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1967 Steve Reich composition

Piano Phase is a minimalist composition by American composer Steve Reich, written in 1967 for two pianos (or piano and tape). It is one of his first attempts at applying his "phasing" technique, which he had previously used in the tape pieces It's Gonna Rain (1965) and Come Out (1966), to live performance. Reich further developed this technique in pieces like Violin Phase (also 1967), Phase Patterns (1970), and Drumming (1971).

Piano Phase represents Steve Reich's first attempt to apply his "phasing" technique. Reich had earlier used tape loops in It's Gonna Rain (1965) and Come Out (1966), but wanted to apply the technique to live performance. Reich carried out a hybrid test with Reed Phase (1966), combining an instrument (a soprano saxophone) and a magnetic tape. Not having two pianos at his disposal, Reich experimented by first recording a piano part on tape, and then trying to play mostly in sync with the recording, albeit with slight shifts, or phases, with occasional re alignments of the twelve successive notes against each other. Reich found the experience satisfying, showing that a musician can phase with concentration. With the premiere of Reed Phase at Fairleigh Dickinson University in early 1967, Reich and a musician friend, Arthur Murphy, had the opportunity to attempt Piano Phase with two pianos in live concert. Reich discovered that it was possible to dispense with tape and phase without mechanical assistance. Reich experimented phasing with several versions, including a version for four electric pianos titled Four Pianos dating from March 1967, before settling on a final version of the piece written for two pianos.

Reich's phasing works generally have two identical lines of music, which begin by playing synchronously, but slowly become out of phase with one another when one of them slightly speeds up. In Piano Phase, Reich subdivides the work (in 32 measures) into three sections, with each section taking the same basic pattern, played rapidly by both pianists. The music is made up, therefore, of the results of applying the phasing process to the initial twelve note melody—as such, it is a piece of process music. The composition typically lasts around 15 20 minutes.

The section begins by both pianists playing a rapid twelve note melodic figure over and over again in unison (E4 F4 B4 C5 D5 F4 E4 C5 B4 F4 D5 C5). The pattern consists only of 5 distinct pitch classes. After a while, one pianist begins to play slightly faster than the other. When this pianist is playing the second note of the figure at the same time the other pianist is playing the first note, the two pianists play at the same tempo again. The process is repeated until the process has gone full circle, and the two pianists are playing in perfect unison.

The second pianist then fades out, leaving the first playing the original twelve note melody. The first pianist adjusts the bottom part to a four note motif, which changes the pattern to an 8 note repeating pattern. The second pianist re enters, but with a distinct 8 note pattern. The phasing process begins again; after the full eight cycles, the first pianist fades out, leaving one eight note melody playing. The section ends at measure 26.

The last section introduces the simplest pattern, now in 4/8 meter, built from final four notes of the melody from the previous section, and having only four distinct pitch classes. The other pianist re enters, the phasing process restarts, and ends when both pianists return to unison. The phase cycle is repeated ad libitum from eight to sixty times according to the score.

Piano Phase is an example of "music as a gradual process," as Reich stated in his essay from 1968. In it, Reich described his interest in using processes to generate music, particularly noting how the process is perceived by the listener. (Processes are deterministic: a description of the process can describe an entire whole composition. According to musicologist Keith Potter, Piano Phase led to several breakthroughs that would mark Reich's future compositions. The first is the discovery of using simple but flexible harmonic material, which produces remarkable musical results when phasing occurs. Others, including Peter Aidu, Leszek Możdżer, and Rachel Flowers have also given solo performances of this piece. In 2016, a performance given by harpsichordist Mahan Esfahani at the Kölner Philharmonie was disrupted by audience members who clapped, whistled and shouted 'speak German' during the first minutes of the performance, which had to be abandoned.