysh has been under the influence of Gilaki, Azeri Turkic, and Persian. In the south (Taleshdula, Masal, Shanderman, and Fumanat) the Talysh and Gilaks live side by side; however, there is less evidence that a Talysh family replaces Gilaki with its own language. In this region, the relation is more of a contribution to each other's language. In the north of Gilan, on the other hand, Azeri Turkic has replaced Talysh in cities like Astara after the migration of Turkic speakers to the region decades ago. However, the people around Lavandvil and its mountainous regions have retained Talysh. Behzad Behzadi, the author of "Azerbaijani Persian Dictionary" remarks that: "The inhabitants of Astara are Talyshis and in fifty years ago (about 1953) that I remember the elders of our family spoke in that language and the great majority of dwellers also conversed in Talyshi. In the surrounding villages, a few were familiar with Turkic". From around Lisar up to Hashtpar, Azeri and Talysh live side by side, with the latter mostly spoken in small villages. To the south of Asalem, the influence of Azeri is negligible and the tendency is towards Persian along with Talysh in cities. In the Azerbaijan republic, Talysh is less under the influence of Azeri and Russian than Talysh in Iran is affected by Persian. Central Talysh has been considered the purest of all Talysh dialects. Northern Talysh distinguishes itself from Central and Southern Talysh not only geographically but culturally and linguistically as well. Speakers of Northern Talysh are found almost exclusively in the Republic of Azerbaijan but can also be found in the neighbouring regions of Iran, in the Province of Gilan. The varieties of Talysh spoken in the Republic of Azerbaijan are best described as speech varieties rather than dialects. Four speech varieties are generally identified on the basis of phonetic and lexical differences. These are labeled according to the four major political districts in the Talysh region: Astara, Lankaran, Lerik, and Masalli. The differences between the varieties are minimal at the phonetic and lexical level. Mamedov (1971) suggests a more useful dialectal distinction is one between the varieties spoken in the mountains and those spoken in the plains. The morphosyntax of Northern Talysh is characterized by a complicated split system which is based on the Northwest Iranian type of accusativity/ergativity dichotomy: it shows accusative features with present stem based transitive constructions, whereas past stem based constructions tend towards an ergative behavior. In distant regions like Lavandevil and Masuleh, the dialects differ to such a degree that conversations begin to be difficult.

The vowel system in Talysh is more extended than in standard Persian. The prominent differences are the front vowel ü in central and northern dialects and the central vowel ə. The Perso Arabic script is also used in Iran, although publications in the language are rare and are mostly volumes of poetry. The following tables contain the vowels and consonants used in Talysh. The sounds of the letters on every row, pronounced in each language, may not correspond fully.

IPA1929–1938ISO 9Perso Arabic scriptKNAB (199x(2.0))CyrillicOther Romanization Example(s) a a آ, ا a а â âv a a̋ َ, اَ ǝ ә a, ä asta ә ِ, اِ or َ, اَ ə ə e, a esa e e ِ, اِ e е e nemek o o ا, ُ, و o о o šalvo u u او, و u у u udmi u او, و ü у ü salü, kü, düri, Imrü ъ y ای, ی ı ы i bila i i ای, ی i и i, ị neči, xist Notes: ISO 9 standardization is dated 1995. 2.0 KNAB romanization is based on the Azeri Latin.

IPA1929–1938ISO 9Perso Arabic scriptKNAB (199x(2.0))CyrillicOther Romanization Example(s) p p پ p п p pitâr в b ب b б b bejâr t t ت, ط t т t tiž d d د d д d debla k k ک k к k kel g g گ g г g gaf ƣ ġ غ ğ ғ gh ghuša q k̂ ق q ҝ q qarz c, ç č چ ç ч ch, č, c čâki j ĉ ج c ҹ j, ĵ jâr f f ف f ф f fel v v و v в v vaj s s س, ص, ث s с s savz z z ز, ذ, ض, ظ z з z zeng ş š ش ş ш sh šav ƶ ž ژ j ж zh ža x h خ x x kh xâsta h ḥ ه, ح h һ h haka m m م m м m muža n n ن n н n nân l l ل l л l lar xâlâ, avâla, dalâ, domlavar, dalaza r r ر r р r raz y j ی y ј y, j yânza Notes: ISO 9 standardization is dated 1995. 2.0 KNAB romanization is based on the Azeri Latin. The following tables show the conjugations for first person singular of "sew" in some dialects of the three dialectical categories:keç (girl), dot (daughter) kina, kela kilu, kela kina, kel(l)a kille, kilik doxtarday roc, roz, rojroj rüž, ruj ruz ruz, roz ruz ruzeat (v) werdenxwarin hardē hardē hardē hardan xordanegg hak hêk uva, muqna, uya âgla merqona xâ, merqowna toxme morqeye çimçav čâš čaš, čam čēm čašm čašmfather pî, pêr, bawk, babî bav dada, piya, biya dada ? pē pedarfear (v) tersayentirsîn purnē, târsē târsinē, tarsestē tarsē tarsesan tarsidanflag ala ala filak parčam ? ? parčam, derafšfood nan, werdxwarin xerâk xerâk xerâk xuruk xorâkgo (v) şîyençûn šē šē šē šiyan raftan (šodan)house keye, çeye xanî ka ka ka ka xânelanguage; tongue ziwan, zonziman zivon zun zavon zuân zabânmoon aşmeheyv / hîv mâng, uvešim mâng mang mung, meng mâhmother maye, mare, dayîke, dadî mak, dayik mua, mu, nana nana ? mâ, dēdē, nana mâdar, nanemouth fekdev qav, gav ga, gav, ga(f) qar gar dahân, kaknight şew şev šav şaw šav šav šabnorth zime, vakur bakur kubasu šimâl ? ? šemâlhigh berzbilind, berz berz berz berj berenj bolandsay (v) vatene gotin votē vâtē vâtē vâtan goftansister wayexwîşk, xwang huva, hova, ho xâlâ, xolo xâ xâv, xâ xâharsmall qic, qij, wirdîbiçûk, qicik ruk, gada ruk ruk velle, xš kučaksunset rocawan, rojawan rojava šânga maqrib ? ? maqrebsunshine tije, zerq tîroj, tav/hetav şefhaši âftâv ? ? âftâbwater aw, awkav uv, ôv âv âv âv âbwoman, wife cinîjin žēn žēn, žen yen, žen zanle, zan zanyesterday vizêrduh/diho zina zir, izer zir, zer zir diruz, di