Введение
Социальная теория
Social threefolding is a social theory which originated in the early 20th century from the work of Rudolf Steiner. Of central importance is a distinction made between three spheres of society – the political, economic, and cultural. The idea is that when economy, culture, and polity are relatively independent of one another, they check, balance, and correct one another and thus lead to greater social health and progress. This is not be confused with laissez faire economics. Steiner was concerned rather that businesses should not be able to buy favorable laws and regulations, and that governments should regulate the economy and protections for workers impartially and not be corrupted by participating in business. "A sphere of life calls forth interests arising only within that sphere. Out of the economic sphere one can develop only economic interests. If one is called out of this sphere to produce legal judgements as well, then these will merely be economic interests in disguise.". Social threefolding aims to foster:
equality and democracy in political life,
freedom in cultural life (art, science, religion, education, the media), and
uncoerced cooperation in a freely contractual economic life. In 1917, during the First World War, Steiner first proposed what he often called the "threefoldment of the social organism." Then in 1919, during the German Revolution following the end of the war, Steiner was asked by several colleagues to lead and did lead a public campaign for threefold social ideas. In 1922, he gave a series of lectures on economics from the threefoldment perspective. Steiner suggested the cooperative independence of these three societal realms could be achieved both through relatively gradual, small scale changes in individual enterprises, as well as by relatively rapid medium and large scale changes in whole economic regions or even in whole societies. Steiner insisted that large scale changes could only be implemented if accepted by the will of the majority in society, i. e., democratically. Steiner rejected all ideology, characterizing it as a restriction and imposition on what lives in people. Instead, Steiner sought to create conditions whereby people themselves could act creatively within the economy (through what he called associations, as well as through what today is sometimes called steward owned business and stakeholder capitalism), within politics (through more participatory forms of direct democracy), and within culture (through the autonomy of teachers and other cultural workers). "All ideal programs are to be dismissed, all prescriptions are to be dismissed, everything is placed into the immediate impulse of the individual ability." Steiner described how the three spheres had been growing independent over thousands of years, evolving from ancient theocracies which governed all aspects of society; then, gradually separating out the purely political and legal life (beginning in Ancient Greece and Rome); then again, the purely economic life (beginning with the Industrial Revolution). Steiner saw this trend as evolving towards greater independence of the three spheres in modern times. However now this evolution must be taken up with conscious intention by society. Steiner held it socially destructive when one of the three spheres tries to dominate the others. For example:
"Theocracy" occurs when a cultural impulse dominates economy and politics;
Unregulated and socially irresponsible capitalism allows economic interests to dominate politics and culture; and
State socialism means political agendas dominate culture and economic life. A more specific example: Arthur Salter, 1st Baron Salter suggests governments frequently fail when they begin to give "discretionary, particularly preferential privileges to competitive industry [hence fascism]." The goal is for this independence to arise in such a way these three realms mutually balance each other, providing healthy cultural equilibrium. Many concrete reform proposals to advance a "threefold social order" at various scales have been advanced since 1919. Some intentionally cooperative businesses and organizations, mostly in Europe, have attempted to realize a balance between the three spheres, given existing local structures. Waldorf schools deserve special mention in this regard. Another application has been the creation of various socially responsible banks and foundations. Bernard Lievegoed incorporated significant aspects of social threefolding in his work on organizational development.
Социальная тройственность – это социальная теория, возникшая в начале XX века на основе работ Рудольфа Штайнера. Центральное значение имеет разграничение между тремя сферами общества – политической, экономической и культурной. Идея заключается в том, что когда экономика, культура и политика относительно независимы друг от друга, они сдерживают, уравновешивают и корректируют друг друга, тем самым способствуя социальному здоровью и прогрессу. Это не следует путать с экономикой laissez-faire. Штайнер опасался, что предприятия не должны иметь возможности покупать себе выгодные законы и нормативные акты, а правительства должны регулировать экономику и обеспечивать защиту работников беспристрастно, не подвергаясь коррупции из-за участия в бизнесе. «Сфера жизни порождает интересы, возникающие только в этой сфере. Вне экономической сферы можно развивать только экономические интересы. Если же вас призывают выйти из этой сферы для вынесения юридических суждений, то это будут лишь экономические интересы под маской». Социальная тройственность направлена на развитие:
Social threefolding is a social theory which originated in the early 20th century from the work of Rudolf Steiner. Of central importance is a distinction made between three spheres of society – the political, economic, and cultural. The idea is that when economy, culture, and polity are relatively independent of one another, they check, balance, and correct one another and thus lead to greater social health and progress. This is not be confused with laissez faire economics. Steiner was concerned rather that businesses should not be able to buy favorable laws and regulations, and that governments should regulate the economy and protections for workers impartially and not be corrupted by participating in business. "A sphere of life calls forth interests arising only within that sphere. Out of the economic sphere one can develop only economic interests. If one is called out of this sphere to produce legal judgements as well, then these will merely be economic interests in disguise.". Social threefolding aims to foster:
equality and democracy in political life,
freedom in cultural life (art, science, religion, education, the media), and
uncoerced cooperation in a freely contractual economic life. In 1917, during the First World War, Steiner first proposed what he often called the "threefoldment of the social organism." Then in 1919, during the German Revolution following the end of the war, Steiner was asked by several colleagues to lead and did lead a public campaign for threefold social ideas. In 1922, he gave a series of lectures on economics from the threefoldment perspective. Steiner suggested the cooperative independence of these three societal realms could be achieved both through relatively gradual, small scale changes in individual enterprises, as well as by relatively rapid medium and large scale changes in whole economic regions or even in whole societies. Steiner insisted that large scale changes could only be implemented if accepted by the will of the majority in society, i. e., democratically. Steiner rejected all ideology, characterizing it as a restriction and imposition on what lives in people. Instead, Steiner sought to create conditions whereby people themselves could act creatively within the economy (through what he called associations, as well as through what today is sometimes called steward owned business and stakeholder capitalism), within politics (through more participatory forms of direct democracy), and within culture (through the autonomy of teachers and other cultural workers). "All ideal programs are to be dismissed, all prescriptions are to be dismissed, everything is placed into the immediate impulse of the individual ability." Steiner described how the three spheres had been growing independent over thousands of years, evolving from ancient theocracies which governed all aspects of society; then, gradually separating out the purely political and legal life (beginning in Ancient Greece and Rome); then again, the purely economic life (beginning with the Industrial Revolution). Steiner saw this trend as evolving towards greater independence of the three spheres in modern times. However now this evolution must be taken up with conscious intention by society. Steiner held it socially destructive when one of the three spheres tries to dominate the others. For example:
"Theocracy" occurs when a cultural impulse dominates economy and politics;
Unregulated and socially irresponsible capitalism allows economic interests to dominate politics and culture; and
State socialism means political agendas dominate culture and economic life. A more specific example: Arthur Salter, 1st Baron Salter suggests governments frequently fail when they begin to give "discretionary, particularly preferential privileges to competitive industry [hence fascism]." The goal is for this independence to arise in such a way these three realms mutually balance each other, providing healthy cultural equilibrium. Many concrete reform proposals to advance a "threefold social order" at various scales have been advanced since 1919. Some intentionally cooperative businesses and organizations, mostly in Europe, have attempted to realize a balance between the three spheres, given existing local structures. Waldorf schools deserve special mention in this regard. Another application has been the creation of various socially responsible banks and foundations. Bernard Lievegoed incorporated significant aspects of social threefolding in his work on organizational development.
равенства и демократии в политической жизни,
свободы в культурной жизни (искусство, наука, религия, образование, средства массовой информации) и
непринудительного сотрудничества в свободно договорной экономической жизни. В 1917 году, во время Первой мировой войны, Штайнер впервые предложил то, что он часто называл «тройственным членением социального организма». Затем, в 1919 году, во время немецкой революции после окончания войны, Штайнер по просьбе нескольких коллег возглавил и возглавил общественную кампанию за идеи социальной тройственности. В 1922 году он прочитал серию лекций по экономике с точки зрения тройственного членения. Штайнер предположил, что кооперативная независимость этих трех общественных сфер может быть достигнута как посредством относительно постепенных, небольших изменений в отдельных предприятиях, так и посредством относительно быстрых средних и крупномасштабных изменений в целых экономических регионах или даже в целых обществах. Штайнер настаивал на том, что масштабные изменения могут быть реализованы только при условии их принятия волей большинства в обществе, то есть демократическим путем. Штайнер отвергал любую идеологию, характеризуя ее как ограничение и навязывание того, что живет в людях. Вместо этого Штайнер стремился создать условия, при которых люди могли бы сами творчески действовать в экономике (через то, что он называл ассоциациями, а также через то, что сегодня иногда называют бизнесом, находящимся под управлением заинтересованных сторон, и капитализмом заинтересованных сторон), в политике (через более партисипативные формы прямой демократии) и в культуре (через автономию учителей и других работников культуры). «Все идеальные программы должны быть отвергнуты, все предписания должны быть отвергнуты, все должно быть подчинено непосредственному импульсу индивидуальных способностей». Штайнер описал, как эти три сферы развивались независимо на протяжении тысячелетий, эволюционируя из древних теократий, которые управляли всеми аспектами общества; затем, постепенно отделились чисто политическая и правовая жизнь (начиная с Древней Греции и Рима); а затем – чисто экономическая жизнь (начиная с промышленной революции). Штайнер рассматривал эту тенденцию как эволюцию к большей независимости трех сфер в современности. Однако сейчас эта эволюция должна быть осознанно поддержана обществом. Штайнер считал социально разрушительным, когда одна из трех сфер пытается доминировать над другими. Например:
Social threefolding is a social theory which originated in the early 20th century from the work of Rudolf Steiner. Of central importance is a distinction made between three spheres of society – the political, economic, and cultural. The idea is that when economy, culture, and polity are relatively independent of one another, they check, balance, and correct one another and thus lead to greater social health and progress. This is not be confused with laissez faire economics. Steiner was concerned rather that businesses should not be able to buy favorable laws and regulations, and that governments should regulate the economy and protections for workers impartially and not be corrupted by participating in business. "A sphere of life calls forth interests arising only within that sphere. Out of the economic sphere one can develop only economic interests. If one is called out of this sphere to produce legal judgements as well, then these will merely be economic interests in disguise.". Social threefolding aims to foster:
equality and democracy in political life,
freedom in cultural life (art, science, religion, education, the media), and
uncoerced cooperation in a freely contractual economic life. In 1917, during the First World War, Steiner first proposed what he often called the "threefoldment of the social organism." Then in 1919, during the German Revolution following the end of the war, Steiner was asked by several colleagues to lead and did lead a public campaign for threefold social ideas. In 1922, he gave a series of lectures on economics from the threefoldment perspective. Steiner suggested the cooperative independence of these three societal realms could be achieved both through relatively gradual, small scale changes in individual enterprises, as well as by relatively rapid medium and large scale changes in whole economic regions or even in whole societies. Steiner insisted that large scale changes could only be implemented if accepted by the will of the majority in society, i. e., democratically. Steiner rejected all ideology, characterizing it as a restriction and imposition on what lives in people. Instead, Steiner sought to create conditions whereby people themselves could act creatively within the economy (through what he called associations, as well as through what today is sometimes called steward owned business and stakeholder capitalism), within politics (through more participatory forms of direct democracy), and within culture (through the autonomy of teachers and other cultural workers). "All ideal programs are to be dismissed, all prescriptions are to be dismissed, everything is placed into the immediate impulse of the individual ability." Steiner described how the three spheres had been growing independent over thousands of years, evolving from ancient theocracies which governed all aspects of society; then, gradually separating out the purely political and legal life (beginning in Ancient Greece and Rome); then again, the purely economic life (beginning with the Industrial Revolution). Steiner saw this trend as evolving towards greater independence of the three spheres in modern times. However now this evolution must be taken up with conscious intention by society. Steiner held it socially destructive when one of the three spheres tries to dominate the others. For example:
"Theocracy" occurs when a cultural impulse dominates economy and politics;
Unregulated and socially irresponsible capitalism allows economic interests to dominate politics and culture; and
State socialism means political agendas dominate culture and economic life. A more specific example: Arthur Salter, 1st Baron Salter suggests governments frequently fail when they begin to give "discretionary, particularly preferential privileges to competitive industry [hence fascism]." The goal is for this independence to arise in such a way these three realms mutually balance each other, providing healthy cultural equilibrium. Many concrete reform proposals to advance a "threefold social order" at various scales have been advanced since 1919. Some intentionally cooperative businesses and organizations, mostly in Europe, have attempted to realize a balance between the three spheres, given existing local structures. Waldorf schools deserve special mention in this regard. Another application has been the creation of various socially responsible banks and foundations. Bernard Lievegoed incorporated significant aspects of social threefolding in his work on organizational development.
«Теократия» возникает, когда культурный импульс доминирует над экономикой и политикой;
Нерегулируемый и социально безответственный капитализм позволяет экономическим интересам доминировать над политикой и культурой;
Государственный социализм означает, что политические установки доминируют над культурой и экономической жизнью.
Более конкретный пример: Артур Солтер, 1-й барон Солтер, предполагает, что правительства часто терпят неудачу, когда начинают предоставлять «дискреционные, особенно преференциальные привилегии конкурентоспособным отраслям [отсюда фашизм]». Цель состоит в том, чтобы эта независимость возникла таким образом, чтобы эти три сферы взаимно уравновешивали друг друга, обеспечивая здоровую культурную равновесию. С 1919 года было выдвинуто множество конкретных предложений по реформированию для продвижения «тройственного социального порядка» в различных масштабах. Некоторые намеренно кооперативные предприятия и организации, в основном в Европе, пытались реализовать баланс между тремя сферами, учитывая существующие местные структуры. Особого упоминания заслуживают школы Вальдорфа. Другим применением стало создание различных социально ответственных банков и фондов. Бернард Ливегуд включил значительные аспекты социальной тройственности в свою работу по организационному развитию.
Social threefolding is a social theory which originated in the early 20th century from the work of Rudolf Steiner. Of central importance is a distinction made between three spheres of society – the political, economic, and cultural. The idea is that when economy, culture, and polity are relatively independent of one another, they check, balance, and correct one another and thus lead to greater social health and progress. This is not be confused with laissez faire economics. Steiner was concerned rather that businesses should not be able to buy favorable laws and regulations, and that governments should regulate the economy and protections for workers impartially and not be corrupted by participating in business. "A sphere of life calls forth interests arising only within that sphere. Out of the economic sphere one can develop only economic interests. If one is called out of this sphere to produce legal judgements as well, then these will merely be economic interests in disguise.". Social threefolding aims to foster:
equality and democracy in political life,
freedom in cultural life (art, science, religion, education, the media), and
uncoerced cooperation in a freely contractual economic life. In 1917, during the First World War, Steiner first proposed what he often called the "threefoldment of the social organism." Then in 1919, during the German Revolution following the end of the war, Steiner was asked by several colleagues to lead and did lead a public campaign for threefold social ideas. In 1922, he gave a series of lectures on economics from the threefoldment perspective. Steiner suggested the cooperative independence of these three societal realms could be achieved both through relatively gradual, small scale changes in individual enterprises, as well as by relatively rapid medium and large scale changes in whole economic regions or even in whole societies. Steiner insisted that large scale changes could only be implemented if accepted by the will of the majority in society, i. e., democratically. Steiner rejected all ideology, characterizing it as a restriction and imposition on what lives in people. Instead, Steiner sought to create conditions whereby people themselves could act creatively within the economy (through what he called associations, as well as through what today is sometimes called steward owned business and stakeholder capitalism), within politics (through more participatory forms of direct democracy), and within culture (through the autonomy of teachers and other cultural workers). "All ideal programs are to be dismissed, all prescriptions are to be dismissed, everything is placed into the immediate impulse of the individual ability." Steiner described how the three spheres had been growing independent over thousands of years, evolving from ancient theocracies which governed all aspects of society; then, gradually separating out the purely political and legal life (beginning in Ancient Greece and Rome); then again, the purely economic life (beginning with the Industrial Revolution). Steiner saw this trend as evolving towards greater independence of the three spheres in modern times. However now this evolution must be taken up with conscious intention by society. Steiner held it socially destructive when one of the three spheres tries to dominate the others. For example:
"Theocracy" occurs when a cultural impulse dominates economy and politics;
Unregulated and socially irresponsible capitalism allows economic interests to dominate politics and culture; and
State socialism means political agendas dominate culture and economic life. A more specific example: Arthur Salter, 1st Baron Salter suggests governments frequently fail when they begin to give "discretionary, particularly preferential privileges to competitive industry [hence fascism]." The goal is for this independence to arise in such a way these three realms mutually balance each other, providing healthy cultural equilibrium. Many concrete reform proposals to advance a "threefold social order" at various scales have been advanced since 1919. Some intentionally cooperative businesses and organizations, mostly in Europe, have attempted to realize a balance between the three spheres, given existing local structures. Waldorf schools deserve special mention in this regard. Another application has been the creation of various socially responsible banks and foundations. Bernard Lievegoed incorporated significant aspects of social threefolding in his work on organizational development.
Историческое происхождение
До окончания Первой мировой войны Штайнер все чаще говорил об опасном напряжении, присущем современным общественным структурам и политическим интригам. Он предвидел неизбежный крах традиционных социальных форм и утверждал, что вскоре каждый аспект общества должен будет создаваться осознанно, а не полагаться на наследие прошлых традиций и институтов. После войны он увидел уникальную возможность установить здоровую социальную и политическую систему и начал читать лекции по всей послевоенной Германии, часто перед большой аудиторией, о своих социальных идеях. Эти идеи были восприняты рядом видных деятелей культуры и политики того времени, однако не оказали влияния на происходившее восстановление Германии. RSF Social Finance также сыграла важную роль в создании структуры подотчетного владения для одного из крупнейших независимых дистрибьюторов органических продуктов в США.
По словам Цеса Лейенхорста, "Штайнер представил свое видение новой политической и социальной философии, избегающей двух крайностей – капитализма и социализма". Штайнер оказал влияние на итальянский фашизм, который эксплуатировал "его расовые и антидемократические догмы". Фашистские министры Джованни Антонио Колонна ди Чезаро (прозванный "антропософским герцогом"; он стал антифашистом после участия в правительстве Бенито Муссолини) и Этторе Мартиноли открыто выражали свою симпатию Рудольфу Штайнеру.
Экономическая поддержка культуры
Центральная идея социальной тройственности заключается в том, что экономическая сфера должна выделять средства на поддержку культурных и образовательных учреждений, независимых от государства. Поскольку предприятия становятся прибыльными благодаря творчеству и вдохновению, а культура общества является ключевым источником этих качеств, возвращение части прибыли, полученной предприятиями, в независимые культурные инициативы может служить своего рода стартовым капиталом для стимулирования дальнейшего творческого развития. С этой точки зрения, налоги порой представляют собой нездоровую форму принудительного пожертвования, искусственно перенаправляющую прибыль предприятий. Поскольку налоги контролируются государством, культурные инициативы, финансируемые из налогов, легко попадают под государственный контроль, вместо того чтобы сохранять свою независимость. Штайнер верил в свободу образования и выбора, и одним из его идеалов было то, что экономический сектор в конечном итоге может создать фонды стипендий, которые позволят всем семьям свободно выбирать (и создавать) широкий спектр независимых, не государственных школ для своих детей.
Отношение образования к государству и экономике
Для Штайнера отделение культурной сферы от политической и экономической означало, что образование должно быть доступно всем детям, независимо от платежеспособности их семей, и обеспечиваться частными и/или государственными стипендиями с детского сада до старшей школы, которые семьи могли бы направлять в выбранную ими школу. Штайнер поддерживал свободу образования, но был гибким и понимал, что некоторые правовые ограничения для школ (например, законы о здравоохранении и безопасности), при условии их сведения к абсолютному минимуму, будут необходимы и оправданы.
Политики работают в рамках трех социальных концепций
Никанор Перлас, лауреат премии «Правое средство к существованию», в 2009 году объявил о своей кандидатуре на пост президента Филиппин. Перлас много писал о социальной тройственности. Ряд реформаторских движений, чьи лидеры и участники могли никогда не слышать о социальной тройственности или Рудольфе Штайнере, тем не менее, непреднамеренно продвигают один из трех её аспектов, например, движения, стремящиеся 1) снизить влияние денег на политику за счет повышения прозрачности государственного управления, 2) развивать кооперативные и социально ответственные формы капитализма и 3) обеспечить всем семьям, включая малообеспеченные, свободу выбора образования и право выбирать для своих детей независимые, негосударственные школы.