Грамматика турецкого языка

Grammar of the Turkish language
Turkish grammar (Türkçe dil bilgisi), as described in this article, is the grammar of standard Turkish as spoken and written by the majority of people in the Republic of Turkey. Turkish is a highly agglutinative language, in that much of the grammar is expressed by means of suffixes added to nouns and verbs. It is very regular compared with many European languages. For example, evlerden "from the houses" can be analysed as ev "house", ler (plural suffix), den (ablative case, meaning "from"); gidiyorum "I am going" as git "go", iyor (present continuous tense), um (1st person singular = "I"). Another characteristic of Turkish is vowel harmony. Most suffixes have two or four different forms, the choice between which depends on the vowel of the word's root or the preceding suffix: for example, the ablative case of evler is evlerden "from the houses" but, the ablative case of başlar "heads" is başlardan "from the heads". Verbs have six grammatical persons (three singular and three plural), various voices (active and passive, reflexive, reciprocal, and causative), and a large number of grammatical tenses. Meanings such as "not", "be able", "should" and "if", which are expressed as separate words in most European languages, are usually expressed with verbal suffixes in Turkish. A characteristic of Turkish which is shared by neighboring languages such as Bulgarian and Persian is that the perfect tense suffix (in Turkish miş , müş , mış , or muş ) often has an inferential meaning, e. g. geliyormuşum "it would seem (they say) that I am coming". Verbs also have a number of participial forms, which Turkish makes much use of. Clauses which begin with "who" or "because" in English are generally translated by means of participial phrases in Turkish. In Turkish, verbs generally come at the end of the sentence or clause; adjectives and possessive nouns come before the noun they describe; and meanings such as "behind", "for", "like/similar to" etc. are expressed as postpositions following the noun rather than prepositions before it.

A suffix (ek) is attached to a stem (gövde). A stem may be a root (kök) or further analyzable. The suffixes used in Turkish fall roughly into two classes: constructive suffixes (yapım ekleri) and inflectional suffixes (çekim ekleri). A constructive suffix makes a new word from an old one, that is, it is a derivational suffix. An inflectional suffix indicates how a word is used in a sentence. The article on Turkish grammar pertains chiefly to inflectional suffixes. The article on Turkish vocabulary treats the constructive suffixes. The vowels of suffixes undergo vowel harmony. When a suffix is attached to a stem, the vowel in the suffix generally agrees in frontness or backness and in roundedness with the last vowel in the stem or of the preceding suffix. Some suffixes show two way vowel harmony between e and a, for example the plural suffix ler/ lar. The e form is found after a syllable with i, e, ö or ü (e. g. evler "houses", günler "days"), and also after certain Arabic or French borrowings such as saatler "hours, clocks", kalpler "hearts". Other suffixes show four way vowel harmony between i, ı, u, ü, for example the possessive ending im/ ım/ um/ üm "my". These endings are found after syllables containing their own vowels or after e, a, o, ö respectively (e. g. evim "my house", gözüm "my eye", etc.) A Turkish suffix can be called enclitic if its vowel undergoes vowel harmony, agreeing with the last vowel of the stem the suffix is attached to.

Turkish lacks grammatical gender. The English third person singular pronouns she, he, and it all correspond to a single Turkish pronoun, o. Many given names in Turkish are unisex, so it is entirely possible to describe someone in the Turkish language without their gender being discernible from grammatical context.

Turkish has a strong T–V distinction, using the second person plural as the formal form, as in French and many other languages. Turkish also uses various honorifics.

Family members and friends speak to one another using the second singular person sen, and adults use sen to address minors. In formal situations (meeting people for the first time, business, customer clerk, colleagues) plural second person siz is used almost exclusively. In very formal situations, double plural second person sizler may refer to a much respected person. Rarely, third person plural conjugation of the verb (but not the pronoun) may be used to emphasize utmost respect. In the imperative, there are three forms: second person singular for informal, second person plural for formal, and double plural second person for very formal situations. Thus, the imperative forms of the verb gelmek, "to come", are gel (second person singular, informal), gelin (second person plural, formal), and geliniz (double second person plural, very formal). The very formal forms are not frequently used.

Turkish honorifics generally follow the first name, especially if they refer to gender or particular social statuses (e. g. <name> Bey (Mr.), <name> Hanım (Ms.), <name> Öğretmen (teacher)). Such honorifics are used both in formal and informal situations. A newer honorific is Sayın, which precedes the surname or full name, and is not gender specific. (e. g. Sayın Name Surname, or Sayın Surname, or Sayın Name Bey/Hanım). They are generally used in very formal situations. While these honorifics are normally used in pre position to Turkish first names, for foreigners, names are preceded by Bay (Mr.) or Bayan (Ms.): Bay [Fox] Mulder, Bayan [Dana] Scully (cf. Fox [Mulder] Bey, Dana [Scully] Hanım, if these names were Turkish).

In a positive comparison, the object takes the ablative case; the adverb daha ("more") is optional, unless the object is left out. In a negative comparison, the adverb az ("less") is needed; the object still takes the ablative; daha can still be used as well. The superlative degree is expressed by the adverb en ("most").

Many stems in the dictionary are indivisible; others consist of endings attached to a root.

"A classic, still used to teach Turkish grammar in many universities." "Turkish lessons with Turkish English explanation[s] for foreigners." "A classic, still used to teach Turkish grammar in many universities." "The most recent comprehensive grammar in English." Second edition. Structural differences between the two editions are not named in the second, but appear to be as follows: IV,4 " çe", VI,7 "Arithmetical terms", XI,16 " diğinde", and XII,25 "tâ" are new, while XV,1 "Nominal sentences and verbal sentences" in the first edition was dropped. "Semantic and syntactic properties of words: subjects, examples, questions, answers with explanation (language ability for the university entrance examinations, 2)." "The Turkish language, language, and expression." Gerjan van Schaaik (2020). The Oxford Turkish Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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