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Содержание
Введение
Система романизации фучжоуского диалекта восточного минь Бань уа цэ (сокращенно BUC; t=平話字) или фучжоуская романизация (福州話羅馬字) — латинский алфавит для фучжоуского диалекта восточного минь, принятый в середине XIX века западными миссионерами. Он изменялся в разные периоды и был стандартизирован в 1890-х годах. Бань уа цэ в основном использовался в церковных кругах и преподавался в некоторых миссионерских школах Фучжоу. Однако, в отличие от своего аналога пе̍х оэ джи для хоккиен, даже в период расцвета Бань уа цэ не был повсеместно понятен христианам.
Romanization system of the Fuzhou dialect of Eastern Min
Bàng uâ cê (abbr. BUC; t=平話字) or Fuzhou romanization (福州話羅馬字), is a Latin alphabet for the Fuzhou dialect of Eastern Min adopted in the middle of the 19th century by Western missionaries. It had varied at different times, and became standardized in the 1890s. Bàng uâ cê was mainly used inside of church circles, and was taught in some mission schools in Fuzhou. However, unlike its counterpart Pe̍h ōe jī for Hokkien, even in its prime days Bàng uâ cê was by no means universally understood by Christians.
История
После того, как Фучжоу стал одним из пяти китайских портов, открытых Нанкинским договором в конце Первой опиумной войны (с 1839 по 1842 год), в город прибыло много западных миссионеров. Столкнувшись с повсеместной неграмотностью, они разработали латинский алфавит для фучжоуского диалекта. Первую попытку романизации фучжоуского диалекта предпринял американский методист М. К. Уайт, который позаимствовал систему орфографии, известную как система сэра Уильяма Джонса. В этой системе 14 начальных согласных были разработаны точно в соответствии с их звонкостью и придыханием. , , и обозначают , , и , в то время как греческий spiritus lenis прикреплялся к вышеуказанным согласным для обозначения их придыхательных аналогов. Помимо пяти гласных латинского алфавита, были введены четыре диакритически отмеченные буквы , , , и , представляющие , , , и соответственно. Эта система подробно описана в лингвистической работе Уайта «Китайский язык, на котором говорят в Фучжоу». Последующие миссионеры, включая Роберта С. Маклея из Американской методистской епископальной миссии, Р. В. Стюарта из Англиканской церкви и Чарльза Хартвелла из Американской миссионерской ассоциации, в дальнейшем модифицировали систему Уайта несколькими способами. Наиболее значительное изменение коснулось взрывных согласных, где spiritus lenis придыхательных начальных согласных был удален, а буквы , и заменили и . Что касается гласных, то , , и были заменены на , , и . Поскольку все диакритические знаки были перемещены под гласные, это освободило место над гласными, которое было занято вновь введенными тоновыми знаками. Таким образом, Bàng uâ cê избегает потенциально неудобного нагромождения диакритических знаков, которое можно увидеть, например, во вьетнамской письменности, где знаки тона и качества гласных располагаются оба над гласной.
After Fuzhou became one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened by the Treaty of Nanjing at the end of First Opium War (from 1839 to 1842), many Western missionaries arrived in the city. Faced with widespread illiteracy, they developed Latin alphabets for the Fuzhou dialect. The first attempt in romanizing the Fuzhou dialect was made by the American Methodist M. C. White, who borrowed a system of orthography known as the System of Sir William Jones. In this system, 14 initials were designed exactly according to their voicing and aspiration. , , and stand for , , and ; while the Greek spiritus lenis were affixed to the above initials to represent their aspirated counterparts. Besides the default five vowels of Latin alphabet, four diacritic marked letters , , and were also introduced, representing , , , and , respectively. This system is described at length in White's linguistic work The Chinese Language Spoken at Fuh Chau. Subsequent missionaries, including Robert S. Maclay from American Methodist Episcopal Mission, R. W. Stewart from the Church of England and Charles Hartwell from the American Board Mission, further modified White's system in several ways. The most significant change was made for the plosive consonants, where the spiritus lenis of the aspirated initials was removed and the letters , and substituted for and In the aspect of vowels, , , and were replaced by , , and Since the diacritical marks were all shifted to underneath the vowels, this left room above the vowels which was occupied by the newly introduced tonal marks. Thus Bàng uâ cê avoids the potentially awkward diacritic stacking seen for instance in the Vietnamese script, where tone and vowel quality marks both sit above the vowel.
Алфавит
Образцы иероглифов взяты из "Ци Линь Байинь" – знаменитого труда по фонетике, посвященного фучжоускому диалекту и написанного в эпоху династии Цин. Произношение записано стандартными символами МФА (IPA).
The sample characters are taken from the Qi Lin Bayin, a renowned phonology book about the Fuzhou dialect written in the Qing Dynasty. The pronunciations are recorded in standard IPA symbols.
Образец текста
Когда-то Северный ветер и Солнце спорили, кто из них сильнее.
Original Translation Audio Characters 《北風共日頭》 The North Wind and the Sun 有蜀回，北風共日頭著許塊爭，看底儂本事大。 Once upon a time, the North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was stronger. 爭來爭去無輸贏。 They disputed on and on without reaching a conclusion. 者辰候，墿𡅏有蜀隻儂行𡅏，身𡅏頌著蜀件厚厚其大衣。 Just at that moment, there was a man walking along the road, wearing a very heavy coat. 伊兩隻講好，底儂有本事先告玆隻儂共大衣褪唻去，就算底儂本事大。 The two agreed that who first succeeded in making this man take his coat off should be considered stronger. 仱呢，北風就使力死命的吹，不過伊罔吹的利害，玆隻𡅏行墿其儂就將許件大衣罔包罔緊去。 Then, the North Wind exerted all his strength to blow, but the harder he blew, the tighter that walking man wrapped his coat. 遘尾後，北風無辦法，就總款〇去。 At last, the North Wind was at his wits' end, so he gave up. 過仂暅，日頭出來。 After a while, the Sun came out. 熱〇〇使使力蜀曝，許隻𡅏行墿其儂〇刻就將許件大衣褪落來。 He shined out forcibly with a sweltering heat, and immediately that walking man took off his coat. 玆下北風就僅長承認，兩個儂底勢，故是日頭其本事大。 And so the North Wind had no choice but to confess that the Sun was stronger of the two.
Они спорили и спорили, но так и не пришли к согласию.
Original Translation Audio Characters 《北風共日頭》 The North Wind and the Sun 有蜀回，北風共日頭著許塊爭，看底儂本事大。 Once upon a time, the North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was stronger. 爭來爭去無輸贏。 They disputed on and on without reaching a conclusion. 者辰候，墿𡅏有蜀隻儂行𡅏，身𡅏頌著蜀件厚厚其大衣。 Just at that moment, there was a man walking along the road, wearing a very heavy coat. 伊兩隻講好，底儂有本事先告玆隻儂共大衣褪唻去，就算底儂本事大。 The two agreed that who first succeeded in making this man take his coat off should be considered stronger. 仱呢，北風就使力死命的吹，不過伊罔吹的利害，玆隻𡅏行墿其儂就將許件大衣罔包罔緊去。 Then, the North Wind exerted all his strength to blow, but the harder he blew, the tighter that walking man wrapped his coat. 遘尾後，北風無辦法，就總款〇去。 At last, the North Wind was at his wits' end, so he gave up. 過仂暅，日頭出來。 After a while, the Sun came out. 熱〇〇使使力蜀曝，許隻𡅏行墿其儂〇刻就將許件大衣褪落來。 He shined out forcibly with a sweltering heat, and immediately that walking man took off his coat. 玆下北風就僅長承認，兩個儂底勢，故是日頭其本事大。 And so the North Wind had no choice but to confess that the Sun was stronger of the two.
В это время по дороге шёл человек, одетый в очень тяжёлую шубу.
Original Translation Audio Characters 《北風共日頭》 The North Wind and the Sun 有蜀回，北風共日頭著許塊爭，看底儂本事大。 Once upon a time, the North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was stronger. 爭來爭去無輸贏。 They disputed on and on without reaching a conclusion. 者辰候，墿𡅏有蜀隻儂行𡅏，身𡅏頌著蜀件厚厚其大衣。 Just at that moment, there was a man walking along the road, wearing a very heavy coat. 伊兩隻講好，底儂有本事先告玆隻儂共大衣褪唻去，就算底儂本事大。 The two agreed that who first succeeded in making this man take his coat off should be considered stronger. 仱呢，北風就使力死命的吹，不過伊罔吹的利害，玆隻𡅏行墿其儂就將許件大衣罔包罔緊去。 Then, the North Wind exerted all his strength to blow, but the harder he blew, the tighter that walking man wrapped his coat. 遘尾後，北風無辦法，就總款〇去。 At last, the North Wind was at his wits' end, so he gave up. 過仂暅，日頭出來。 After a while, the Sun came out. 熱〇〇使使力蜀曝，許隻𡅏行墿其儂〇刻就將許件大衣褪落來。 He shined out forcibly with a sweltering heat, and immediately that walking man took off his coat. 玆下北風就僅長承認，兩個儂底勢，故是日頭其本事大。 And so the North Wind had no choice but to confess that the Sun was stronger of the two.
Оба договорились, что тот, кто первым заставит этого человека снять шубу, тот и сильнее.
Original Translation Audio Characters 《北風共日頭》 The North Wind and the Sun 有蜀回，北風共日頭著許塊爭，看底儂本事大。 Once upon a time, the North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was stronger. 爭來爭去無輸贏。 They disputed on and on without reaching a conclusion. 者辰候，墿𡅏有蜀隻儂行𡅏，身𡅏頌著蜀件厚厚其大衣。 Just at that moment, there was a man walking along the road, wearing a very heavy coat. 伊兩隻講好，底儂有本事先告玆隻儂共大衣褪唻去，就算底儂本事大。 The two agreed that who first succeeded in making this man take his coat off should be considered stronger. 仱呢，北風就使力死命的吹，不過伊罔吹的利害，玆隻𡅏行墿其儂就將許件大衣罔包罔緊去。 Then, the North Wind exerted all his strength to blow, but the harder he blew, the tighter that walking man wrapped his coat. 遘尾後，北風無辦法，就總款〇去。 At last, the North Wind was at his wits' end, so he gave up. 過仂暅，日頭出來。 After a while, the Sun came out. 熱〇〇使使力蜀曝，許隻𡅏行墿其儂〇刻就將許件大衣褪落來。 He shined out forcibly with a sweltering heat, and immediately that walking man took off his coat. 玆下北風就僅長承認，兩個儂底勢，故是日頭其本事大。 And so the North Wind had no choice but to confess that the Sun was stronger of the two.
Тогда Северный ветер изо всех сил начал дуть, но чем сильнее он дул, тем плотнее человек закутывался в шубу.
Original Translation Audio Characters 《北風共日頭》 The North Wind and the Sun 有蜀回，北風共日頭著許塊爭，看底儂本事大。 Once upon a time, the North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was stronger. 爭來爭去無輸贏。 They disputed on and on without reaching a conclusion. 者辰候，墿𡅏有蜀隻儂行𡅏，身𡅏頌著蜀件厚厚其大衣。 Just at that moment, there was a man walking along the road, wearing a very heavy coat. 伊兩隻講好，底儂有本事先告玆隻儂共大衣褪唻去，就算底儂本事大。 The two agreed that who first succeeded in making this man take his coat off should be considered stronger. 仱呢，北風就使力死命的吹，不過伊罔吹的利害，玆隻𡅏行墿其儂就將許件大衣罔包罔緊去。 Then, the North Wind exerted all his strength to blow, but the harder he blew, the tighter that walking man wrapped his coat. 遘尾後，北風無辦法，就總款〇去。 At last, the North Wind was at his wits' end, so he gave up. 過仂暅，日頭出來。 After a while, the Sun came out. 熱〇〇使使力蜀曝，許隻𡅏行墿其儂〇刻就將許件大衣褪落來。 He shined out forcibly with a sweltering heat, and immediately that walking man took off his coat. 玆下北風就僅長承認，兩個儂底勢，故是日頭其本事大。 And so the North Wind had no choice but to confess that the Sun was stronger of the two.
В конце концов, Северный ветер сдался, поняв, что ничего не может сделать.
Original Translation Audio Characters 《北風共日頭》 The North Wind and the Sun 有蜀回，北風共日頭著許塊爭，看底儂本事大。 Once upon a time, the North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was stronger. 爭來爭去無輸贏。 They disputed on and on without reaching a conclusion. 者辰候，墿𡅏有蜀隻儂行𡅏，身𡅏頌著蜀件厚厚其大衣。 Just at that moment, there was a man walking along the road, wearing a very heavy coat. 伊兩隻講好，底儂有本事先告玆隻儂共大衣褪唻去，就算底儂本事大。 The two agreed that who first succeeded in making this man take his coat off should be considered stronger. 仱呢，北風就使力死命的吹，不過伊罔吹的利害，玆隻𡅏行墿其儂就將許件大衣罔包罔緊去。 Then, the North Wind exerted all his strength to blow, but the harder he blew, the tighter that walking man wrapped his coat. 遘尾後，北風無辦法，就總款〇去。 At last, the North Wind was at his wits' end, so he gave up. 過仂暅，日頭出來。 After a while, the Sun came out. 熱〇〇使使力蜀曝，許隻𡅏行墿其儂〇刻就將許件大衣褪落來。 He shined out forcibly with a sweltering heat, and immediately that walking man took off his coat. 玆下北風就僅長承認，兩個儂底勢，故是日頭其本事大。 And so the North Wind had no choice but to confess that the Sun was stronger of the two.
Вскоре выглянуло Солнце.
Original Translation Audio Characters 《北風共日頭》 The North Wind and the Sun 有蜀回，北風共日頭著許塊爭，看底儂本事大。 Once upon a time, the North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was stronger. 爭來爭去無輸贏。 They disputed on and on without reaching a conclusion. 者辰候，墿𡅏有蜀隻儂行𡅏，身𡅏頌著蜀件厚厚其大衣。 Just at that moment, there was a man walking along the road, wearing a very heavy coat. 伊兩隻講好，底儂有本事先告玆隻儂共大衣褪唻去，就算底儂本事大。 The two agreed that who first succeeded in making this man take his coat off should be considered stronger. 仱呢，北風就使力死命的吹，不過伊罔吹的利害，玆隻𡅏行墿其儂就將許件大衣罔包罔緊去。 Then, the North Wind exerted all his strength to blow, but the harder he blew, the tighter that walking man wrapped his coat. 遘尾後，北風無辦法，就總款〇去。 At last, the North Wind was at his wits' end, so he gave up. 過仂暅，日頭出來。 After a while, the Sun came out. 熱〇〇使使力蜀曝，許隻𡅏行墿其儂〇刻就將許件大衣褪落來。 He shined out forcibly with a sweltering heat, and immediately that walking man took off his coat. 玆下北風就僅長承認，兩個儂底勢，故是日頭其本事大。 And so the North Wind had no choice but to confess that the Sun was stronger of the two.
Оно стало светить ярко и жарко, и человек тут же снял шубу.
Original Translation Audio Characters 《北風共日頭》 The North Wind and the Sun 有蜀回，北風共日頭著許塊爭，看底儂本事大。 Once upon a time, the North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was stronger. 爭來爭去無輸贏。 They disputed on and on without reaching a conclusion. 者辰候，墿𡅏有蜀隻儂行𡅏，身𡅏頌著蜀件厚厚其大衣。 Just at that moment, there was a man walking along the road, wearing a very heavy coat. 伊兩隻講好，底儂有本事先告玆隻儂共大衣褪唻去，就算底儂本事大。 The two agreed that who first succeeded in making this man take his coat off should be considered stronger. 仱呢，北風就使力死命的吹，不過伊罔吹的利害，玆隻𡅏行墿其儂就將許件大衣罔包罔緊去。 Then, the North Wind exerted all his strength to blow, but the harder he blew, the tighter that walking man wrapped his coat. 遘尾後，北風無辦法，就總款〇去。 At last, the North Wind was at his wits' end, so he gave up. 過仂暅，日頭出來。 After a while, the Sun came out. 熱〇〇使使力蜀曝，許隻𡅏行墿其儂〇刻就將許件大衣褪落來。 He shined out forcibly with a sweltering heat, and immediately that walking man took off his coat. 玆下北風就僅長承認，兩個儂底勢，故是日頭其本事大。 And so the North Wind had no choice but to confess that the Sun was stronger of the two.
Тогда Северный ветер признал, что Солнце сильнее его.
Original Translation Audio Characters 《北風共日頭》 The North Wind and the Sun 有蜀回，北風共日頭著許塊爭，看底儂本事大。 Once upon a time, the North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was stronger. 爭來爭去無輸贏。 They disputed on and on without reaching a conclusion. 者辰候，墿𡅏有蜀隻儂行𡅏，身𡅏頌著蜀件厚厚其大衣。 Just at that moment, there was a man walking along the road, wearing a very heavy coat. 伊兩隻講好，底儂有本事先告玆隻儂共大衣褪唻去，就算底儂本事大。 The two agreed that who first succeeded in making this man take his coat off should be considered stronger. 仱呢，北風就使力死命的吹，不過伊罔吹的利害，玆隻𡅏行墿其儂就將許件大衣罔包罔緊去。 Then, the North Wind exerted all his strength to blow, but the harder he blew, the tighter that walking man wrapped his coat. 遘尾後，北風無辦法，就總款〇去。 At last, the North Wind was at his wits' end, so he gave up. 過仂暅，日頭出來。 After a while, the Sun came out. 熱〇〇使使力蜀曝，許隻𡅏行墿其儂〇刻就將許件大衣褪落來。 He shined out forcibly with a sweltering heat, and immediately that walking man took off his coat. 玆下北風就僅長承認，兩個儂底勢，故是日頭其本事大。 And so the North Wind had no choice but to confess that the Sun was stronger of the two.