Введение
Гендерный барьер в еврейских синагогах
Gender barrier in Jewish synagogues
Мехица (מחיצות, мн. ч.), в иудаизме – это перегородка, особенно используемая для разделения мужчин и женщин. Обоснование в халахе (еврейском законе) для разделения мужчин и женщин происходит из Вавилонского Талмуда. Однако Православный Союз (ОУ), главный орган современных ортодоксальных синагог в Соединенных Штатах, принял политику неприема в качестве новых членов синагог, не имеющих мехиц, и настоятельно рекомендовал существующим синагогам их установить.
A mechitza (, partition or division, pl. : מחיצות, ) in Judaism is a partition, particularly one that is used to separate men and women. The rationale in halakha (Jewish law) for a partition dividing men and women is derived from the Babylonian Talmud. However, the Orthodox Union (OU), the main body of Modern Orthodox synagogues in the United States, adopted a policy of not accepting as new members synagogues without mechitzot, and strongly encouraged existing synagogues to adopt them.
Талмудическая эра
Хотя мехица синагоги нигде не упоминается в талмудической литературе, в ней обсуждается преграда между мужчинами и женщинами, использовавшаяся во время праздника Суккот в Иерусалимском Храме. Аморский мудрец Рав объясняет, что разделение произошло из высказывания пророка Захарии о трауре после войны между Гогом и Магогом:
Although the synagogue mechitza is not mentioned anywhere in Talmudic literature, there is a discussion of a barrier between men and women, used at the Sukkot festivities in the Jerusalem Temple. The Amoraic sage Rav explains that the divider originated with a statement of the prophet Zechariah regarding the mourning following the war between Gog and Magog:
Рав объяснил, что если такое печальное событие требует разделения между мужчинами и женщинами, то и Симхат Бейт ха-Шоева в Храме в Иерусалиме (очень радостное событие) поступает так же.
Rav explained that if such a sad occasion necessitates a separation between men and women, then the Simchat Beit HaShoeivah in the Temple in Jerusalem (a very happy occasion) does as well.
Средневековье
Сообщается, что в синагоге Меира из Ротенбурга (Германия, XIII век) была отдельная женская секция. Шломо ибн Адерет (XIII век, Испания) упоминает женскую секцию в синагоге. Синагога Ю Ау в Афганистане, построенная в 1393 году, имеет отдельную женскую галерею.
Meir of Rothenburg (13th century, Germany) is reported to have had a separate women's section in his synagogue. Shlomo ibn Aderet (13th century, Spain) mentions a women's section in synagogue. The Yu Aw Synagogue in Afghanistan, built in 1393, has a separate women's gallery.
Отдельные места в синагогах
Мехица обычно означает физический разделитель, устанавливаемый между мужскими и женскими секциями в ортодоксальных синагогах и на религиозных торжествах. Идея, лежащая в основе этого, двояка. Во-первых, смешение полов обычно не приветствуется, поскольку это приводит к легкомыслию, которое само по себе может повлечь за собой распущенность. Во-вторых, даже если мужчины и женщины разделены, они не должны иметь возможности активно взаимодействовать друг с другом во время богослужения, чтобы это не привело к взглядам и нечистым помыслам. В связи с этими ограничениями мехицы обычно непрозрачны (по крайней мере, если смотреть с мужской стороны на женскую). В некоторых синагогах мехица разделяла синагогу на переднюю и заднюю части, в других – на левую и правую стороны. Последнее часто считается более равноправным, поскольку женщины не оказываются дальше от места службы, чем мужчины. Женская секция синагоги называется Эзрат Нашим (עזרת נשים, женский двор) по аналогии с подобной областью в Иерусалимском Храме. В ашкеназских европейских синагогах женская секция или пристройка называлась вейбершуль. Исторически вейбершуль возглавляла Фирзогерин, образованная женщина, которая переводила еврейскую литургию главной службы, проводимой хаззаном, на разговорный язык. Ортодоксальный иудаизм разделился во мнениях относительно того, представляет ли мехица в синагоге обязательное предписание закона или обычай. В середине XX века существовало значительное количество синагог, которые считали себя ортодоксальными, но не имели мехицы. Однако в 2015 году эта синагога решила выйти из состава OU, узнав, что OU планирует исключить ее из членства. Синагоги ортодоксального направления со смешанными местами для сидения (консервадокс), которые были заметным меньшинством еще поколение назад, практически исчезли. Движение партнерских миньянов, стремящееся к большей роли женщин в синагоге в ортодоксальном контексте, требует наличия мехицы. Союз традиционного иудаизма недавно опубликовал позицию, утверждающую, что ни библейский закон, ни раввинский указ не предписывают определенную высоту мехицы. Мужчины и женщины обычно не разделяются в большинстве консервативных синагог, хотя это допустимый вариант в консервативном иудаизме, и некоторые консервативные синагоги, особенно в Канаде, имеют отдельные места для мужчин и женщин без физической перегородки. Консервативный иудаизм придерживается позиции, что мехица, упоминаемая в Талмуде, трактате Сукка, относилась только к празднику Суккот в Храме, и что ее использование для разделения мужчин и женщин во время богослужения в синагоге и по другим случаям представляет собой обычай, а не требование основного еврейского закона, и подлежит современному раввинскому пересмотру. В некоторых консервативных синагогах (например, в Европе и Израиле) также есть мехица или отдельные секции для сидения мужчин и женщин без физической перегородки. В какой-то момент синагога при Еврейской теологической семинарии также практиковала разделение. Реформистский и реконструкционистский иудаизм, в соответствии со своей точкой зрения о том, что традиционный религиозный закон не является обязательным в современную эпоху и с более либеральной интерпретацией гендерных ролей, не используют мехицы в своих синагогах. (Даже в ортодоксии существует спор о том, требует ли балкон занавески.) Утверждается, что отмена мехицы стала символом реформистского иудаизма, а противодействие ее отмене – символом ортодоксии.
A mechitza most commonly means the physical divider placed between the men's and women's sections in Orthodox synagogues and at religious celebrations. The idea behind this is twofold. First, mingling of the sexes is generally frowned upon, as this leads to frivolity, which itself may lead to promiscuity. Secondly, even if the sexes are separated, they should not be able to interact to a high degree during a religious service, lest this leads to gazing and impure thoughts. Due to these restrictions, mechitzot are usually opaque (at least looking from the men's side to the women's side). In some synagogues, the mechitza divided the front and back of the synagogue. In others it divides the left and right sides of the synagogue. The latter is often seen as more equal, since the women are not farther away from the service than the men. The women's section of the synagogue is called the Ezrat Nashim (עזרת נשים, women's courtyard) after a similar area in the Temple in Jerusalem. In Ashkenazic European synagogues, the women's section or annex was called the weibershul. Historically, the weibershul was led by a Firzogerin, a learned woman who would translate the Hebrew liturgy of the main service led by the chazzan into the vernacular. Orthodox Judaism is divided on whether a synagogue mechitza represents binding law or a custom. During the middle portion of the 20th century, there were a substantial number of synagogues which considered themselves Orthodox but did not have one. However, in 2015 this synagogue decided to leave the OU, after learning that the OU was planning to expel it from OU membership. Mixed seating Orthodox synagogues (Conservadox), which were a prevalent minority as late as a generation ago, have now all but disappeared. The partnership minyan movement, which seeks a greater synagogue role for women within an Orthodox context, requires a mechitza. The Union for Traditional Judaism recently published a viewpoint arguing that a mechitza is not required to have a particular height by either Biblical law or rabbinic decree. Men and women are generally not separated in most Conservative synagogues, although it is a permissible option within Conservative Judaism and some Conservative synagogues, particularly in Canada, have one or have separate seating for men and women without a physical partition. Conservative Judaism takes the position that the Mechitza referred to in Talmud Tractate Sukkah applied only to the festival of Sukkah in the Temple and that its use to separate men and women for synagogue worship and other occasions represents a custom rather than a requirement of core Jewish law, and is subject to contemporary Rabbinic re examination. Some Conservative synagogues (e. g. in Europe and Israel) also have a meḥitza or separate seating sections for men and women without a physical partition. At one point the synagogue in the Jewish Theological Seminary did so. Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism, consistent with their view that traditional religious law is not mandatory in modern times and a more liberal interpretation of gender roles, do not use mechitzot in their synagogues. (Even in Orthodoxy there is a dispute as to whether a balcony requires a curtain.) It has been argued that abolition of the mechitza became a symbol of Reform Judaism and that, correspondingly, opposition to its abolition became a symbol of Orthodoxy.
Высота
Существуют различные взгляды на правильную высоту мехицы, разделяющей мужчин и женщин в синагоге. Согласно "Шулхан Арух ХаРав", мехица должна предотвращать возможность для мужчин видеть женщину, одевшуюся неподобающим образом, и поэтому ее высота должна быть равна росту мужчины, или 180 сантиметров. Однако, по мнению ортодоксального раввина Аарона Соловейчика, мехица должна служить лишь халахическим разделителем, и, следовательно, ее высота должна соответствовать минимальной высоте для такого разделителя, то есть 10 тефахимов (около 32 дюймов или 80 сантиметров). Раввин Моше Файнштейн придерживался промежуточной точки зрения, требуя высоты в 18 тефахимов (около 58 дюймов или 145 сантиметров). Чтобы учесть более строгие толкования, одновременно позволяя женщинам видеть ведущего молитву, многие синагоги устанавливают непрозрачную стену высотой 3–4 фута и дополняют ее решеткой, экраном, односторонним стеклом или другим полупрозрачным материалом над этой стеной. Пример такого оформления представлен на рисунке справа: матовое стекло является полупрозрачным, а непрозрачная стена соответствует минимальной высоте, установленной синагогой. Синагога Ор Тора в Скоки, штат Иллинойс, имеет аналогичный дизайн.
There are different views on the proper height of a mechitzah separating men and women in a synagogue. According to the Shulchan Aruch HaRav, a mechitza needs to prevent men from seeing a woman who might be immodestly dressed, and hence a mechitza needs to be as tall as a man, or 6 feet (180 centimetres). However, according to Orthodox Rabbi Ahron Soloveichik, a mechitzah need only serve as a halakhic partition, and hence need only be the minimum height for such a partition, i. e. 10 tefachim (about 32 inches or 80 centimetres). Rabbi Moshe Feinstein had an intermediate view, requiring a height of 18 tefachim (about 58 inches or 145 centimetres). To accommodate stricter interpretations while simultaneously allowing women to see the male prayer leader, many synagogues will make an opaque wall that is 3–4 feet high and add a lattice, screen, one way glass, or other semi transparent material above that opaque wall. The design shown at right is an example: The etched glass is semi transparent, while the opaque wall adheres to what the synagogue requires as the minimum height requirement. The Or Torah synagogue in Skokie, Illinois has a similar design.
Конструкции
Существуют различные стили мехиц, в зависимости от ожидаемого количества женщин на молитвенных службах в синагоге, степени приверженности общины размещению женщин, желающих молиться вместе с общиной, и от того, считает ли община, что цель мехицы – обеспечить социальное разделение или предотвратить возможность для мужчин видеть женщин. Любой из этих вариантов может быть выполнен как вдоль комнаты, располагая мужчин и женщин бок о бок, так и поперек комнаты, располагая женщин за мужчинами. В синагогах, где женщины сидят рядом с мужчинами, обычно уделяется больше внимания возможности для женщин полноценно участвовать в общей молитве.
There are different styles of mechitzas, depending on the number of women the synagogue expects to attend their prayer services, how dedicated the congregation is to accommodating women who wish to pray with the congregation, and whether the congregation believes that the purpose of the mechitza is to provide a social separation or to prevent the men from seeing the women. Any of these options can be made so that they go across the length of the room so that men and women are side by side or so that they go across the width of the room so that women sit behind the men. Synagogues in which women sit next to the men are generally more concerned with women's ability to join equally in prayer with the congregation. Balcony Balconies with a three foot wall are themselves traditionally considered fitting mechitzas. In this design, women sit in the balcony and men sit below. This design was common in the 19th and early 20th century, and is common in Europe, including the Shaarei Tikva synagogue in Lisbon (opened in 1904). Examples in the United States include the Bnei Israel Synagogue in Baltimore (opened 1845), B'nai Jacob in Ottumwa, Iowa (opened 1915), Temple Beth Shalom (the Tremont Street Shul) in Cambridge, Massachusetts (opened 1925 as Temple Ashkenaz), and the Beth Efraim Bukharian Jewish Synagogue in Forest Hills, New York (70th Avenue). Some of these American examples are modeled after specific European synagogues, others are best classified as vernacular architecture. A Canadian example is the Beth Jacob Synagogue in North York, Ontario. Balconies with curtains or one way glass More strict congregations add a curtain to the balcony so that men cannot see even women's faces. Central partition A fixed height gate or planter running down the center of the room, so that women and men both face front side by side. Often these partitions are minimal height (3 feet (1 m)). In addition to the partition, sometimes the women's section is elevated by about a foot above the men's section. Example of a lower partition with a raised floor is in Anshe Shalom Bnei Israel synagogue in Chicago and Young Israel of Ocean Parkway in Flatbush, Brooklyn. An example of a medium high partition (5 feet (2 m)) without a raised floor is the Adas Israel in Hamilton, Ontario. An example of a higher partition with a raised floor is in Mount Sinai Jewish Center of Washington Heights in Manhattan. Booth Synagogues that expect very few women to attend provide a token space that can accommodate about six women comfortably. The space is demarcated by moveable, opaque partitions that are over 6 feet (2 m) high. Examples are in the Yeshiva University beit midrash, and the Shabbat afternoon service at Young Israel of Avenue J in Flatbush, Brooklyn. In some synagogues, the booth is a supplement to the balcony, to accommodate women who have difficulty walking up the stairs (such as at She'erith Israel Congregation, Glen Avenue, Baltimore). Fixed height opaque wall Sometimes with a non opaque curtain, screen, glass, or other material above the wall, which can include: blinds or a curtain that can be opened during announcements or a sermon, etched glass, stained glass, a one way screen with lights so that women can see through without being seen (e. g. Beth Jacob Shaarei Zion and Suburban Orthodox in Baltimore). The mechitza at the Bostoner Rebbe's synagogue in Brookline, Massachusetts, is made entirely of panels from the Boston John Hancock Tower (which had been removed from that building due to safety concerns). The Bostoner Rebbe chose these panels because they are one way glass so the women can see out, but men cannot see into the women's section. Later, the Rebbe's wife put curtains inside the women's section, so that women could not see into the men's section.) Curtain Usually 5 feet (2 m) tall or higher, made of opaque or semi opaque material, held up by poles on stands or a clothesline. This option costs less than the above fixed options and is used frequently by synagogues that wish to use their prayer halls for mixed sex functions in addition to separate sex prayer. College Hillel Orthodox minyans may choose this option because the rooms at Hillel are all used for multiple purposes besides prayer. Separate room The strictest separation has women in a separate room from the men, able to view through one way glass or an open window from a balcony, or not view at all. Examples of this are the yeshiva Ohr Someach in the neighborhood of Maalot Dafna in Jerusalem, where the men sit in a first floor room with a two story ceiling, and the women are on the second floor with a window overlooking the men's prayer hall. A similar design (men first floor, women second floor) is in 770 Eastern Parkway, the main synagogue for the Chabad Lubavitch movement in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, and the Main Belzer Shul in Jerusalem.
Балконы. Балконы с трехфутовой стеной традиционно считаются подходящими мехицами. В этом варианте женщины сидят на балконе, а мужчины – внизу. Этот дизайн был распространен в XIX и начале XX века и распространен в Европе, включая синагогу Шаарей Тиква в Лиссабоне (открыта в 1904 году). Примеры в США включают синагогу Бней Исраэль в Балтиморе (открыта в 1845 году), синагогу Бнай Якоб в Оттуме, штат Айова (открыта в 1915 году), храм Бет-Шалом (Шул на улице Тремонт) в Кембридже, штат Массачусетс (открыт в 1925 году как храм Ашкеназ) и бухарскую еврейскую синагогу Бет-Эфраим в Форст-Хиллз, Нью-Йорк (70-я авеню). Некоторые из этих американских примеров основаны на конкретных европейских синагогах, другие лучше классифицируются как народная архитектура. Канадский пример – синагога Бет-Джекоб в Норт-Йорке, Онтарио.
There are different styles of mechitzas, depending on the number of women the synagogue expects to attend their prayer services, how dedicated the congregation is to accommodating women who wish to pray with the congregation, and whether the congregation believes that the purpose of the mechitza is to provide a social separation or to prevent the men from seeing the women. Any of these options can be made so that they go across the length of the room so that men and women are side by side or so that they go across the width of the room so that women sit behind the men. Synagogues in which women sit next to the men are generally more concerned with women's ability to join equally in prayer with the congregation. Balcony Balconies with a three foot wall are themselves traditionally considered fitting mechitzas. In this design, women sit in the balcony and men sit below. This design was common in the 19th and early 20th century, and is common in Europe, including the Shaarei Tikva synagogue in Lisbon (opened in 1904). Examples in the United States include the Bnei Israel Synagogue in Baltimore (opened 1845), B'nai Jacob in Ottumwa, Iowa (opened 1915), Temple Beth Shalom (the Tremont Street Shul) in Cambridge, Massachusetts (opened 1925 as Temple Ashkenaz), and the Beth Efraim Bukharian Jewish Synagogue in Forest Hills, New York (70th Avenue). Some of these American examples are modeled after specific European synagogues, others are best classified as vernacular architecture. A Canadian example is the Beth Jacob Synagogue in North York, Ontario. Balconies with curtains or one way glass More strict congregations add a curtain to the balcony so that men cannot see even women's faces. Central partition A fixed height gate or planter running down the center of the room, so that women and men both face front side by side. Often these partitions are minimal height (3 feet (1 m)). In addition to the partition, sometimes the women's section is elevated by about a foot above the men's section. Example of a lower partition with a raised floor is in Anshe Shalom Bnei Israel synagogue in Chicago and Young Israel of Ocean Parkway in Flatbush, Brooklyn. An example of a medium high partition (5 feet (2 m)) without a raised floor is the Adas Israel in Hamilton, Ontario. An example of a higher partition with a raised floor is in Mount Sinai Jewish Center of Washington Heights in Manhattan. Booth Synagogues that expect very few women to attend provide a token space that can accommodate about six women comfortably. The space is demarcated by moveable, opaque partitions that are over 6 feet (2 m) high. Examples are in the Yeshiva University beit midrash, and the Shabbat afternoon service at Young Israel of Avenue J in Flatbush, Brooklyn. In some synagogues, the booth is a supplement to the balcony, to accommodate women who have difficulty walking up the stairs (such as at She'erith Israel Congregation, Glen Avenue, Baltimore). Fixed height opaque wall Sometimes with a non opaque curtain, screen, glass, or other material above the wall, which can include: blinds or a curtain that can be opened during announcements or a sermon, etched glass, stained glass, a one way screen with lights so that women can see through without being seen (e. g. Beth Jacob Shaarei Zion and Suburban Orthodox in Baltimore). The mechitza at the Bostoner Rebbe's synagogue in Brookline, Massachusetts, is made entirely of panels from the Boston John Hancock Tower (which had been removed from that building due to safety concerns). The Bostoner Rebbe chose these panels because they are one way glass so the women can see out, but men cannot see into the women's section. Later, the Rebbe's wife put curtains inside the women's section, so that women could not see into the men's section.) Curtain Usually 5 feet (2 m) tall or higher, made of opaque or semi opaque material, held up by poles on stands or a clothesline. This option costs less than the above fixed options and is used frequently by synagogues that wish to use their prayer halls for mixed sex functions in addition to separate sex prayer. College Hillel Orthodox minyans may choose this option because the rooms at Hillel are all used for multiple purposes besides prayer. Separate room The strictest separation has women in a separate room from the men, able to view through one way glass or an open window from a balcony, or not view at all. Examples of this are the yeshiva Ohr Someach in the neighborhood of Maalot Dafna in Jerusalem, where the men sit in a first floor room with a two story ceiling, and the women are on the second floor with a window overlooking the men's prayer hall. A similar design (men first floor, women second floor) is in 770 Eastern Parkway, the main synagogue for the Chabad Lubavitch movement in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, and the Main Belzer Shul in Jerusalem.
Балконы с занавесками или односторонним стеклом.
There are different styles of mechitzas, depending on the number of women the synagogue expects to attend their prayer services, how dedicated the congregation is to accommodating women who wish to pray with the congregation, and whether the congregation believes that the purpose of the mechitza is to provide a social separation or to prevent the men from seeing the women. Any of these options can be made so that they go across the length of the room so that men and women are side by side or so that they go across the width of the room so that women sit behind the men. Synagogues in which women sit next to the men are generally more concerned with women's ability to join equally in prayer with the congregation. Balcony Balconies with a three foot wall are themselves traditionally considered fitting mechitzas. In this design, women sit in the balcony and men sit below. This design was common in the 19th and early 20th century, and is common in Europe, including the Shaarei Tikva synagogue in Lisbon (opened in 1904). Examples in the United States include the Bnei Israel Synagogue in Baltimore (opened 1845), B'nai Jacob in Ottumwa, Iowa (opened 1915), Temple Beth Shalom (the Tremont Street Shul) in Cambridge, Massachusetts (opened 1925 as Temple Ashkenaz), and the Beth Efraim Bukharian Jewish Synagogue in Forest Hills, New York (70th Avenue). Some of these American examples are modeled after specific European synagogues, others are best classified as vernacular architecture. A Canadian example is the Beth Jacob Synagogue in North York, Ontario. Balconies with curtains or one way glass More strict congregations add a curtain to the balcony so that men cannot see even women's faces. Central partition A fixed height gate or planter running down the center of the room, so that women and men both face front side by side. Often these partitions are minimal height (3 feet (1 m)). In addition to the partition, sometimes the women's section is elevated by about a foot above the men's section. Example of a lower partition with a raised floor is in Anshe Shalom Bnei Israel synagogue in Chicago and Young Israel of Ocean Parkway in Flatbush, Brooklyn. An example of a medium high partition (5 feet (2 m)) without a raised floor is the Adas Israel in Hamilton, Ontario. An example of a higher partition with a raised floor is in Mount Sinai Jewish Center of Washington Heights in Manhattan. Booth Synagogues that expect very few women to attend provide a token space that can accommodate about six women comfortably. The space is demarcated by moveable, opaque partitions that are over 6 feet (2 m) high. Examples are in the Yeshiva University beit midrash, and the Shabbat afternoon service at Young Israel of Avenue J in Flatbush, Brooklyn. In some synagogues, the booth is a supplement to the balcony, to accommodate women who have difficulty walking up the stairs (such as at She'erith Israel Congregation, Glen Avenue, Baltimore). Fixed height opaque wall Sometimes with a non opaque curtain, screen, glass, or other material above the wall, which can include: blinds or a curtain that can be opened during announcements or a sermon, etched glass, stained glass, a one way screen with lights so that women can see through without being seen (e. g. Beth Jacob Shaarei Zion and Suburban Orthodox in Baltimore). The mechitza at the Bostoner Rebbe's synagogue in Brookline, Massachusetts, is made entirely of panels from the Boston John Hancock Tower (which had been removed from that building due to safety concerns). The Bostoner Rebbe chose these panels because they are one way glass so the women can see out, but men cannot see into the women's section. Later, the Rebbe's wife put curtains inside the women's section, so that women could not see into the men's section.) Curtain Usually 5 feet (2 m) tall or higher, made of opaque or semi opaque material, held up by poles on stands or a clothesline. This option costs less than the above fixed options and is used frequently by synagogues that wish to use their prayer halls for mixed sex functions in addition to separate sex prayer. College Hillel Orthodox minyans may choose this option because the rooms at Hillel are all used for multiple purposes besides prayer. Separate room The strictest separation has women in a separate room from the men, able to view through one way glass or an open window from a balcony, or not view at all. Examples of this are the yeshiva Ohr Someach in the neighborhood of Maalot Dafna in Jerusalem, where the men sit in a first floor room with a two story ceiling, and the women are on the second floor with a window overlooking the men's prayer hall. A similar design (men first floor, women second floor) is in 770 Eastern Parkway, the main synagogue for the Chabad Lubavitch movement in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, and the Main Belzer Shul in Jerusalem.
Центральная перегородка. Фиксированная по высоте перегородка или ряд кашпо, проходящие по центру комнаты, так что женщины и мужчины сидят лицом к лицу бок о бок. Часто высота этих перегородок минимальна (90 см). Помимо перегородки, женская секция иногда приподнята примерно на 30 см выше мужской. Пример низкой перегородки с приподнятым полом можно увидеть в синагоге Анше Шалом Бней Исраэль в Чикаго и в синагоге Young Israel of Ocean Parkway в Флатбуше, Бруклин. Пример перегородки средней высоты (1,5 метра) без приподнятого пола – Адас Исраэль в Гамильтоне, Онтарио. Пример более высокой перегородки с приподнятым полом – еврейский центр Mount Sinai в Вашингтоне-Хайтс, Манхэттен.
There are different styles of mechitzas, depending on the number of women the synagogue expects to attend their prayer services, how dedicated the congregation is to accommodating women who wish to pray with the congregation, and whether the congregation believes that the purpose of the mechitza is to provide a social separation or to prevent the men from seeing the women. Any of these options can be made so that they go across the length of the room so that men and women are side by side or so that they go across the width of the room so that women sit behind the men. Synagogues in which women sit next to the men are generally more concerned with women's ability to join equally in prayer with the congregation. Balcony Balconies with a three foot wall are themselves traditionally considered fitting mechitzas. In this design, women sit in the balcony and men sit below. This design was common in the 19th and early 20th century, and is common in Europe, including the Shaarei Tikva synagogue in Lisbon (opened in 1904). Examples in the United States include the Bnei Israel Synagogue in Baltimore (opened 1845), B'nai Jacob in Ottumwa, Iowa (opened 1915), Temple Beth Shalom (the Tremont Street Shul) in Cambridge, Massachusetts (opened 1925 as Temple Ashkenaz), and the Beth Efraim Bukharian Jewish Synagogue in Forest Hills, New York (70th Avenue). Some of these American examples are modeled after specific European synagogues, others are best classified as vernacular architecture. A Canadian example is the Beth Jacob Synagogue in North York, Ontario. Balconies with curtains or one way glass More strict congregations add a curtain to the balcony so that men cannot see even women's faces. Central partition A fixed height gate or planter running down the center of the room, so that women and men both face front side by side. Often these partitions are minimal height (3 feet (1 m)). In addition to the partition, sometimes the women's section is elevated by about a foot above the men's section. Example of a lower partition with a raised floor is in Anshe Shalom Bnei Israel synagogue in Chicago and Young Israel of Ocean Parkway in Flatbush, Brooklyn. An example of a medium high partition (5 feet (2 m)) without a raised floor is the Adas Israel in Hamilton, Ontario. An example of a higher partition with a raised floor is in Mount Sinai Jewish Center of Washington Heights in Manhattan. Booth Synagogues that expect very few women to attend provide a token space that can accommodate about six women comfortably. The space is demarcated by moveable, opaque partitions that are over 6 feet (2 m) high. Examples are in the Yeshiva University beit midrash, and the Shabbat afternoon service at Young Israel of Avenue J in Flatbush, Brooklyn. In some synagogues, the booth is a supplement to the balcony, to accommodate women who have difficulty walking up the stairs (such as at She'erith Israel Congregation, Glen Avenue, Baltimore). Fixed height opaque wall Sometimes with a non opaque curtain, screen, glass, or other material above the wall, which can include: blinds or a curtain that can be opened during announcements or a sermon, etched glass, stained glass, a one way screen with lights so that women can see through without being seen (e. g. Beth Jacob Shaarei Zion and Suburban Orthodox in Baltimore). The mechitza at the Bostoner Rebbe's synagogue in Brookline, Massachusetts, is made entirely of panels from the Boston John Hancock Tower (which had been removed from that building due to safety concerns). The Bostoner Rebbe chose these panels because they are one way glass so the women can see out, but men cannot see into the women's section. Later, the Rebbe's wife put curtains inside the women's section, so that women could not see into the men's section.) Curtain Usually 5 feet (2 m) tall or higher, made of opaque or semi opaque material, held up by poles on stands or a clothesline. This option costs less than the above fixed options and is used frequently by synagogues that wish to use their prayer halls for mixed sex functions in addition to separate sex prayer. College Hillel Orthodox minyans may choose this option because the rooms at Hillel are all used for multiple purposes besides prayer. Separate room The strictest separation has women in a separate room from the men, able to view through one way glass or an open window from a balcony, or not view at all. Examples of this are the yeshiva Ohr Someach in the neighborhood of Maalot Dafna in Jerusalem, where the men sit in a first floor room with a two story ceiling, and the women are on the second floor with a window overlooking the men's prayer hall. A similar design (men first floor, women second floor) is in 770 Eastern Parkway, the main synagogue for the Chabad Lubavitch movement in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, and the Main Belzer Shul in Jerusalem.
Синагоги с будками. Синагоги, в которых ожидается очень мало женщин, предоставляют небольшое пространство, в котором комфортно разместятся около шести женщин. Пространство ограничено передвижными непрозрачными перегородками высотой более 1,8 метра. Примеры можно найти в бейт-мидраше Йешива университета и во время субботней послеполуденной службы в Young Israel of Avenue J в Флатбуше, Бруклин. В некоторых синагогах будка является дополнением к балкону для женщин, которым трудно подниматься по лестнице (например, в собрании She'erith Israel, Glen Avenue, Балтимор).
There are different styles of mechitzas, depending on the number of women the synagogue expects to attend their prayer services, how dedicated the congregation is to accommodating women who wish to pray with the congregation, and whether the congregation believes that the purpose of the mechitza is to provide a social separation or to prevent the men from seeing the women. Any of these options can be made so that they go across the length of the room so that men and women are side by side or so that they go across the width of the room so that women sit behind the men. Synagogues in which women sit next to the men are generally more concerned with women's ability to join equally in prayer with the congregation. Balcony Balconies with a three foot wall are themselves traditionally considered fitting mechitzas. In this design, women sit in the balcony and men sit below. This design was common in the 19th and early 20th century, and is common in Europe, including the Shaarei Tikva synagogue in Lisbon (opened in 1904). Examples in the United States include the Bnei Israel Synagogue in Baltimore (opened 1845), B'nai Jacob in Ottumwa, Iowa (opened 1915), Temple Beth Shalom (the Tremont Street Shul) in Cambridge, Massachusetts (opened 1925 as Temple Ashkenaz), and the Beth Efraim Bukharian Jewish Synagogue in Forest Hills, New York (70th Avenue). Some of these American examples are modeled after specific European synagogues, others are best classified as vernacular architecture. A Canadian example is the Beth Jacob Synagogue in North York, Ontario. Balconies with curtains or one way glass More strict congregations add a curtain to the balcony so that men cannot see even women's faces. Central partition A fixed height gate or planter running down the center of the room, so that women and men both face front side by side. Often these partitions are minimal height (3 feet (1 m)). In addition to the partition, sometimes the women's section is elevated by about a foot above the men's section. Example of a lower partition with a raised floor is in Anshe Shalom Bnei Israel synagogue in Chicago and Young Israel of Ocean Parkway in Flatbush, Brooklyn. An example of a medium high partition (5 feet (2 m)) without a raised floor is the Adas Israel in Hamilton, Ontario. An example of a higher partition with a raised floor is in Mount Sinai Jewish Center of Washington Heights in Manhattan. Booth Synagogues that expect very few women to attend provide a token space that can accommodate about six women comfortably. The space is demarcated by moveable, opaque partitions that are over 6 feet (2 m) high. Examples are in the Yeshiva University beit midrash, and the Shabbat afternoon service at Young Israel of Avenue J in Flatbush, Brooklyn. In some synagogues, the booth is a supplement to the balcony, to accommodate women who have difficulty walking up the stairs (such as at She'erith Israel Congregation, Glen Avenue, Baltimore). Fixed height opaque wall Sometimes with a non opaque curtain, screen, glass, or other material above the wall, which can include: blinds or a curtain that can be opened during announcements or a sermon, etched glass, stained glass, a one way screen with lights so that women can see through without being seen (e. g. Beth Jacob Shaarei Zion and Suburban Orthodox in Baltimore). The mechitza at the Bostoner Rebbe's synagogue in Brookline, Massachusetts, is made entirely of panels from the Boston John Hancock Tower (which had been removed from that building due to safety concerns). The Bostoner Rebbe chose these panels because they are one way glass so the women can see out, but men cannot see into the women's section. Later, the Rebbe's wife put curtains inside the women's section, so that women could not see into the men's section.) Curtain Usually 5 feet (2 m) tall or higher, made of opaque or semi opaque material, held up by poles on stands or a clothesline. This option costs less than the above fixed options and is used frequently by synagogues that wish to use their prayer halls for mixed sex functions in addition to separate sex prayer. College Hillel Orthodox minyans may choose this option because the rooms at Hillel are all used for multiple purposes besides prayer. Separate room The strictest separation has women in a separate room from the men, able to view through one way glass or an open window from a balcony, or not view at all. Examples of this are the yeshiva Ohr Someach in the neighborhood of Maalot Dafna in Jerusalem, where the men sit in a first floor room with a two story ceiling, and the women are on the second floor with a window overlooking the men's prayer hall. A similar design (men first floor, women second floor) is in 770 Eastern Parkway, the main synagogue for the Chabad Lubavitch movement in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, and the Main Belzer Shul in Jerusalem.
Непрозрачная стена фиксированной высоты. Иногда с непрозрачной занавеской, экраном, стеклом или другим материалом над стеной, который может включать: жалюзи или занавеску, которые можно открыть во время объявлений или проповеди, матовое стекло, витраж, односторонний экран с подсветкой, позволяющий женщинам видеть, не будучи замеченными (например, Бет Джейкоб Шаарей Сион и Suburban Orthodox в Балтиморе). Мехица в синагоге Бостонского Ребе в Бруклине, штат Массачусетс, полностью сделана из панелей, удаленных из Бостонской башни Джона Хэнкока (из-за соображений безопасности). Бостонский Ребе выбрал эти панели, потому что это одностороннее стекло, позволяющее женщинам видеть наружу, а мужчинам – не видеть внутрь женской секции. Позже жена Ребе повесила шторы внутри женской секции, чтобы женщины не могли видеть в мужскую секцию.
There are different styles of mechitzas, depending on the number of women the synagogue expects to attend their prayer services, how dedicated the congregation is to accommodating women who wish to pray with the congregation, and whether the congregation believes that the purpose of the mechitza is to provide a social separation or to prevent the men from seeing the women. Any of these options can be made so that they go across the length of the room so that men and women are side by side or so that they go across the width of the room so that women sit behind the men. Synagogues in which women sit next to the men are generally more concerned with women's ability to join equally in prayer with the congregation. Balcony Balconies with a three foot wall are themselves traditionally considered fitting mechitzas. In this design, women sit in the balcony and men sit below. This design was common in the 19th and early 20th century, and is common in Europe, including the Shaarei Tikva synagogue in Lisbon (opened in 1904). Examples in the United States include the Bnei Israel Synagogue in Baltimore (opened 1845), B'nai Jacob in Ottumwa, Iowa (opened 1915), Temple Beth Shalom (the Tremont Street Shul) in Cambridge, Massachusetts (opened 1925 as Temple Ashkenaz), and the Beth Efraim Bukharian Jewish Synagogue in Forest Hills, New York (70th Avenue). Some of these American examples are modeled after specific European synagogues, others are best classified as vernacular architecture. A Canadian example is the Beth Jacob Synagogue in North York, Ontario. Balconies with curtains or one way glass More strict congregations add a curtain to the balcony so that men cannot see even women's faces. Central partition A fixed height gate or planter running down the center of the room, so that women and men both face front side by side. Often these partitions are minimal height (3 feet (1 m)). In addition to the partition, sometimes the women's section is elevated by about a foot above the men's section. Example of a lower partition with a raised floor is in Anshe Shalom Bnei Israel synagogue in Chicago and Young Israel of Ocean Parkway in Flatbush, Brooklyn. An example of a medium high partition (5 feet (2 m)) without a raised floor is the Adas Israel in Hamilton, Ontario. An example of a higher partition with a raised floor is in Mount Sinai Jewish Center of Washington Heights in Manhattan. Booth Synagogues that expect very few women to attend provide a token space that can accommodate about six women comfortably. The space is demarcated by moveable, opaque partitions that are over 6 feet (2 m) high. Examples are in the Yeshiva University beit midrash, and the Shabbat afternoon service at Young Israel of Avenue J in Flatbush, Brooklyn. In some synagogues, the booth is a supplement to the balcony, to accommodate women who have difficulty walking up the stairs (such as at She'erith Israel Congregation, Glen Avenue, Baltimore). Fixed height opaque wall Sometimes with a non opaque curtain, screen, glass, or other material above the wall, which can include: blinds or a curtain that can be opened during announcements or a sermon, etched glass, stained glass, a one way screen with lights so that women can see through without being seen (e. g. Beth Jacob Shaarei Zion and Suburban Orthodox in Baltimore). The mechitza at the Bostoner Rebbe's synagogue in Brookline, Massachusetts, is made entirely of panels from the Boston John Hancock Tower (which had been removed from that building due to safety concerns). The Bostoner Rebbe chose these panels because they are one way glass so the women can see out, but men cannot see into the women's section. Later, the Rebbe's wife put curtains inside the women's section, so that women could not see into the men's section.) Curtain Usually 5 feet (2 m) tall or higher, made of opaque or semi opaque material, held up by poles on stands or a clothesline. This option costs less than the above fixed options and is used frequently by synagogues that wish to use their prayer halls for mixed sex functions in addition to separate sex prayer. College Hillel Orthodox minyans may choose this option because the rooms at Hillel are all used for multiple purposes besides prayer. Separate room The strictest separation has women in a separate room from the men, able to view through one way glass or an open window from a balcony, or not view at all. Examples of this are the yeshiva Ohr Someach in the neighborhood of Maalot Dafna in Jerusalem, where the men sit in a first floor room with a two story ceiling, and the women are on the second floor with a window overlooking the men's prayer hall. A similar design (men first floor, women second floor) is in 770 Eastern Parkway, the main synagogue for the Chabad Lubavitch movement in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, and the Main Belzer Shul in Jerusalem.
Занавеска. Обычно высотой 1,5 метра или выше, из непрозрачного или полупрозрачного материала, удерживаемая столбами на стойках или бельевой веревкой. Этот вариант дешевле вышеуказанных стационарных вариантов и часто используется синагогами, которые хотят использовать свои молитвенные залы для совместных мероприятий, помимо раздельных молитв. Православные миньяны в студенческих центрах Хиллель могут выбрать этот вариант, поскольку помещения в Хиллеле используются для различных целей, помимо молитвы.
There are different styles of mechitzas, depending on the number of women the synagogue expects to attend their prayer services, how dedicated the congregation is to accommodating women who wish to pray with the congregation, and whether the congregation believes that the purpose of the mechitza is to provide a social separation or to prevent the men from seeing the women. Any of these options can be made so that they go across the length of the room so that men and women are side by side or so that they go across the width of the room so that women sit behind the men. Synagogues in which women sit next to the men are generally more concerned with women's ability to join equally in prayer with the congregation. Balcony Balconies with a three foot wall are themselves traditionally considered fitting mechitzas. In this design, women sit in the balcony and men sit below. This design was common in the 19th and early 20th century, and is common in Europe, including the Shaarei Tikva synagogue in Lisbon (opened in 1904). Examples in the United States include the Bnei Israel Synagogue in Baltimore (opened 1845), B'nai Jacob in Ottumwa, Iowa (opened 1915), Temple Beth Shalom (the Tremont Street Shul) in Cambridge, Massachusetts (opened 1925 as Temple Ashkenaz), and the Beth Efraim Bukharian Jewish Synagogue in Forest Hills, New York (70th Avenue). Some of these American examples are modeled after specific European synagogues, others are best classified as vernacular architecture. A Canadian example is the Beth Jacob Synagogue in North York, Ontario. Balconies with curtains or one way glass More strict congregations add a curtain to the balcony so that men cannot see even women's faces. Central partition A fixed height gate or planter running down the center of the room, so that women and men both face front side by side. Often these partitions are minimal height (3 feet (1 m)). In addition to the partition, sometimes the women's section is elevated by about a foot above the men's section. Example of a lower partition with a raised floor is in Anshe Shalom Bnei Israel synagogue in Chicago and Young Israel of Ocean Parkway in Flatbush, Brooklyn. An example of a medium high partition (5 feet (2 m)) without a raised floor is the Adas Israel in Hamilton, Ontario. An example of a higher partition with a raised floor is in Mount Sinai Jewish Center of Washington Heights in Manhattan. Booth Synagogues that expect very few women to attend provide a token space that can accommodate about six women comfortably. The space is demarcated by moveable, opaque partitions that are over 6 feet (2 m) high. Examples are in the Yeshiva University beit midrash, and the Shabbat afternoon service at Young Israel of Avenue J in Flatbush, Brooklyn. In some synagogues, the booth is a supplement to the balcony, to accommodate women who have difficulty walking up the stairs (such as at She'erith Israel Congregation, Glen Avenue, Baltimore). Fixed height opaque wall Sometimes with a non opaque curtain, screen, glass, or other material above the wall, which can include: blinds or a curtain that can be opened during announcements or a sermon, etched glass, stained glass, a one way screen with lights so that women can see through without being seen (e. g. Beth Jacob Shaarei Zion and Suburban Orthodox in Baltimore). The mechitza at the Bostoner Rebbe's synagogue in Brookline, Massachusetts, is made entirely of panels from the Boston John Hancock Tower (which had been removed from that building due to safety concerns). The Bostoner Rebbe chose these panels because they are one way glass so the women can see out, but men cannot see into the women's section. Later, the Rebbe's wife put curtains inside the women's section, so that women could not see into the men's section.) Curtain Usually 5 feet (2 m) tall or higher, made of opaque or semi opaque material, held up by poles on stands or a clothesline. This option costs less than the above fixed options and is used frequently by synagogues that wish to use their prayer halls for mixed sex functions in addition to separate sex prayer. College Hillel Orthodox minyans may choose this option because the rooms at Hillel are all used for multiple purposes besides prayer. Separate room The strictest separation has women in a separate room from the men, able to view through one way glass or an open window from a balcony, or not view at all. Examples of this are the yeshiva Ohr Someach in the neighborhood of Maalot Dafna in Jerusalem, where the men sit in a first floor room with a two story ceiling, and the women are on the second floor with a window overlooking the men's prayer hall. A similar design (men first floor, women second floor) is in 770 Eastern Parkway, the main synagogue for the Chabad Lubavitch movement in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, and the Main Belzer Shul in Jerusalem.
Раздельное помещение. Самое строгое разделение предполагает, что женщины находятся в отдельном помещении от мужчин, с возможностью просмотра через одностороннее стекло или открытое окно с балкона, или вообще без возможности просмотра. Примеры включают ешиву Ор Сомеах в районе Маалот Дафна в Иерусалиме, где мужчины сидят в помещении на первом этаже с потолком высотой в два этажа, а женщины – на втором этаже с окном, выходящим в мужской молельный зал. Аналогичный дизайн (мужчины на первом этаже, женщины на втором) можно увидеть в 770 Eastern Parkway, главной синагоге движения Хабад-Любавич в Краун-Хайтс, Бруклин, и в Главной Бельцской синагоге в Иерусалиме.
There are different styles of mechitzas, depending on the number of women the synagogue expects to attend their prayer services, how dedicated the congregation is to accommodating women who wish to pray with the congregation, and whether the congregation believes that the purpose of the mechitza is to provide a social separation or to prevent the men from seeing the women. Any of these options can be made so that they go across the length of the room so that men and women are side by side or so that they go across the width of the room so that women sit behind the men. Synagogues in which women sit next to the men are generally more concerned with women's ability to join equally in prayer with the congregation. Balcony Balconies with a three foot wall are themselves traditionally considered fitting mechitzas. In this design, women sit in the balcony and men sit below. This design was common in the 19th and early 20th century, and is common in Europe, including the Shaarei Tikva synagogue in Lisbon (opened in 1904). Examples in the United States include the Bnei Israel Synagogue in Baltimore (opened 1845), B'nai Jacob in Ottumwa, Iowa (opened 1915), Temple Beth Shalom (the Tremont Street Shul) in Cambridge, Massachusetts (opened 1925 as Temple Ashkenaz), and the Beth Efraim Bukharian Jewish Synagogue in Forest Hills, New York (70th Avenue). Some of these American examples are modeled after specific European synagogues, others are best classified as vernacular architecture. A Canadian example is the Beth Jacob Synagogue in North York, Ontario. Balconies with curtains or one way glass More strict congregations add a curtain to the balcony so that men cannot see even women's faces. Central partition A fixed height gate or planter running down the center of the room, so that women and men both face front side by side. Often these partitions are minimal height (3 feet (1 m)). In addition to the partition, sometimes the women's section is elevated by about a foot above the men's section. Example of a lower partition with a raised floor is in Anshe Shalom Bnei Israel synagogue in Chicago and Young Israel of Ocean Parkway in Flatbush, Brooklyn. An example of a medium high partition (5 feet (2 m)) without a raised floor is the Adas Israel in Hamilton, Ontario. An example of a higher partition with a raised floor is in Mount Sinai Jewish Center of Washington Heights in Manhattan. Booth Synagogues that expect very few women to attend provide a token space that can accommodate about six women comfortably. The space is demarcated by moveable, opaque partitions that are over 6 feet (2 m) high. Examples are in the Yeshiva University beit midrash, and the Shabbat afternoon service at Young Israel of Avenue J in Flatbush, Brooklyn. In some synagogues, the booth is a supplement to the balcony, to accommodate women who have difficulty walking up the stairs (such as at She'erith Israel Congregation, Glen Avenue, Baltimore). Fixed height opaque wall Sometimes with a non opaque curtain, screen, glass, or other material above the wall, which can include: blinds or a curtain that can be opened during announcements or a sermon, etched glass, stained glass, a one way screen with lights so that women can see through without being seen (e. g. Beth Jacob Shaarei Zion and Suburban Orthodox in Baltimore). The mechitza at the Bostoner Rebbe's synagogue in Brookline, Massachusetts, is made entirely of panels from the Boston John Hancock Tower (which had been removed from that building due to safety concerns). The Bostoner Rebbe chose these panels because they are one way glass so the women can see out, but men cannot see into the women's section. Later, the Rebbe's wife put curtains inside the women's section, so that women could not see into the men's section.) Curtain Usually 5 feet (2 m) tall or higher, made of opaque or semi opaque material, held up by poles on stands or a clothesline. This option costs less than the above fixed options and is used frequently by synagogues that wish to use their prayer halls for mixed sex functions in addition to separate sex prayer. College Hillel Orthodox minyans may choose this option because the rooms at Hillel are all used for multiple purposes besides prayer. Separate room The strictest separation has women in a separate room from the men, able to view through one way glass or an open window from a balcony, or not view at all. Examples of this are the yeshiva Ohr Someach in the neighborhood of Maalot Dafna in Jerusalem, where the men sit in a first floor room with a two story ceiling, and the women are on the second floor with a window overlooking the men's prayer hall. A similar design (men first floor, women second floor) is in 770 Eastern Parkway, the main synagogue for the Chabad Lubavitch movement in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, and the Main Belzer Shul in Jerusalem.
Эрув
В халахическом дискурсе "мехица" может также обозначать ограждающие стены эрува для переноса предметов (чтобы можно было переносить вещи в определенной области в субботу, эта область должна быть полностью огорожена). Существует множество конкретных правил, определяющих, что считается допустимой мехицей, хотя мехица не обязательно должна быть сплошной. (Например, часто часть эрува может представлять собой веревку, натянутую между несколькими столбами, и это может быть признано допустимой мехицей).
In halakhic discourse, "mechitza" can also refer to the boundary walls of an eruv for carrying (to carry within a given area on the Sabbath the area must be entirely enclosed). There are many specific rules for what constitutes a valid mechitza, although the mechitza does not have to be solid. (For example, there are many instances where part of an eruv may be a string run across several poles, and this could constitute a valid mechitza).
Сукка
В Талмуде стены сукки также называются "мехица". Эти стены должны быть высотой не менее десяти тефахимов (примерно 90 сантиметров), чтобы сукка считалась действительной.
The walls of a sukkah are also referred to as a "mechitza" in the Talmud. These walls must be at least ten tefachim (approximately ) high for the sukkah to be valid.