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Введение
Исламская повествовательная легенда «Хамзанама» (перс./урду: حمزهنامه Hamzenâme) или «Дастан-и Амир Хамза» (перс./урду: داستان امیر حمزه, Dâstân e Amir Hamze) повествует о легендарных подвигах арабского воина по имени Хамза, которого часто ошибочно принимают за Хамзу ибн Абдул-Мутталиба, дядю Мухаммеда. Большинство историй крайне вымышлены, представляя собой «непрерывную серию романтических эпизодов, угроз, головокружительных спасений и жестоких действий». «Хамзанама» описывает фантастические приключения Хамзы и его отряда героев в борьбе с врагами. Эти истории, восходящие к давней устной традиции, были записаны на персидском языке – языке дворов персидских государств – в нескольких томах, предположительно во времена правления Махмуда Газни (998–1030 гг.). На Западе это произведение наиболее известно благодаря огромной иллюстрированной рукописи «Акбар Хамзанама», заказанной императором Великих Моголов Акбаром около 1562 года. Письменный текст дополнял историю, традиционно рассказываемую устно в представлениях дастан. Традиция дастан (сказительства) об Амире Хамзе широко распространена, охватывая территории вплоть до Бенгалии и Аракана, поскольку эти земли находились под контролем Империи Великих Моголов. Самая полная версия «Хамзанамы» существует на языке урду и состоит из 46 томов, насчитывающих более 45 000 страниц.
Islamic narrative legend
The Hamzanama (Persian/Urdu: حمزهنامه Hamzenâme, ) or Dastan e Amir Hamza (Persian/Urdu: داستان امیر حمزه, Dâstân e Amir Hamze, ) narrates the legendary exploits of an Arab warrior named Hamza, usually mistaken for Hamza ibn Abdul Muttalib, an uncle of Muhammad. Most of the stories are extremely fanciful, "a continuous series of romantic interludes, threatening events, narrow escapes, and violent acts". The Hamzanama chronicles the fantastic adventures of Hamza as he and his band of heroes fight the enemies. The stories, from a long established oral tradition, were written down in Persian, the language of the courts of Persianate societies, in multiple volumes, presumably in the era of Mahmud of Ghazni (r. 998–1030). In the West, the work is best known for the enormous illustrated manuscript, the Akbar Hamzanama, commissioned by the Mughal emperor Akbar about 1562. The written text augmented the story as traditionally told orally in dastan performances. The dastan (storytelling tradition) about Amir Hamza persists far and wide up to Bengal and Arakan, as the Mughal Empire controlled those territories. The longest version of the Hamzanama exists in Urdu and contains 46 volumes comprising over 45,000 pages.
Иранское происхождение
На персидском языке дастан и кисса означают «историю», а нарративный жанр, к которому они относятся, восходит к средневековому Ирану. Уильям Ханавей, который тщательно изучил персидские дастаны, описывает их как «популярные романы», которые «создавались, разрабатывались и передавались» профессиональными рассказчиками. По крайней мере, начиная с IX века, дастан был широко распространенной формой повествования. Рассказчики дастанов повествовали о героических романах и приключениях – о доблестных принцах и их столкновениях со злыми королями, вражескими чемпионами, демонами, волшебниками, джиннами, божественными посланниками, хитрыми тайными агентами, называемыми айярами, и прекрасными принцессами, которые могли быть людьми или из расы пари («феи»). Их основная тема всегда была простой: «разм о базм» – поле битвы и изысканная придворная жизнь, война и любовь. Ханавей упоминает пять основных дастанов, сохранившихся с досафавидского периода (то есть с XV века и ранее): те, что выросли вокруг приключений завоевателя мира Александра, великого персидского царя Дария, дяди пророка Мухаммеда Хамзы, легендарного царя Фируза Шаха и героя-плута по имени Самак Айяр. Из всех ранних дастанов роман о Хамзе считается самым древним. Роман о Хамзе утверждает, что он восходит к жизни его героя, Хамзы ибн Абдул Мутталиба, дяди по отцу Пророка, который был убит в битве при Ухуде (625 г. н.э.) рабом, подстрекаемым женщиной по имени Хинд бинт Утба, чьих родственников Хамза убил в Бадре. Затем Хинд бинт Утба отправилась на поле боя и обезобразила тело мертвого Хамзы, отрезав уши и нос, вырезав печень и пережевав ее, чтобы исполнить данную ею клятву мести. Позже, когда Пророк завоевал Мекку, Хинд бинт Утба приняла ислам и была помилована. Предполагается, что роман о Хамзе мог начаться с приключений персидского тезки оригинального Хамзы: Хамзы ибн Абдуллы, члена радикальной исламской секты, называемой хариджитами, который был лидером повстанческого движения против халифа Харуна аль-Рашида и его преемников. Этот персидский Хамза жил в начале IX века и, по-видимому, был дерзким мятежником, чьи красочные подвиги породили множество историй. Известно, что он сражался против халифа-монарха Аббасидов, и местные воины из Систана, Макрана, Синда и Хорасана, как говорят, присоединились к нему в битве, которая продолжалась до смерти халифа. После битвы Хамза неожиданно отправился в Сарандип (Цейлон) и Китай, оставив после себя 5000 воинов, чтобы защитить слабых от сильных. Его ученики написали рассказ о его путешествиях и экспедициях в книге «Магази е Амир Хамза», которая была первоначальным источником «Дастана и Амира Хамзы». По мере распространения этих историй они в конечном итоге перешли к более раннему Хамзе, который был ортодоксальным мусульманским героем, приемлемым для всех. В XVII веке в «Зубдат ур румуз» фактически приводятся две противоречивые истории происхождения Хамзанамы. Первая – после смерти Хамзы женщины, жившие рядом с домом Пророка, рассказывали похвальные анекдоты, чтобы привлечь внимание Пророка; один Масуд Макки затем создал первую письменную версию этих историй, чтобы отвлечь мекканцев от их враждебности к Пророку. Вторая – мудрые придворные придумали роман, чтобы вылечить мозговую лихорадку, которой страдал один из аббасидских халифов. Индо-персидская версия 1909 года также приводит два противоречивых источника. Первое – дастан был изобретен Аббасом, который рассказывал его Пророку, своему племяннику, чтобы подбодрить его историями о славе другого его дяди. Второе – дастан был изобретен во время правления Муавии I (661–79 гг.) для поддержания лояльности к семье Пророка среди людей, несмотря на официальную враждебность и клевету. В своем исследовании арабского эпоса Малькольм Лайонс обсуждает Сират Хамзат аль-Пальваан, который является параллельным циклом сказок об Амире Хамзе на арабском языке, с сходством имен и мест с Хамзанамой: таким образом, Ануширван соответствует Наушеравану, визирь Бузуржмихр является синонимом Бузуржемхр, и есть параллели для персидской столицы Мидан и джиннов Джабаль Кафа. Но трудно доказать, кто у кого заимствовал. История Хамзы вскоре разрослась, разветвилась, путешествовала и постепенно распространилась по огромным территориям мусульманского мира. Она была переведена на арабский язык; существует грузинская версия XII века и турецкая версия XV века, состоящая из двадцати четырех томов. Она также существует в шестнадцатом веке в малайских и яванских версиях, а также в балийских и суданских. Более того, даже в Иране история продолжала развиваться со временем: к середине XIX века роман о Хамзе настолько разросся, что был напечатан в издании, состоящем примерно из тысячи двухсот очень больших страниц. К этому времени дастан часто называли «Румуз е Хамза» (Тонкости Хамзы) и также прочно обосновался в Индии.
In Persian, dastan and qissa both mean "story," and the narrative genre they refer to goes back to medieval Iran. William L. Hanaway, who has made a close study of Persian dastans, describes them as "popular romances" that were "created, elaborated, and transmitted" by professional storytellers. At least as early as the ninth century, the dastan was a widely popular form of story telling. Dastan narrators told tales of heroic romance and adventure—stories about gallant princes and their encounters with evil kings, enemy champions, demons, magicians, jinns, divine emissaries, tricky secret agents called ayyars, and beautiful princesses who might be human or of the Pari ("fairy") race. Their ultimate subject matter was always simple: "razm o bazm," the battlefield and the elegant courtly life, war and love. Hanaway mentions five principal dastans surviving from the pre Safavid period (that is, from the fifteenth century and earlier): those that grew up around the adventures of the world conqueror Alexander, the great Persian king Darius, the Prophet Muhammad's uncle Hamza, the legendary king Firoz Shah, and a trickster hero named Samak the Ayyar. Of all the early dastans, the Hamza romance is thought to be the oldest. The romance of Hamza claims to go back to the life of its hero, Hamza ibn Abdul Muttalib, the paternal uncle of the Prophet, who was slain in the Battle of Uhud (625 CE) by a slave instigated by a woman named Hind bint Utbah, whose relatives Hamza had killed at Badr. Hind bint Utbah then went to the battlefield and mutilated the dead Hamza's body, cutting off his ears and nose, cutting out his liver and chewing it to fulfill the vow of vengeance she had made. Later, when the Prophet conquered Mecca, Hind bint Utbah accepted Islam, and was pardoned. It has been argued that the romance of Hamza may actually have begun with the adventures of a Persian namesake of the original Hamza: Hamza ibn Abdullah, a member of a radical Islamic sect called the Kharijites, who was the leader of a rebel movement against the caliph Harun al Rashid and his successors. This Persian Hamzah lived in the early ninth century, and seems to have been a dashing rebel whose colorful exploits gave rise to many stories. He was known to have fought against the Abbasid caliph monarch, and the local warriors from Sistan, Makran, Sindh and Khorasan are said to have joined him in the battle, which lasted until the Caliph died. After the battle, Hamza left, inexplicably, for Sarandip (Ceylon) and China, leaving behind 5000 warriors to protect the powerless against the powerful. His disciples wrote the account of his travels and expeditions in a book Maghazi e Amir Hamza, which was the original source of Dastan e Amir Hamza. As these stories circulated, they eventually transferred to the earlier Hamza, who was an orthodox Muslim champion acceptable to all. The seventeenth century Zubdat ur rumuz actually gives two conflicting origin stories for the Hamzanama. The first is that after Hamza's death, ladies living near the Prophet's house told praising anecdotes to get the Prophet's attention; one Masud Makki then produced the first written version of these stories to divert the Meccans from their hostility to the Prophet. The second is that wise courtiers devised the romance to cure a brain fever suffered by one of the Abbasid caliphs. The 1909 Indo Persian version also gives two conflicting sources. The first is that the dastan was invented by Abbas, who used to tell it to the Prophet, his nephew, to cheer him up with stories of his other uncle's glory. The second is that the dastan was invented during the reign of Muawiyah I (661–79) to keep loyalty to the Prophet's family alive among the people, despite official hostility and vilification. In his study of the Arabian epic, Malcolm Lyons discusses Sirat Hamzat al Pahlawan, which is a parallel cycle of tales about Amir Hamza in Arabic, with similarities of names and places to the Hamzanama: thus Anushirwan corresponds to Nausheravan, the vizier Buzurjmihr is synonymous to Buzurjmehr, and there are parallels for the Persian capital Midan and also jinn of Jabal Qaf. But it is difficult to prove who has borrowed from whom. The Hamza story soon grew, ramified, traveled and gradually spread over immense areas of the Muslim world. It was translated into Arabic; there is a twelfth century Georgian version, and a fifteenth century Turkish version twenty four volumes long. It also exists in sixteenth century Malay and Javanese versions, and in Balinese and Sudanese ones as well. Moreover, even in Iran the story continued to develop over time: by the mid nineteenth century the Hamza romance had grown to such an extent that it was printed in an edition comprising about twelve hundred very large pages. By this time the dastan was often called Rumuz e Hamza (The Subtleties of Hamza), and had also made itself conspicuously at home in India.
Развивающиеся индийские версии: персидский
Аннемари Шиммель полагает, что история Хамзы, вероятно, была популярна на Индийском субконтиненте со времен Махмуда Газни в начале XI века. Однако самыми ранними надёжными свидетельствами, по-видимому, является набор картин конца XV века, иллюстрирующих эту историю; они были выполнены грубо, возможно, в Джаунпуре, вероятно, для не слишком состоятельного заказчика. В 1555 году Бабур с неодобрением отметил, что ведущий литературный деятель Хорасана недавно "напрасно потратил время" на создание имитации этого цикла. Великий император Акбар (1556–1605), в отличие от своего деда, задумал и руководил огромной задачей – иллюстрировать весь роман, создав рукопись, ныне известную как Акбар Хамзанама. Как сообщает придворный летописец Акбара, приключения Хамзы "были представлены в двенадцати томах, и талантливые художники создали поразительные иллюстрации к не менее чем тысяче четырёхсот эпизодам истории". Созданная таким образом иллюстрированная рукопись стала вершиной искусства Великих Моголов: "из всей добычи, вывезенной Надир-шахом из Дели в 1739 году (включая Трон Павлина), лишь Хамза-нама, 'украшенная изображениями, превосходящими воображение', император Мухаммад-шах умолял вернуть". История Хамзы оставила следы и в Декане. Персидский сказитель, Хаджи Киссах Хван Хамадани, записал своё прибытие в 1612 году в Хайдарабад, ко двору султана Абдуллы Кутб-шаха (1611–72) из Голконды. Хаджи пишет: "Я привёз с собой несколько рукописей Румуз е Хамза. Когда я представил их султану, мне было приказано: 'Составьте их краткое изложение'. По этому приказу и была подготовлена эта книга 'Зубдат ур-румуз' (Сливки Румузов)". Сохранилось как минимум два других индо-персидских манускрипта Хамзы XVII века, датированных 1096 годом хиджры [1684–85 гг. н.э.] и 1099 годом хиджры [1687–88 гг. н.э.], а также различные не датированные и более поздние экземпляры. В результате бесчисленных пересказов перед преданной аудиторией, индо-персидская история Хамзы, по-видимому, становилась всё длиннее и сложнее на протяжении XVII и XVIII веков. К XVIII веку история Хамзы была настолько известна в Индии, что вдохновила на создание местной индо-персидской имитации – масштабного произведения Бостан е Хиял (Сад "Хиял") Мира Мухаммада Таки. Однако к XIX веку персидский язык постепенно утрачивал своё значение как язык Индии, уступая своё политическое и культурное влияние пушту и индийским языкам. Именно в этих языках дастан нашёл благоприятную среду для выживания и развития.
Annemarie Schimmel judges that the Hamza story must have been popular in the Indian subcontinent from the days of Mahmud of Ghazni in the early eleventh century. The earliest solid evidence, however, seems to be a late fifteenth century set of paintings that illustrate the story; these were crudely executed, possibly in Jaunpur, perhaps for a not too affluent patron. In 1555, Babur noted with disapproval that the leading literary figure of Khurasan had recently "wasted his time" in composing an imitation of the cycle. The great emperor Akbar (1556–1605), far from sharing his grandfather's attitude, conceived and supervised the immense task of illustrating the whole romance, producing a manuscript now known as the Akbar Hamzanama. As Akbar's court chronicler tells us, Hamza's adventures were "represented in twelve volumes, and clever painters made the most astonishing illustrations for no less than one thousand and four hundred passages of the story." The illustrated manuscript thus created became the supreme achievement of Mughal art: "of all the loot carried off from Delhi by Nadir Shah in 1739 (including the Peacock Throne), it was only the Hamza nama, 'painted with images that defy the imagination,' that Emperor Muhammad Shah pleaded to have returned." The Hamza story left traces in the Deccan as well. One Persian romance narrator, Haji Qissah Khvan Hamadani, records his arrival in 1612 at Hyderabad, at the court of Sultan Abdullah Qutb Shah (1611 72) of Golconda. The Haji writes, "I had brought with me a number of manuscripts of the Rumuz e Hamza. When I presented them in the king's service, I was ordered, 'Prepare a summary of them.' In obedience to this order this book Zubdat ur rumuz (The Cream of the Rumuz) has been prepared." At least two other seventeenth century Indo Persian Hamza manuscripts survive, dated 1096 AH [1684–85 CE] and 1099 AH [1687–88 CE], as well as various undated and later ones. In the course of countless retellings before faithful audiences, the Indo Persian Hamza story seems to have grown generally longer and more elaborate throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. By the eighteenth century, the Hamza story was so well known in India that it inspired an indigenous Indo Persian imitation, the massive Bostan e Khiyal (Garden of "Khiyal") by Mir Muhammad Taqi. By the nineteenth century, however, Persian was in a slow decline as an Indian language, for its political and cultural place was being taken by Pashto and the Indic languages. It is in these languages that the dastan found a hospitable environment to survive and flourish.
Развивающиеся индийские версии: урду
Роман о Хамзе постепенно распространялся, как правило в более кратких и менее вычурных формах, на ряд современных языков Южной Азии. Пашто и синдхи были особенно восприимчивы к истории Хамзы, и по крайней мере в пашто она продолжает процветать и сегодня, с печатными изданиями в виде брошюр. На бенгальском языке она была популярна среди мусульман уже в восемнадцатом веке, в длинном стихотворном романе под названием Amirhamjar puthi, который его авторы, Факир Гарибулла и Сайяд Хамджа, описывали как перевод с персидского. Этот роман неоднократно печатался в форме брошюр в девятнадцатом веке и даже иногда в двадцатом. Были созданы и различные версии на хинди, но прежде всего история Хамзы процветала на урду. Самый ранний пересказ истории Хамзы на урду существует в поздней даханиской прозаической версии под названием Qissa e jang e amir Hamza (Кисса о войне Амира Хамзы) (1784). О происхождении этой работы известно немного. Вероятно, она была переведена с персидского текста. В 1801 году Халил Али Хан Ашк, член хиндустанистского отдела знаменитого колледжа Форт-Уильям в Калькутте, составил самую раннюю печатную версию дастана на урду: 500-страничный Dastan e amir Hamza, состоящий из двадцати двух дастанов, или глав, сгруппированных в четыре «тома». Ашк утверждает, что история, которую он рассказывает, восходит ко времени Махмуда Газни в начале одиннадцатого века; он предполагает, что его нынешний текст является переводом, или, по крайней мере, адаптацией, письменного, предположительно персидского текста, который впервые был записан выдающимися рассказчиками дастанов при дворе Махмуда. Ашк также утверждает, что его источники, рассказчики двора Махмуда, собрали четырнадцать томов приключений Хамзы. Однако у нас нет доказательств того, что Махмуд Газни когда-либо спонсировал создание такого произведения. Гьян Чанд Джайн полагает, что на самом деле Ашк основал свою версию на даханиском Qissa e jang e amir Hamza, поскольку его сюжет во многих важных деталях согласуется с ранним персидским Qissa e Hamza, хотя и расходится во многих других. Однако наиболее популярной версией дастана на урду была версия Амана Али Хана Бахадура Галиб Лакхнави, опубликованная издательством Хаким Мохташам Элайх Пресс в Калькутте в 1855 году. В 1860-х годах одной из первых публикаций Мунши Навал Кишора, легендарного издателя из Лакхнау, был Dastan e amir Hamza Ашка. Навал Кишор в конечном итоге заменил версию Ашка пересмотренной и улучшенной Dastan e amir Hamza (1871), объяснив публике, что версия Ашка была омрачена ее «архаичными идиомами и запутанным стилем». Мунши Навал Кишор поручил Маульви Сайеду Абдулле Билграми пересмотреть перевод Али-хана Бахадура Галиб и опубликовал его в 1871 году. Эта версия оказалась чрезвычайно успешной. Версия Билграми, вероятно, была перепечатана чаще и прочитана шире, чем любая другая версия на урду. В 1887 году Сайед Тасаддук Хусейн, корректор в издательстве Nawal Kishore Press, пересмотрел и дополнил это издание. В двадцатом веке Абдул Бари Аси адаптировал эту версию, удалив из нее все двустишия и смягчив мелодраматические сцены. Благодаря популярности версий Ашка и Билграми на урду, Навал Кишор также выпустил в 1879 году аналогичную работу на хинди под названием Amir Hamza ki dastan, написанную пандитами Каличараном и Махешдаттом. Эта работа была сама по себе весьма масштабной: 520 больших страниц набранного шрифтом Деванагари, в прозе, украшенной не изящными персидскими выражениями, а точно сопоставимыми санскритизмами и перемежаемой не персидскими стихами, а индийскими, такими как кавит, соратха и чаупай. Amir Hamza ki dastan, с его ассимиляцией глубоко исламского содержания в сознательно санскритизированную форму, предлагает увлекательный ранний взгляд на развитие хинди. Наследники Навал Кишора, по-видимому, опубликовали 662-страничную версию дастаны на хинди еще в 1939 году. В тот же период Навал Кишор добавил третью версию истории Хамзы: стихотворное изложение романа, новый маснави Тоты Рама Шаяна под названием Tilism e shayan ma ruf bah dastan e amir Hamza, опубликованный в 1862 году. С 30 000 строк это был самый длинный урду маснави, когда-либо написанный в Северной Индии, за исключением версий «Тысячи и одной ночи». Но, как говорят, Шаян сочинил его всего за шесть месяцев. Эта версия также, по всей видимости, пользовалась хорошим спросом, поскольку к 1893 году Навал Кишор печатал ее в шестой раз.
The Hamza romance spread gradually, usually in its briefer and less elaborate forms, into a number of the modern languages of South Asia. Pashto and Sindhi were particularly hospitable to the Hamza story, and at least in Pashto it continues to flourish today, with printed pamphlet versions being produced. In Bengali it was popular among Muslims as early as the eighteenth century, in a long verse romance called Amirhamjar puthi, which its authors, Fakir Garibullah and Saiyad Hamja, described as a translation from the Persian. This romance was printed repeatedly in pamphlet form in the nineteenth century, and even occasionally in the twentieth. Various Hindi versions were produced too—but above all, the story of Hamza flourished in Urdu. The earliest Hamza retelling in Urdu exists in a late Dakhani prose version called Qissa e jang e amir Hamza (Qissa of the War of Amir Hamza) (1784). Very little is known about this work's background. It was probably translated from a Persian text. In 1801, Khalil Ali Khan Ashk, a member of the Hindustani department of the famous Fort William College in Calcutta, composed the earliest printed version of the dastan in Urdu: the 500 page Dastan e amir Hamza, consisting of twenty two dastans, or chapters, grouped into four "volumes." Ashk claims that the story he is telling goes back to the time of Mahmud of Ghazni, in the early eleventh century; he implies that his present text is a translation, or at least a rendering, of the written, presumably Persian text that the distinguished dastan narrators of Mahmud's court first set down. Ashk also claims that his sources, the narrators of Mahmud's court, compiled fourteen volumes of Hamza's adventures. However, we have no evidence that Mahmud of Ghazni ever sponsored the production of such a work. Gyan Chand Jain thinks that in fact Ashk based his version on the Dakhani Qissa e jang e amir Hamza because his plot agrees in many important particulars with the early Persian Qissa e Hamza, though it disagrees in many others. However, the most popular version of the dastan in Urdu was that of Aman Ali Khan Bahadur Ghalib Lakhnavi published by Hakim Mohtasham Elaih Press, Calcutta in 1855. In the 1860s, one of the early publications of Munshi Nawal Kishore, the legendary publisher from Lucknow, was Ashk's Dastan e amir Hamza. Nawal Kishore eventually replaced Ashk's version with a revised and improved Dastan e amir Hamza (1871), explaining to the public that the Ashk version was marred by its "archaic idioms and convoluted style." Munshi Nawal Kishore commissioned Maulvi Syed Abdullah Bilgrami to revise Ali Khan Bahadur Ghalib's translation and published it in 1871. This version proved extraordinarily successful. The Bilgrami version has almost certainly been more often reprinted, and more widely read, than any other in Urdu. In 1887 Syed Tasadduq Husain, a proofreader at Nawal Kishore Press, revised and embellished this edition. In the twentieth century, Abdul Bari Aasi adapted this version by removing all the couplets from it and toning down the melodramatic scenes. Owing to the popularity of the Ashk and Bilgrami versions in Urdu, Nawal Kishore also brought out in 1879 a counterpart work in Hindi called Amir Hamza ki dastan, by Pandits Kalicharan and Maheshdatt. This work was quite an undertaking in its own right: 520 large pages of typeset Devanagari script, in a prose adorned not with elegant Persian expressions but with exactly comparable Sanskritisms, and interspersed not with Persian verse forms but with Indic ones like kavitt, soratha, and chaupai. The Amir Hamza ki dastan, with its assimilation of a highly Islamic content into a self consciously Sanskritized form, offers a fascinating early glimpse of the development of Hindi. The heirs of Nawal Kishore apparently published a 662 page Hindi version of the dastan as late as 1939. During this same period Nawal Kishore added a third version of the Hamza story: a verse rendering of the romance, a new masnavi by Tota Ram Shayan called Tilism e shayan ma ruf bah dastan e amir Hamza published in 1862. At 30,000 lines, it was the longest Urdu masnavi ever written in North India, with the exception of versions of the Arabian Nights. Yet Shayan is said to have composed it in only six months. This version too apparently found a good sale, for by 1893 Nawal Kishore was printing it for the sixth time.
1881-1905 Кишор Дастан-э Амир Хамза
В 1881 году Навал Кишор наконец приступил к публикации своей собственной многотомной серии «Хамза». Он нанял Мухаммада Хусейна Джаха, Ахмада Хусейна Камара и Тасаддука Хусейна, самых известных рассказчиков дастанов из Лакхнау, для создания этих историй. Эта версия «Дастана и Амира Хамзы» стала выдающимся достижением: не только вершиной традиции урду дастана, но и, безусловно, самым длинным единым циклом романов в мировой литературе, поскольку сорок шесть томов в среднем насчитывают по 900 страниц каждый. Публикация цикла началась с первых четырех томов «Тилизма и хошрубы» («Ошеломляющий Тилизм») Мухаммада Хусейна Джаха; эти тома выходили в период с 1883 по 1890 год, после чего Джах расстался с Навал Кишором и покинул типографию. Эти четыре тома Джаха пользовались огромной популярностью и до сих пор считаются сердцем цикла. После Джаха два главных создателя цикла, Ахмад Хусейн Камар (девятнадцать томов) и Тасаддук Хусейн (девятнадцать томов), продолжили работу с 1892 года до ее завершения примерно в 1905 году. Эти писатели не были первоначальными авторами этих сказок, и к тому времени, когда издательство Навал Кишора приступило к их публикации, они уже претерпели изменения в своей форме и структуре. Поскольку эти дастаны предназначались главным образом для устного исполнения, рассказчики добавляли к ним местный колорит. К девятнадцатому веку рассказывание историй стало популярным ремеслом в Индии. Рассказчики повествовали своим любознательным слушателям длинные, запутанные истории, полные неожиданности, тайны, приключений, магии, фантазии и чудес. Каждый день сеанс заканчивался в точке, заставляющей любопытную публику гадать, что произойдет дальше. Среди самых известных рассказчиков дастанов о Хамзе были Мир Ахмад Али (который происходил из Лакхнау, но позже переехал в Рампур), Мир Касим Али, Хаким Саид Асгар Али Хан (который прибыл в Рампур во время правления Наваба Мухаммада Саида Хана, то есть в 1840–1855 годах), Замин Али Джалал Лакхнауи, Мунши Амба Прасад Раса Лакхнауи (ученик Мир Ахмада Али, который позже принял ислам и был переименован в Абдур Рахмана), его сын Гулам Раза, Хайдер Мирза Тасаввур Лакхнауи (ученик Асгара Али), Хаджи Али ибн Мирза Макху Бег, его сын Сиед Хусейн Заиди и Муртуза Хусейн Визаал. Окончательная структура цикла состояла из восьми дафтаров, или разделов. Первые четыре дафтара — двухтомник «Наушерван-нама» (Книга Наушервана), однотомник «Кочак-бахтар» (Меньший Запад), однотомник «Бала-бахтар» (Верхний Запад) и двухтомник «Ирадж-нама» (Книга Ираджа) — были ближе к персидскому роману и более непосредственно связаны с собственными приключениями Хамзы, особенно с ранней частью его жизни. Затем последовал пятый дафтар, сам «Тилизм и хошруба», начатый Джахом (четыре тома) и завершенный Камаром (три тома). Оставшиеся три дафтара, хотя и составляют основную часть цикла по объему, подчеркивают приключения сыновей и внуков Хамзы и, как правило, уступают по литературному качеству. Хотя ни одна библиотека в мире не располагает полным собранием из сорока шести томов, микрофильм в Центре исследовательских библиотек в Чикаго близок к завершению. Этот огромный цикл претендует на то, что является переводом (мифического) персидского оригинала, написанного Файзи, одной из великих литературных фигур двора Акбара; это утверждение неоднократно повторяется на фронтисписах и в тексте. Как и этот предполагаемый персидский оригинал, урду-версия также содержит ровно восемь дафтаров, хотя по мере роста урду-цикла восьмой дафтар становился все длиннее и длиннее, пока не достиг двадцати семи томов. Этот удивительный кладезь романтики, в котором в лучшем случае содержатся одни из лучших образцов повествовательной прозы, когда-либо написанных на урду, считается украшением своей эпохи; многие его тома переиздавались снова и снова вплоть до двадцатого века. Хотя к концу XIX века дастаны достигли необычайного пика популярности, судьба дастанской литературы была предрешена к первой четверти XX века. К моменту смерти великого рассказчика дастанов Мир Бакира Али в 1928 году образованная элита отвергла тома дастанов в пользу урду и хинди романов, многие из которых на самом деле были очень похожи на дастаны.
In 1881, Nawal Kishore finally began publishing his own elaborate multi volume Hamza series. He hired Muhammad Husain Jah, Ahmad Husain Qamar, and Tasadduq Husain, the most famous Lucknow dastan narrators, to compose the stories. This version of the Dastan e amir Hamza was an extraordinary achievement: not only the crowning glory of the Urdu dastan tradition, but also surely the longest single romance cycle in world literature, since the forty six volumes average 900 pages each. Publication of the cycle began with the first four volumes of Tilism e hoshruba ("The Stunning Tilism") by Muhammad Husain Jah; these volumes were published between 1883 and 1890, after which Jah had differences with Nawal Kishore and left the Press. These four volumes by Jah proved immensely popular, and are still considered the heart of the cycle. After Jah, the two main architects of the cycle, Ahmad Husain Qamar (nineteen volumes) and Tasadduq Husain (nineteen volumes) took over the work from 1892 to its completion around 1905. These writers were not the original creators of the tales and by the time the Nawal Kishore Press began publishing them, they had already evolved in their form and structure. As these dastans were mainly meant for oral rendition, the storytellers added local colour to these tales. Storytelling had become a popular craft in India by nineteenth century. The storytellers narrated their long winding tales of suspense, mystery, adventure, magic, fantasy, and the marvellous rolled into one to their inquisitive audiences. Each day, the session would end at a point where the curious public would be left to wonder as to what happened next. Some of the most famous storytellers of Hamza dastan were Mir Ahmad Ali (who belonged to Lucknow but later moved to Rampur), Mir Qasim Ali, Hakim Sayed Asghar Ali Khan (who came to Rampur during the tenure of Nawab Mohammad Saeed Khan i. e. 1840–1855), Zamin Ali Jalal Lucknowi, Munshi Amba Prasad Rasa Lucknowi (a disciple of Mir Ahmad Ali who later converted to Islam and was rechristened Abdur Rahman), his son Ghulam Raza, Haider Mirza Tasawwur Lucknowi (a disciple of Asghar Ali), Haji Ali Ibn Mirza Makkhoo Beg, his son Syed Husain Zaidi and Murtuza Husain Visaal. The final arrangement of the cycle was into eight daftars or sections. The first four daftars—the two volume Naushervan nama (The Book of Naushervan); the one volume Kochak bakhtar (The Lesser West); the one volume Bala bakhtar (The Upper West); and the two volume Iraj nama (The Book of Iraj)—were closer to the Persian romance, and were linked more directly to Hamza's own adventures, especially those of the earlier part of his life. Then came the fifth daftar, the Tilism e hoshruba itself, begun by Jah (four volumes) and completed by Qamar (three volumes). The remaining three daftars, though they make up the bulk of the cycle in quantity, emphasize the adventures of Hamza's sons and grandsons, and are generally of less literary excellence. Though no library in the world has a full set of the forty six volumes, a microfilm set at the Center for Research Libraries in Chicago is on the verge of completion. This immense cycle claims to be a translation of a (mythical) Persian original written by Faizi, one of the great literary figures of Akbar's court; this claim is made repeatedly on frontispieces, and here and there within the text. Like this purported Persian original, the Urdu version thus contains exactly eight daftars—even though, as the Urdu cycle grew, the eighth daftar had to become longer and longer until it comprised twenty seven volumes. This astonishing treasure house of romance, which at its best contains some of the finest narrative prose ever written in Urdu, is considered the delight of its age; many of its volumes were reprinted again and again, well into the twentieth century. Although towards the end of the nineteenth century dastans had reached an extraordinary peak of popularity, the fate of dastan literature was sealed by the first quarter of the twentieth century. By the time of the great dastan narrator Mir Baqir Ali's death in 1928, dastan volumes were being rejected by the educated elite in favor of Urdu and Hindi novels—many of which were in fact very dastan like.
Современные переводы
Два перевода на английский язык были опубликованы на основе версии 1871 года, созданной Галибом Лакхнави и Абдуллой Билграми и изданной типографией Мунши Навал Кишор. Первый – это сокращенный перевод под названием «Традиция романтики в урду» Фрэнсис Притчетт из Колумбийского университета. Расширенная версия доступна на сайте переводчика. В 2008 году Мушарраф Али Фаруки, пакистано-канадский писатель, перевел версию Лакхнави/Билграми на английский язык как «Приключения Амира Хамзы: Владыка благоприятного планетарного соединения». Он потратил семь лет на перевод этого тысячестраничного приключения, создав очень близкий к оригиналу перевод, не сокращая при этом витиеватые отрывки. Пакистанский автор Макбул Джахангир написал «Дастан-и Амир Хамза» для детей на языке урду. Его версия состоит из 10 томов и была издана Ferozsons (также Ferozsons Publishers).
Two English language translations have been published based on the 1871 Ghalib Lakhnavi and Abdullah Bilgrami version published by Munshi Nawal Kishore press. The first is an abridged translation called The Romance Tradition in Urdu by Frances Pritchett of Columbia University. It is available in an expanded version on the website of the translator. In 2008 Musharraf Ali Farooqi, a Pakistani Canadian author, translated the Lakhnavi/Bilgrami version into English as The Adventures of Amir Hamza: Lord of the Auspicious Planetary Conjunction. He took seven years to translate this thousand page adventure, producing a very close translation, without abridging the ornate passages. A Pakistani author, Maqbool Jahangir, wrote Dastan e Amir Hamza for children in the Urdu language. His version contains 10 volumes and was published by Ferozsons (also Ferozsons Publishers).
Дастан-э-Амир Хамза
Сборник рассказов о Хамзе начинается с короткого раздела, описывающего события, которые подготовили почву для появления главного героя. В данном случае, место действия – Ктесифон (Мадейн) в Ираке, а центральный персонаж – Бузурджемир, ребенок из семьи простого происхождения, проявляющий как удивительную способность расшифровывать древние письмена, так и выдающиеся способности в политических делах. Благодаря удаче и продуманному плану Бузурджемир смещает действующего визиря и примыкает сначала к правящему царю Кубаду, а затем к его преемнику Наушервану.
The collection of Hamza stories begins with a short section describing events that set the stage for the appearance of the central hero. In this case, the place is Ctesiphon (Madain) in Iraq, and the initial protagonist is Buzurjmehr, a child of humble parentage who displays both a remarkable ability to decipher ancient scripts and great acumen in political affairs. By luck and calculated design, Buzurjmehr displaces the current vizier, and attaches himself first to the reigning king, Kobad, and then to his successor, Naushervan. Characters of Hamzanama Character Description Amir Hamza Paternal uncle of Muhammad. Qubad Kamran The king of Iran Alqash Grand Minister of Qubad Kamran and an astrologer Khawaja Bakht Jamal A descendant of Prophet Daniel (not in reality) who knows of astrology and became teacher and friend of Alqash. Bozorgmehr Son of Khawaja Bakht Jamal; a very wise, noble and talented astrologer who became Grand Minister of Qubad Kamran. Nonetheless, a bitter rivalry has been seeded, for the widow of the wicked dead vizier bears a son she names Bakhtak Bakhtyar, and he in turn becomes a lifelong nemesis of both Hamza and Buzurjmehr. The latter soon relates a vision to Naushervan that a child still in embryo in Arabia will eventually bring about his downfall; Naushervan responds in Herod like fashion, dispatching Buzurjmihr to Arabia with an order to kill all pregnant women. Emerging unscathed by this terrible threat are Hamza and Amar Umayya, who is destined to be Hamza's faithful companion. Unlike most Persian heroes, Hamza is not born to royalty, but is nonetheless of high birth, the son of the chief of Mecca. An auspicious horoscope prophesies an illustrious future for him. Hamza shows an early aversion to idol worship, and with the aid of a supernatural instructor, develops a precocious mastery of various martial arts. He soon puts these skills to good use, defeating upstart warriors in individual combat, preventing the Yemeni army from interdicting tribute to Naushervan, and defending Mecca from predatory – but not religious – foes. Naushervan learns of these sundry exploits, and invites Hamza to his court, where he promises him his daughter Mihr Nigar in marriage. The girl is thrilled at this match, for she has long yearned for Hamza, and has had one soulful but chaste evening with him. First, however, Naushervan sends Hamza to Ceylon to fend off a threat from Landhaur, and thence onto Greece, where Bakhtak Bakhtyar has insidiously poisoned the kings against him. Hamza, of course, proves his mettle in these and other tests, but his marriage to Mihr Nigar is forestalled by the treacherous Gostaham, who arranges her nuptials with another. Hamza is seriously wounded in battle with Zubin, Mihr Nigar's prospective groom, and is rescued by the vazir of the Pari king Shahpal, ruler of the realm of Qaf. In return for this act of kindness, Hamza gallantly agrees to subdue the rebellious elephant eared Devs who have seized Shahpal's kingdom. The whole expedition to Qaf is to take eighteen days, and Hamza insists on fulfilling this debt of honor before his wedding. However, he is destined to be detained in Qaf not for eighteen days, but for eighteen years. At this point, the shape of the story radically changes: adventures take place simultaneously in Qaf and on earth, and the dastan moves back and forth in reporting them. While Hamza in Qaf is killing Devs, trying to deal with Shahpal's powerful daughter Asman Pari whom he has been forced to marry, and looking desperately for ways to get home, Amar in the (human) World is holding Hamza's forces together, moving from fort to fort, and trying to defend Mihr Nigar from Naushervan's efforts to recapture her. While Hamza and his allies navigate various shoals of courtly intrigue, they also wage a prolonged war against infidels. Although the ostensible goal of these conflicts is to eradicate idolatry and convert opponents to Islam, the latter is usually related with little fanfare at the end of the episode. Champions often proclaim their faith in Allah as they take to the battlefield, and sometimes reproach unbelievers for failing to grasp that the Muslims' past military success is prima facie evidence of the righteousness of their cause. After eighteen years, much suffering, and more divine intervention, Hamza does finally escape from Qaf; he makes his way home, and is reunited with his loyal companions. In the longest and most elaborate scene in the dastan, he marries the faithful Mihr Nigar. But by this time, the story is nearing its end. About two fifths of the text deals with Hamza's early years, about two fifths with the years in Qaf, and only one fifth with the time after his return. The remaining years of Hamza's long life are filled with activity; some of it is fruitful, but usually in a kind of equivocal way. Hamza and Mihr Nigar have one son, Qubad, who is killed at an early age; soon afterwards, Mihr Nigar herself is killed. Hamza, distraught, vows to spend the rest of his life tending her tomb. But his enemies pursue him there, kidnap him, and torment him; his old companions rally round to rescue him, and his old life reclaims him. He fights against Naushervan and others, travels, has adventures, marries a series of wives. His sons and grandsons by various wives appear one by one, perform heroic feats, and frequently die young. He and Amar have a brief but traumatic quarrel. Toward the very end of his life he must enter the Dark Regions, pursuing a series of frightful cannibal kings; while their incursions are directly incited by Naushervan, Amar's own act of vicarious cannibalism seems somehow implicated as well. Almost all Hamza's army is lost in the Dark Regions, and he returns in a state of grief and desolation. Finally, he is summoned by the Prophet, his nephew, back to Mecca to beat off an attack by the massed infidel armies of the world. He succeeds, losing all his companions except Amar in the process, but dies at the hands of the woman Hindah, whose son he had killed. She devours his liver, cuts his body into seventy pieces, then hastily accepts Islam to save herself. The Prophet and the angels pray over every piece of the body, and Hamzah is rewarded with the high celestial rank of Commander of the Faithful.
Персонажи Хамзанаме
The collection of Hamza stories begins with a short section describing events that set the stage for the appearance of the central hero. In this case, the place is Ctesiphon (Madain) in Iraq, and the initial protagonist is Buzurjmehr, a child of humble parentage who displays both a remarkable ability to decipher ancient scripts and great acumen in political affairs. By luck and calculated design, Buzurjmehr displaces the current vizier, and attaches himself first to the reigning king, Kobad, and then to his successor, Naushervan. Characters of Hamzanama Character Description Amir Hamza Paternal uncle of Muhammad. Qubad Kamran The king of Iran Alqash Grand Minister of Qubad Kamran and an astrologer Khawaja Bakht Jamal A descendant of Prophet Daniel (not in reality) who knows of astrology and became teacher and friend of Alqash. Bozorgmehr Son of Khawaja Bakht Jamal; a very wise, noble and talented astrologer who became Grand Minister of Qubad Kamran. Nonetheless, a bitter rivalry has been seeded, for the widow of the wicked dead vizier bears a son she names Bakhtak Bakhtyar, and he in turn becomes a lifelong nemesis of both Hamza and Buzurjmehr. The latter soon relates a vision to Naushervan that a child still in embryo in Arabia will eventually bring about his downfall; Naushervan responds in Herod like fashion, dispatching Buzurjmihr to Arabia with an order to kill all pregnant women. Emerging unscathed by this terrible threat are Hamza and Amar Umayya, who is destined to be Hamza's faithful companion. Unlike most Persian heroes, Hamza is not born to royalty, but is nonetheless of high birth, the son of the chief of Mecca. An auspicious horoscope prophesies an illustrious future for him. Hamza shows an early aversion to idol worship, and with the aid of a supernatural instructor, develops a precocious mastery of various martial arts. He soon puts these skills to good use, defeating upstart warriors in individual combat, preventing the Yemeni army from interdicting tribute to Naushervan, and defending Mecca from predatory – but not religious – foes. Naushervan learns of these sundry exploits, and invites Hamza to his court, where he promises him his daughter Mihr Nigar in marriage. The girl is thrilled at this match, for she has long yearned for Hamza, and has had one soulful but chaste evening with him. First, however, Naushervan sends Hamza to Ceylon to fend off a threat from Landhaur, and thence onto Greece, where Bakhtak Bakhtyar has insidiously poisoned the kings against him. Hamza, of course, proves his mettle in these and other tests, but his marriage to Mihr Nigar is forestalled by the treacherous Gostaham, who arranges her nuptials with another. Hamza is seriously wounded in battle with Zubin, Mihr Nigar's prospective groom, and is rescued by the vazir of the Pari king Shahpal, ruler of the realm of Qaf. In return for this act of kindness, Hamza gallantly agrees to subdue the rebellious elephant eared Devs who have seized Shahpal's kingdom. The whole expedition to Qaf is to take eighteen days, and Hamza insists on fulfilling this debt of honor before his wedding. However, he is destined to be detained in Qaf not for eighteen days, but for eighteen years. At this point, the shape of the story radically changes: adventures take place simultaneously in Qaf and on earth, and the dastan moves back and forth in reporting them. While Hamza in Qaf is killing Devs, trying to deal with Shahpal's powerful daughter Asman Pari whom he has been forced to marry, and looking desperately for ways to get home, Amar in the (human) World is holding Hamza's forces together, moving from fort to fort, and trying to defend Mihr Nigar from Naushervan's efforts to recapture her. While Hamza and his allies navigate various shoals of courtly intrigue, they also wage a prolonged war against infidels. Although the ostensible goal of these conflicts is to eradicate idolatry and convert opponents to Islam, the latter is usually related with little fanfare at the end of the episode. Champions often proclaim their faith in Allah as they take to the battlefield, and sometimes reproach unbelievers for failing to grasp that the Muslims' past military success is prima facie evidence of the righteousness of their cause. After eighteen years, much suffering, and more divine intervention, Hamza does finally escape from Qaf; he makes his way home, and is reunited with his loyal companions. In the longest and most elaborate scene in the dastan, he marries the faithful Mihr Nigar. But by this time, the story is nearing its end. About two fifths of the text deals with Hamza's early years, about two fifths with the years in Qaf, and only one fifth with the time after his return. The remaining years of Hamza's long life are filled with activity; some of it is fruitful, but usually in a kind of equivocal way. Hamza and Mihr Nigar have one son, Qubad, who is killed at an early age; soon afterwards, Mihr Nigar herself is killed. Hamza, distraught, vows to spend the rest of his life tending her tomb. But his enemies pursue him there, kidnap him, and torment him; his old companions rally round to rescue him, and his old life reclaims him. He fights against Naushervan and others, travels, has adventures, marries a series of wives. His sons and grandsons by various wives appear one by one, perform heroic feats, and frequently die young. He and Amar have a brief but traumatic quarrel. Toward the very end of his life he must enter the Dark Regions, pursuing a series of frightful cannibal kings; while their incursions are directly incited by Naushervan, Amar's own act of vicarious cannibalism seems somehow implicated as well. Almost all Hamza's army is lost in the Dark Regions, and he returns in a state of grief and desolation. Finally, he is summoned by the Prophet, his nephew, back to Mecca to beat off an attack by the massed infidel armies of the world. He succeeds, losing all his companions except Amar in the process, but dies at the hands of the woman Hindah, whose son he had killed. She devours his liver, cuts his body into seventy pieces, then hastily accepts Islam to save herself. The Prophet and the angels pray over every piece of the body, and Hamzah is rewarded with the high celestial rank of Commander of the Faithful.
Описание персонажей
The collection of Hamza stories begins with a short section describing events that set the stage for the appearance of the central hero. In this case, the place is Ctesiphon (Madain) in Iraq, and the initial protagonist is Buzurjmehr, a child of humble parentage who displays both a remarkable ability to decipher ancient scripts and great acumen in political affairs. By luck and calculated design, Buzurjmehr displaces the current vizier, and attaches himself first to the reigning king, Kobad, and then to his successor, Naushervan. Characters of Hamzanama Character Description Amir Hamza Paternal uncle of Muhammad. Qubad Kamran The king of Iran Alqash Grand Minister of Qubad Kamran and an astrologer Khawaja Bakht Jamal A descendant of Prophet Daniel (not in reality) who knows of astrology and became teacher and friend of Alqash. Bozorgmehr Son of Khawaja Bakht Jamal; a very wise, noble and talented astrologer who became Grand Minister of Qubad Kamran. Nonetheless, a bitter rivalry has been seeded, for the widow of the wicked dead vizier bears a son she names Bakhtak Bakhtyar, and he in turn becomes a lifelong nemesis of both Hamza and Buzurjmehr. The latter soon relates a vision to Naushervan that a child still in embryo in Arabia will eventually bring about his downfall; Naushervan responds in Herod like fashion, dispatching Buzurjmihr to Arabia with an order to kill all pregnant women. Emerging unscathed by this terrible threat are Hamza and Amar Umayya, who is destined to be Hamza's faithful companion. Unlike most Persian heroes, Hamza is not born to royalty, but is nonetheless of high birth, the son of the chief of Mecca. An auspicious horoscope prophesies an illustrious future for him. Hamza shows an early aversion to idol worship, and with the aid of a supernatural instructor, develops a precocious mastery of various martial arts. He soon puts these skills to good use, defeating upstart warriors in individual combat, preventing the Yemeni army from interdicting tribute to Naushervan, and defending Mecca from predatory – but not religious – foes. Naushervan learns of these sundry exploits, and invites Hamza to his court, where he promises him his daughter Mihr Nigar in marriage. The girl is thrilled at this match, for she has long yearned for Hamza, and has had one soulful but chaste evening with him. First, however, Naushervan sends Hamza to Ceylon to fend off a threat from Landhaur, and thence onto Greece, where Bakhtak Bakhtyar has insidiously poisoned the kings against him. Hamza, of course, proves his mettle in these and other tests, but his marriage to Mihr Nigar is forestalled by the treacherous Gostaham, who arranges her nuptials with another. Hamza is seriously wounded in battle with Zubin, Mihr Nigar's prospective groom, and is rescued by the vazir of the Pari king Shahpal, ruler of the realm of Qaf. In return for this act of kindness, Hamza gallantly agrees to subdue the rebellious elephant eared Devs who have seized Shahpal's kingdom. The whole expedition to Qaf is to take eighteen days, and Hamza insists on fulfilling this debt of honor before his wedding. However, he is destined to be detained in Qaf not for eighteen days, but for eighteen years. At this point, the shape of the story radically changes: adventures take place simultaneously in Qaf and on earth, and the dastan moves back and forth in reporting them. While Hamza in Qaf is killing Devs, trying to deal with Shahpal's powerful daughter Asman Pari whom he has been forced to marry, and looking desperately for ways to get home, Amar in the (human) World is holding Hamza's forces together, moving from fort to fort, and trying to defend Mihr Nigar from Naushervan's efforts to recapture her. While Hamza and his allies navigate various shoals of courtly intrigue, they also wage a prolonged war against infidels. Although the ostensible goal of these conflicts is to eradicate idolatry and convert opponents to Islam, the latter is usually related with little fanfare at the end of the episode. Champions often proclaim their faith in Allah as they take to the battlefield, and sometimes reproach unbelievers for failing to grasp that the Muslims' past military success is prima facie evidence of the righteousness of their cause. After eighteen years, much suffering, and more divine intervention, Hamza does finally escape from Qaf; he makes his way home, and is reunited with his loyal companions. In the longest and most elaborate scene in the dastan, he marries the faithful Mihr Nigar. But by this time, the story is nearing its end. About two fifths of the text deals with Hamza's early years, about two fifths with the years in Qaf, and only one fifth with the time after his return. The remaining years of Hamza's long life are filled with activity; some of it is fruitful, but usually in a kind of equivocal way. Hamza and Mihr Nigar have one son, Qubad, who is killed at an early age; soon afterwards, Mihr Nigar herself is killed. Hamza, distraught, vows to spend the rest of his life tending her tomb. But his enemies pursue him there, kidnap him, and torment him; his old companions rally round to rescue him, and his old life reclaims him. He fights against Naushervan and others, travels, has adventures, marries a series of wives. His sons and grandsons by various wives appear one by one, perform heroic feats, and frequently die young. He and Amar have a brief but traumatic quarrel. Toward the very end of his life he must enter the Dark Regions, pursuing a series of frightful cannibal kings; while their incursions are directly incited by Naushervan, Amar's own act of vicarious cannibalism seems somehow implicated as well. Almost all Hamza's army is lost in the Dark Regions, and he returns in a state of grief and desolation. Finally, he is summoned by the Prophet, his nephew, back to Mecca to beat off an attack by the massed infidel armies of the world. He succeeds, losing all his companions except Amar in the process, but dies at the hands of the woman Hindah, whose son he had killed. She devours his liver, cuts his body into seventy pieces, then hastily accepts Islam to save herself. The Prophet and the angels pray over every piece of the body, and Hamzah is rewarded with the high celestial rank of Commander of the Faithful.
Амир Хамза – Дядя по отцовской линии Мухаммеда.
The collection of Hamza stories begins with a short section describing events that set the stage for the appearance of the central hero. In this case, the place is Ctesiphon (Madain) in Iraq, and the initial protagonist is Buzurjmehr, a child of humble parentage who displays both a remarkable ability to decipher ancient scripts and great acumen in political affairs. By luck and calculated design, Buzurjmehr displaces the current vizier, and attaches himself first to the reigning king, Kobad, and then to his successor, Naushervan. Characters of Hamzanama Character Description Amir Hamza Paternal uncle of Muhammad. Qubad Kamran The king of Iran Alqash Grand Minister of Qubad Kamran and an astrologer Khawaja Bakht Jamal A descendant of Prophet Daniel (not in reality) who knows of astrology and became teacher and friend of Alqash. Bozorgmehr Son of Khawaja Bakht Jamal; a very wise, noble and talented astrologer who became Grand Minister of Qubad Kamran. Nonetheless, a bitter rivalry has been seeded, for the widow of the wicked dead vizier bears a son she names Bakhtak Bakhtyar, and he in turn becomes a lifelong nemesis of both Hamza and Buzurjmehr. The latter soon relates a vision to Naushervan that a child still in embryo in Arabia will eventually bring about his downfall; Naushervan responds in Herod like fashion, dispatching Buzurjmihr to Arabia with an order to kill all pregnant women. Emerging unscathed by this terrible threat are Hamza and Amar Umayya, who is destined to be Hamza's faithful companion. Unlike most Persian heroes, Hamza is not born to royalty, but is nonetheless of high birth, the son of the chief of Mecca. An auspicious horoscope prophesies an illustrious future for him. Hamza shows an early aversion to idol worship, and with the aid of a supernatural instructor, develops a precocious mastery of various martial arts. He soon puts these skills to good use, defeating upstart warriors in individual combat, preventing the Yemeni army from interdicting tribute to Naushervan, and defending Mecca from predatory – but not religious – foes. Naushervan learns of these sundry exploits, and invites Hamza to his court, where he promises him his daughter Mihr Nigar in marriage. The girl is thrilled at this match, for she has long yearned for Hamza, and has had one soulful but chaste evening with him. First, however, Naushervan sends Hamza to Ceylon to fend off a threat from Landhaur, and thence onto Greece, where Bakhtak Bakhtyar has insidiously poisoned the kings against him. Hamza, of course, proves his mettle in these and other tests, but his marriage to Mihr Nigar is forestalled by the treacherous Gostaham, who arranges her nuptials with another. Hamza is seriously wounded in battle with Zubin, Mihr Nigar's prospective groom, and is rescued by the vazir of the Pari king Shahpal, ruler of the realm of Qaf. In return for this act of kindness, Hamza gallantly agrees to subdue the rebellious elephant eared Devs who have seized Shahpal's kingdom. The whole expedition to Qaf is to take eighteen days, and Hamza insists on fulfilling this debt of honor before his wedding. However, he is destined to be detained in Qaf not for eighteen days, but for eighteen years. At this point, the shape of the story radically changes: adventures take place simultaneously in Qaf and on earth, and the dastan moves back and forth in reporting them. While Hamza in Qaf is killing Devs, trying to deal with Shahpal's powerful daughter Asman Pari whom he has been forced to marry, and looking desperately for ways to get home, Amar in the (human) World is holding Hamza's forces together, moving from fort to fort, and trying to defend Mihr Nigar from Naushervan's efforts to recapture her. While Hamza and his allies navigate various shoals of courtly intrigue, they also wage a prolonged war against infidels. Although the ostensible goal of these conflicts is to eradicate idolatry and convert opponents to Islam, the latter is usually related with little fanfare at the end of the episode. Champions often proclaim their faith in Allah as they take to the battlefield, and sometimes reproach unbelievers for failing to grasp that the Muslims' past military success is prima facie evidence of the righteousness of their cause. After eighteen years, much suffering, and more divine intervention, Hamza does finally escape from Qaf; he makes his way home, and is reunited with his loyal companions. In the longest and most elaborate scene in the dastan, he marries the faithful Mihr Nigar. But by this time, the story is nearing its end. About two fifths of the text deals with Hamza's early years, about two fifths with the years in Qaf, and only one fifth with the time after his return. The remaining years of Hamza's long life are filled with activity; some of it is fruitful, but usually in a kind of equivocal way. Hamza and Mihr Nigar have one son, Qubad, who is killed at an early age; soon afterwards, Mihr Nigar herself is killed. Hamza, distraught, vows to spend the rest of his life tending her tomb. But his enemies pursue him there, kidnap him, and torment him; his old companions rally round to rescue him, and his old life reclaims him. He fights against Naushervan and others, travels, has adventures, marries a series of wives. His sons and grandsons by various wives appear one by one, perform heroic feats, and frequently die young. He and Amar have a brief but traumatic quarrel. Toward the very end of his life he must enter the Dark Regions, pursuing a series of frightful cannibal kings; while their incursions are directly incited by Naushervan, Amar's own act of vicarious cannibalism seems somehow implicated as well. Almost all Hamza's army is lost in the Dark Regions, and he returns in a state of grief and desolation. Finally, he is summoned by the Prophet, his nephew, back to Mecca to beat off an attack by the massed infidel armies of the world. He succeeds, losing all his companions except Amar in the process, but dies at the hands of the woman Hindah, whose son he had killed. She devours his liver, cuts his body into seventy pieces, then hastily accepts Islam to save herself. The Prophet and the angels pray over every piece of the body, and Hamzah is rewarded with the high celestial rank of Commander of the Faithful.
Кубад Камран – Царь Ирана.
The collection of Hamza stories begins with a short section describing events that set the stage for the appearance of the central hero. In this case, the place is Ctesiphon (Madain) in Iraq, and the initial protagonist is Buzurjmehr, a child of humble parentage who displays both a remarkable ability to decipher ancient scripts and great acumen in political affairs. By luck and calculated design, Buzurjmehr displaces the current vizier, and attaches himself first to the reigning king, Kobad, and then to his successor, Naushervan. Characters of Hamzanama Character Description Amir Hamza Paternal uncle of Muhammad. Qubad Kamran The king of Iran Alqash Grand Minister of Qubad Kamran and an astrologer Khawaja Bakht Jamal A descendant of Prophet Daniel (not in reality) who knows of astrology and became teacher and friend of Alqash. Bozorgmehr Son of Khawaja Bakht Jamal; a very wise, noble and talented astrologer who became Grand Minister of Qubad Kamran. Nonetheless, a bitter rivalry has been seeded, for the widow of the wicked dead vizier bears a son she names Bakhtak Bakhtyar, and he in turn becomes a lifelong nemesis of both Hamza and Buzurjmehr. The latter soon relates a vision to Naushervan that a child still in embryo in Arabia will eventually bring about his downfall; Naushervan responds in Herod like fashion, dispatching Buzurjmihr to Arabia with an order to kill all pregnant women. Emerging unscathed by this terrible threat are Hamza and Amar Umayya, who is destined to be Hamza's faithful companion. Unlike most Persian heroes, Hamza is not born to royalty, but is nonetheless of high birth, the son of the chief of Mecca. An auspicious horoscope prophesies an illustrious future for him. Hamza shows an early aversion to idol worship, and with the aid of a supernatural instructor, develops a precocious mastery of various martial arts. He soon puts these skills to good use, defeating upstart warriors in individual combat, preventing the Yemeni army from interdicting tribute to Naushervan, and defending Mecca from predatory – but not religious – foes. Naushervan learns of these sundry exploits, and invites Hamza to his court, where he promises him his daughter Mihr Nigar in marriage. The girl is thrilled at this match, for she has long yearned for Hamza, and has had one soulful but chaste evening with him. First, however, Naushervan sends Hamza to Ceylon to fend off a threat from Landhaur, and thence onto Greece, where Bakhtak Bakhtyar has insidiously poisoned the kings against him. Hamza, of course, proves his mettle in these and other tests, but his marriage to Mihr Nigar is forestalled by the treacherous Gostaham, who arranges her nuptials with another. Hamza is seriously wounded in battle with Zubin, Mihr Nigar's prospective groom, and is rescued by the vazir of the Pari king Shahpal, ruler of the realm of Qaf. In return for this act of kindness, Hamza gallantly agrees to subdue the rebellious elephant eared Devs who have seized Shahpal's kingdom. The whole expedition to Qaf is to take eighteen days, and Hamza insists on fulfilling this debt of honor before his wedding. However, he is destined to be detained in Qaf not for eighteen days, but for eighteen years. At this point, the shape of the story radically changes: adventures take place simultaneously in Qaf and on earth, and the dastan moves back and forth in reporting them. While Hamza in Qaf is killing Devs, trying to deal with Shahpal's powerful daughter Asman Pari whom he has been forced to marry, and looking desperately for ways to get home, Amar in the (human) World is holding Hamza's forces together, moving from fort to fort, and trying to defend Mihr Nigar from Naushervan's efforts to recapture her. While Hamza and his allies navigate various shoals of courtly intrigue, they also wage a prolonged war against infidels. Although the ostensible goal of these conflicts is to eradicate idolatry and convert opponents to Islam, the latter is usually related with little fanfare at the end of the episode. Champions often proclaim their faith in Allah as they take to the battlefield, and sometimes reproach unbelievers for failing to grasp that the Muslims' past military success is prima facie evidence of the righteousness of their cause. After eighteen years, much suffering, and more divine intervention, Hamza does finally escape from Qaf; he makes his way home, and is reunited with his loyal companions. In the longest and most elaborate scene in the dastan, he marries the faithful Mihr Nigar. But by this time, the story is nearing its end. About two fifths of the text deals with Hamza's early years, about two fifths with the years in Qaf, and only one fifth with the time after his return. The remaining years of Hamza's long life are filled with activity; some of it is fruitful, but usually in a kind of equivocal way. Hamza and Mihr Nigar have one son, Qubad, who is killed at an early age; soon afterwards, Mihr Nigar herself is killed. Hamza, distraught, vows to spend the rest of his life tending her tomb. But his enemies pursue him there, kidnap him, and torment him; his old companions rally round to rescue him, and his old life reclaims him. He fights against Naushervan and others, travels, has adventures, marries a series of wives. His sons and grandsons by various wives appear one by one, perform heroic feats, and frequently die young. He and Amar have a brief but traumatic quarrel. Toward the very end of his life he must enter the Dark Regions, pursuing a series of frightful cannibal kings; while their incursions are directly incited by Naushervan, Amar's own act of vicarious cannibalism seems somehow implicated as well. Almost all Hamza's army is lost in the Dark Regions, and he returns in a state of grief and desolation. Finally, he is summoned by the Prophet, his nephew, back to Mecca to beat off an attack by the massed infidel armies of the world. He succeeds, losing all his companions except Amar in the process, but dies at the hands of the woman Hindah, whose son he had killed. She devours his liver, cuts his body into seventy pieces, then hastily accepts Islam to save herself. The Prophet and the angels pray over every piece of the body, and Hamzah is rewarded with the high celestial rank of Commander of the Faithful.
Алкаш – Великий визирь Кубада Камрана и астролог.
The collection of Hamza stories begins with a short section describing events that set the stage for the appearance of the central hero. In this case, the place is Ctesiphon (Madain) in Iraq, and the initial protagonist is Buzurjmehr, a child of humble parentage who displays both a remarkable ability to decipher ancient scripts and great acumen in political affairs. By luck and calculated design, Buzurjmehr displaces the current vizier, and attaches himself first to the reigning king, Kobad, and then to his successor, Naushervan. Characters of Hamzanama Character Description Amir Hamza Paternal uncle of Muhammad. Qubad Kamran The king of Iran Alqash Grand Minister of Qubad Kamran and an astrologer Khawaja Bakht Jamal A descendant of Prophet Daniel (not in reality) who knows of astrology and became teacher and friend of Alqash. Bozorgmehr Son of Khawaja Bakht Jamal; a very wise, noble and talented astrologer who became Grand Minister of Qubad Kamran. Nonetheless, a bitter rivalry has been seeded, for the widow of the wicked dead vizier bears a son she names Bakhtak Bakhtyar, and he in turn becomes a lifelong nemesis of both Hamza and Buzurjmehr. The latter soon relates a vision to Naushervan that a child still in embryo in Arabia will eventually bring about his downfall; Naushervan responds in Herod like fashion, dispatching Buzurjmihr to Arabia with an order to kill all pregnant women. Emerging unscathed by this terrible threat are Hamza and Amar Umayya, who is destined to be Hamza's faithful companion. Unlike most Persian heroes, Hamza is not born to royalty, but is nonetheless of high birth, the son of the chief of Mecca. An auspicious horoscope prophesies an illustrious future for him. Hamza shows an early aversion to idol worship, and with the aid of a supernatural instructor, develops a precocious mastery of various martial arts. He soon puts these skills to good use, defeating upstart warriors in individual combat, preventing the Yemeni army from interdicting tribute to Naushervan, and defending Mecca from predatory – but not religious – foes. Naushervan learns of these sundry exploits, and invites Hamza to his court, where he promises him his daughter Mihr Nigar in marriage. The girl is thrilled at this match, for she has long yearned for Hamza, and has had one soulful but chaste evening with him. First, however, Naushervan sends Hamza to Ceylon to fend off a threat from Landhaur, and thence onto Greece, where Bakhtak Bakhtyar has insidiously poisoned the kings against him. Hamza, of course, proves his mettle in these and other tests, but his marriage to Mihr Nigar is forestalled by the treacherous Gostaham, who arranges her nuptials with another. Hamza is seriously wounded in battle with Zubin, Mihr Nigar's prospective groom, and is rescued by the vazir of the Pari king Shahpal, ruler of the realm of Qaf. In return for this act of kindness, Hamza gallantly agrees to subdue the rebellious elephant eared Devs who have seized Shahpal's kingdom. The whole expedition to Qaf is to take eighteen days, and Hamza insists on fulfilling this debt of honor before his wedding. However, he is destined to be detained in Qaf not for eighteen days, but for eighteen years. At this point, the shape of the story radically changes: adventures take place simultaneously in Qaf and on earth, and the dastan moves back and forth in reporting them. While Hamza in Qaf is killing Devs, trying to deal with Shahpal's powerful daughter Asman Pari whom he has been forced to marry, and looking desperately for ways to get home, Amar in the (human) World is holding Hamza's forces together, moving from fort to fort, and trying to defend Mihr Nigar from Naushervan's efforts to recapture her. While Hamza and his allies navigate various shoals of courtly intrigue, they also wage a prolonged war against infidels. Although the ostensible goal of these conflicts is to eradicate idolatry and convert opponents to Islam, the latter is usually related with little fanfare at the end of the episode. Champions often proclaim their faith in Allah as they take to the battlefield, and sometimes reproach unbelievers for failing to grasp that the Muslims' past military success is prima facie evidence of the righteousness of their cause. After eighteen years, much suffering, and more divine intervention, Hamza does finally escape from Qaf; he makes his way home, and is reunited with his loyal companions. In the longest and most elaborate scene in the dastan, he marries the faithful Mihr Nigar. But by this time, the story is nearing its end. About two fifths of the text deals with Hamza's early years, about two fifths with the years in Qaf, and only one fifth with the time after his return. The remaining years of Hamza's long life are filled with activity; some of it is fruitful, but usually in a kind of equivocal way. Hamza and Mihr Nigar have one son, Qubad, who is killed at an early age; soon afterwards, Mihr Nigar herself is killed. Hamza, distraught, vows to spend the rest of his life tending her tomb. But his enemies pursue him there, kidnap him, and torment him; his old companions rally round to rescue him, and his old life reclaims him. He fights against Naushervan and others, travels, has adventures, marries a series of wives. His sons and grandsons by various wives appear one by one, perform heroic feats, and frequently die young. He and Amar have a brief but traumatic quarrel. Toward the very end of his life he must enter the Dark Regions, pursuing a series of frightful cannibal kings; while their incursions are directly incited by Naushervan, Amar's own act of vicarious cannibalism seems somehow implicated as well. Almost all Hamza's army is lost in the Dark Regions, and he returns in a state of grief and desolation. Finally, he is summoned by the Prophet, his nephew, back to Mecca to beat off an attack by the massed infidel armies of the world. He succeeds, losing all his companions except Amar in the process, but dies at the hands of the woman Hindah, whose son he had killed. She devours his liver, cuts his body into seventy pieces, then hastily accepts Islam to save herself. The Prophet and the angels pray over every piece of the body, and Hamzah is rewarded with the high celestial rank of Commander of the Faithful.
Хаваджа Бахт Джамал – Потомок пророка Даниила (хотя это и не так), сведущий в астрологии, ставший учителем и другом Алкаша.
The collection of Hamza stories begins with a short section describing events that set the stage for the appearance of the central hero. In this case, the place is Ctesiphon (Madain) in Iraq, and the initial protagonist is Buzurjmehr, a child of humble parentage who displays both a remarkable ability to decipher ancient scripts and great acumen in political affairs. By luck and calculated design, Buzurjmehr displaces the current vizier, and attaches himself first to the reigning king, Kobad, and then to his successor, Naushervan. Characters of Hamzanama Character Description Amir Hamza Paternal uncle of Muhammad. Qubad Kamran The king of Iran Alqash Grand Minister of Qubad Kamran and an astrologer Khawaja Bakht Jamal A descendant of Prophet Daniel (not in reality) who knows of astrology and became teacher and friend of Alqash. Bozorgmehr Son of Khawaja Bakht Jamal; a very wise, noble and talented astrologer who became Grand Minister of Qubad Kamran. Nonetheless, a bitter rivalry has been seeded, for the widow of the wicked dead vizier bears a son she names Bakhtak Bakhtyar, and he in turn becomes a lifelong nemesis of both Hamza and Buzurjmehr. The latter soon relates a vision to Naushervan that a child still in embryo in Arabia will eventually bring about his downfall; Naushervan responds in Herod like fashion, dispatching Buzurjmihr to Arabia with an order to kill all pregnant women. Emerging unscathed by this terrible threat are Hamza and Amar Umayya, who is destined to be Hamza's faithful companion. Unlike most Persian heroes, Hamza is not born to royalty, but is nonetheless of high birth, the son of the chief of Mecca. An auspicious horoscope prophesies an illustrious future for him. Hamza shows an early aversion to idol worship, and with the aid of a supernatural instructor, develops a precocious mastery of various martial arts. He soon puts these skills to good use, defeating upstart warriors in individual combat, preventing the Yemeni army from interdicting tribute to Naushervan, and defending Mecca from predatory – but not religious – foes. Naushervan learns of these sundry exploits, and invites Hamza to his court, where he promises him his daughter Mihr Nigar in marriage. The girl is thrilled at this match, for she has long yearned for Hamza, and has had one soulful but chaste evening with him. First, however, Naushervan sends Hamza to Ceylon to fend off a threat from Landhaur, and thence onto Greece, where Bakhtak Bakhtyar has insidiously poisoned the kings against him. Hamza, of course, proves his mettle in these and other tests, but his marriage to Mihr Nigar is forestalled by the treacherous Gostaham, who arranges her nuptials with another. Hamza is seriously wounded in battle with Zubin, Mihr Nigar's prospective groom, and is rescued by the vazir of the Pari king Shahpal, ruler of the realm of Qaf. In return for this act of kindness, Hamza gallantly agrees to subdue the rebellious elephant eared Devs who have seized Shahpal's kingdom. The whole expedition to Qaf is to take eighteen days, and Hamza insists on fulfilling this debt of honor before his wedding. However, he is destined to be detained in Qaf not for eighteen days, but for eighteen years. At this point, the shape of the story radically changes: adventures take place simultaneously in Qaf and on earth, and the dastan moves back and forth in reporting them. While Hamza in Qaf is killing Devs, trying to deal with Shahpal's powerful daughter Asman Pari whom he has been forced to marry, and looking desperately for ways to get home, Amar in the (human) World is holding Hamza's forces together, moving from fort to fort, and trying to defend Mihr Nigar from Naushervan's efforts to recapture her. While Hamza and his allies navigate various shoals of courtly intrigue, they also wage a prolonged war against infidels. Although the ostensible goal of these conflicts is to eradicate idolatry and convert opponents to Islam, the latter is usually related with little fanfare at the end of the episode. Champions often proclaim their faith in Allah as they take to the battlefield, and sometimes reproach unbelievers for failing to grasp that the Muslims' past military success is prima facie evidence of the righteousness of their cause. After eighteen years, much suffering, and more divine intervention, Hamza does finally escape from Qaf; he makes his way home, and is reunited with his loyal companions. In the longest and most elaborate scene in the dastan, he marries the faithful Mihr Nigar. But by this time, the story is nearing its end. About two fifths of the text deals with Hamza's early years, about two fifths with the years in Qaf, and only one fifth with the time after his return. The remaining years of Hamza's long life are filled with activity; some of it is fruitful, but usually in a kind of equivocal way. Hamza and Mihr Nigar have one son, Qubad, who is killed at an early age; soon afterwards, Mihr Nigar herself is killed. Hamza, distraught, vows to spend the rest of his life tending her tomb. But his enemies pursue him there, kidnap him, and torment him; his old companions rally round to rescue him, and his old life reclaims him. He fights against Naushervan and others, travels, has adventures, marries a series of wives. His sons and grandsons by various wives appear one by one, perform heroic feats, and frequently die young. He and Amar have a brief but traumatic quarrel. Toward the very end of his life he must enter the Dark Regions, pursuing a series of frightful cannibal kings; while their incursions are directly incited by Naushervan, Amar's own act of vicarious cannibalism seems somehow implicated as well. Almost all Hamza's army is lost in the Dark Regions, and he returns in a state of grief and desolation. Finally, he is summoned by the Prophet, his nephew, back to Mecca to beat off an attack by the massed infidel armies of the world. He succeeds, losing all his companions except Amar in the process, but dies at the hands of the woman Hindah, whose son he had killed. She devours his liver, cuts his body into seventy pieces, then hastily accepts Islam to save herself. The Prophet and the angels pray over every piece of the body, and Hamzah is rewarded with the high celestial rank of Commander of the Faithful.
Бозоргмехр – Сын Хаваджи Бахта Джамала; очень мудрый, благородный и талантливый астролог, ставший великим визирем Кубада Камрана. Однако, зародилось горькое соперничество, поскольку вдова покойного злодея-визиря рожает сына, которого называет Бахтаком Бахтияром, и он становится заклятым врагом как Хамзы, так и Бузурджемира. Последний вскоре повествует Наушервану о видении, согласно которому ребенок, еще не родившийся в Аравии, в конечном итоге приведет к его гибели; Наушерван, подобно Ироду, отправляет Бузурджемира в Аравию с приказом убить всех беременных женщин. Хамза и Амар Умайя, которому суждено стать верным спутником Хамзы, остаются невредимыми перед этой ужасной угрозой. В отличие от большинства персидских героев, Хамза не рожден в царской семье, но все же имеет высокое происхождение, будучи сыном вождя Мекки. Благоприятный гороскоп предсказывает ему великое будущее. Хамза проявляет раннее неприятие идолопоклонства и с помощью сверхъестественного наставника быстро овладевает различными боевыми искусствами. Вскоре он применяет эти навыки на практике, побеждая начинающих воинов в поединках, предотвращая препятствия, чинимые йеменской армией при отправке дани Наушервану, и защищая Мекку от хищнических, но не религиозных врагов. Наушерван узнает об этих подвигах и приглашает Хамзу ко двору, обещая выдать за него свою дочь Михр Нигар. Девушка в восторге от этого союза, поскольку давно тосковала по Хамзе и провела с ним один душевный, но целомудренный вечер. Однако, прежде всего, Наушерван отправляет Хамзу на Цейлон, чтобы отразить угрозу со стороны Ландаура, а затем в Грецию, где Бахтак Бахтияр коварно настроил царей против него. Хамза, конечно, доказывает свою доблесть в этих и других испытаниях, но его брак с Михр Нигар срывается из-за предательского Гостама, который устраивает ее свадьбу с другим. Хамза серьезно ранен в битве с Зубином, будущим женихом Михр Нигар, и спасен визирем царя Пари Шахпалом, правителя царства Каф. В благодарность за этот акт милосердия Хамза охотно соглашается покорить восставших слоноухих Девов, захвативших королевство Шахпала. Вся экспедиция в Каф должна занять восемнадцать дней, и Хамза настаивает на выполнении этого долга чести перед свадьбой. Однако ему суждено пробыть в Кафе не восемнадцать дней, а восемнадцать лет. В этот момент структура повествования радикально меняется: приключения происходят одновременно в Кафе и на земле, и дастан перемещается между ними, рассказывая о них. Пока Хамза в Кафе убивает Девов, пытается справиться с могущественной дочерью Шахпала Асман Пари, на которой он был вынужден жениться, и отчаянно ищет способы вернуться домой, Амар в (человеческом) мире поддерживает силы Хамзы, перемещаясь из крепости в крепость и пытаясь защитить Михр Нигар от попыток Наушервана вернуть ее. Пока Хамза и его союзники преодолевают различные козни придворных интриг, они также ведут длительную войну против неверных. Хотя заявленной целью этих конфликтов является искоренение идолопоклонства и обращение противников в ислам, последнее обычно упоминается лишь вскользь в конце эпизода. Герои часто провозглашают свою веру в Аллаха, выходя на поле боя, и иногда упрекают неверующих в том, что они не понимают, что прошлые военные успехи мусульман являются явным доказательством правоты их дела. После восемнадцати лет, многих страданий и божественного вмешательства Хамза наконец-то сбегает из Кафа; он возвращается домой и воссоединяется со своими верными спутниками. В самой длинной и подробной сцене дастана он женится на верной Михр Нигар. Но к этому времени история близится к концу. Примерно две пятых текста посвящены ранним годам Хамзы, примерно две пятых – годам, проведенным в Кафе, и только одна пятая – времени после его возвращения. Оставшиеся годы долгой жизни Хамзы наполнены деятельностью; некоторые из них приносят плоды, но обычно в неоднозначном смысле. Хамза и Михр Нигар имеют одного сына, Кубада, который погибает в юном возрасте; вскоре после этого погибает и сама Михр Нигар. Хамза, убитый горем, клянется провести остаток своей жизни, ухаживая за ее могилой. Но его враги преследуют его там, похищают и мучают; его старые товарищи собираются, чтобы спасти его, и его прежняя жизнь возвращается к нему. Он сражается против Наушервана и других, путешествует, переживает приключения, женится на нескольких женах. Его сыновья и внуки от разных жен появляются один за другим, совершают героические подвиги и часто умирают молодыми. У него и Амара происходит короткая, но травмирующая ссора. Под конец жизни ему приходится отправиться в Темные Земли, преследуя серию ужасных людоедов; хотя их набеги напрямую спровоцированы Наушерваном, кажется, что в этом замешан и акт викарного каннибализма Амара. Почти вся армия Хамзы погибает в Темных Землях, и он возвращается в состоянии горя и отчаяния. Наконец, его вызывает Пророк, его племянник, чтобы вернуться в Мекку и отразить нападение объединенных армий неверных. Он преуспевает, теряя в процессе всех своих спутников, кроме Амара, но погибает от руки женщины Хинды, сына которой он убил. Она съедает его печень, разрезает его тело на семьдесят частей, а затем спешно принимает ислам, чтобы спасти себя. Пророк и ангелы молятся над каждой частью тела, и Хамзе дается высокий небесный чин командующего верными.
The collection of Hamza stories begins with a short section describing events that set the stage for the appearance of the central hero. In this case, the place is Ctesiphon (Madain) in Iraq, and the initial protagonist is Buzurjmehr, a child of humble parentage who displays both a remarkable ability to decipher ancient scripts and great acumen in political affairs. By luck and calculated design, Buzurjmehr displaces the current vizier, and attaches himself first to the reigning king, Kobad, and then to his successor, Naushervan. Characters of Hamzanama Character Description Amir Hamza Paternal uncle of Muhammad. Qubad Kamran The king of Iran Alqash Grand Minister of Qubad Kamran and an astrologer Khawaja Bakht Jamal A descendant of Prophet Daniel (not in reality) who knows of astrology and became teacher and friend of Alqash. Bozorgmehr Son of Khawaja Bakht Jamal; a very wise, noble and talented astrologer who became Grand Minister of Qubad Kamran. Nonetheless, a bitter rivalry has been seeded, for the widow of the wicked dead vizier bears a son she names Bakhtak Bakhtyar, and he in turn becomes a lifelong nemesis of both Hamza and Buzurjmehr. The latter soon relates a vision to Naushervan that a child still in embryo in Arabia will eventually bring about his downfall; Naushervan responds in Herod like fashion, dispatching Buzurjmihr to Arabia with an order to kill all pregnant women. Emerging unscathed by this terrible threat are Hamza and Amar Umayya, who is destined to be Hamza's faithful companion. Unlike most Persian heroes, Hamza is not born to royalty, but is nonetheless of high birth, the son of the chief of Mecca. An auspicious horoscope prophesies an illustrious future for him. Hamza shows an early aversion to idol worship, and with the aid of a supernatural instructor, develops a precocious mastery of various martial arts. He soon puts these skills to good use, defeating upstart warriors in individual combat, preventing the Yemeni army from interdicting tribute to Naushervan, and defending Mecca from predatory – but not religious – foes. Naushervan learns of these sundry exploits, and invites Hamza to his court, where he promises him his daughter Mihr Nigar in marriage. The girl is thrilled at this match, for she has long yearned for Hamza, and has had one soulful but chaste evening with him. First, however, Naushervan sends Hamza to Ceylon to fend off a threat from Landhaur, and thence onto Greece, where Bakhtak Bakhtyar has insidiously poisoned the kings against him. Hamza, of course, proves his mettle in these and other tests, but his marriage to Mihr Nigar is forestalled by the treacherous Gostaham, who arranges her nuptials with another. Hamza is seriously wounded in battle with Zubin, Mihr Nigar's prospective groom, and is rescued by the vazir of the Pari king Shahpal, ruler of the realm of Qaf. In return for this act of kindness, Hamza gallantly agrees to subdue the rebellious elephant eared Devs who have seized Shahpal's kingdom. The whole expedition to Qaf is to take eighteen days, and Hamza insists on fulfilling this debt of honor before his wedding. However, he is destined to be detained in Qaf not for eighteen days, but for eighteen years. At this point, the shape of the story radically changes: adventures take place simultaneously in Qaf and on earth, and the dastan moves back and forth in reporting them. While Hamza in Qaf is killing Devs, trying to deal with Shahpal's powerful daughter Asman Pari whom he has been forced to marry, and looking desperately for ways to get home, Amar in the (human) World is holding Hamza's forces together, moving from fort to fort, and trying to defend Mihr Nigar from Naushervan's efforts to recapture her. While Hamza and his allies navigate various shoals of courtly intrigue, they also wage a prolonged war against infidels. Although the ostensible goal of these conflicts is to eradicate idolatry and convert opponents to Islam, the latter is usually related with little fanfare at the end of the episode. Champions often proclaim their faith in Allah as they take to the battlefield, and sometimes reproach unbelievers for failing to grasp that the Muslims' past military success is prima facie evidence of the righteousness of their cause. After eighteen years, much suffering, and more divine intervention, Hamza does finally escape from Qaf; he makes his way home, and is reunited with his loyal companions. In the longest and most elaborate scene in the dastan, he marries the faithful Mihr Nigar. But by this time, the story is nearing its end. About two fifths of the text deals with Hamza's early years, about two fifths with the years in Qaf, and only one fifth with the time after his return. The remaining years of Hamza's long life are filled with activity; some of it is fruitful, but usually in a kind of equivocal way. Hamza and Mihr Nigar have one son, Qubad, who is killed at an early age; soon afterwards, Mihr Nigar herself is killed. Hamza, distraught, vows to spend the rest of his life tending her tomb. But his enemies pursue him there, kidnap him, and torment him; his old companions rally round to rescue him, and his old life reclaims him. He fights against Naushervan and others, travels, has adventures, marries a series of wives. His sons and grandsons by various wives appear one by one, perform heroic feats, and frequently die young. He and Amar have a brief but traumatic quarrel. Toward the very end of his life he must enter the Dark Regions, pursuing a series of frightful cannibal kings; while their incursions are directly incited by Naushervan, Amar's own act of vicarious cannibalism seems somehow implicated as well. Almost all Hamza's army is lost in the Dark Regions, and he returns in a state of grief and desolation. Finally, he is summoned by the Prophet, his nephew, back to Mecca to beat off an attack by the massed infidel armies of the world. He succeeds, losing all his companions except Amar in the process, but dies at the hands of the woman Hindah, whose son he had killed. She devours his liver, cuts his body into seventy pieces, then hastily accepts Islam to save herself. The Prophet and the angels pray over every piece of the body, and Hamzah is rewarded with the high celestial rank of Commander of the Faithful.
Тилизм-е-хошруба
В этой новой истории приключения Амира Хамзы приводят его в Хошрубу, волшебный мир или "тилизм". Тилизм Хошрубы был создан колдунами в неповиновении Аллаху и законам физического мира. Однако, будучи творением магии, Хошруба не является постоянным миром. В момент его создания был назван человек, которому суждено было разгадать этот волшебный мир в назначенное время, используя ключ тилизма. Со временем местонахождение ключа от тилизма было забыто, и узурпатор Афрасиаб стал Мастером Тилизма и Императором Колдунов. Афрасиаб и его колдунья-императрица Хайрат правили тремя регионами Хошрубы, названными Захир – Явный, Батин – Скрытый и Зульмат – Тёмный, которые вмещали бесчисленные владения и меньшие тилизмы, управляемые колдунами-королями и колдуньями-королевами, и где таились грозные Семь Монстров из Гротта. Император Афрасиаб был одним из семи бессмертных колдунов Хошрубы, которых нельзя было убить, пока живы их собратья. Его судьба открывалась на ладонях его рук: левая предупреждала о неблагоприятных моментах, а правая – о благоприятных. Когда кто-либо произносил его имя в тилизме, магия Афрасияба предупреждала его об этом. Он владел Книгой Самаритянина, содержащей описание каждого события внутри и снаружи тилизма. Афрасиаб использовал волшебное зеркало, проецировавшее его образ в его двор во время отсутствия, и множество магических двойников, заменявших его в моменты смертельной опасности. Помимо колдунов и колдуний, император командовал также магическими рабами и рабынями, сражавшимися по его приказу и выполнявшими любые поставленные перед ними задачи. Когда время Хошрубы подходило к концу, император Афрасиаб решил защитить свою империю и тилизм, и помешать завоевателю тилизма, когда тот явится. История Хошрубы начинается с того, что ложный бог Лака – восьмидесяти пятифутовый, чёрный как смоль великан – и один из главных врагов Амира Хамзы, бежит после очередного поражения от рук Амира Хамзы. Он и его сторонники прибывают к Хошрубе и просят помощи у Императора Колдунов. Вскоре армии Амира Хамзы, преследующие Лаку, оказываются в состоянии войны с Афрасиябом и его армией колдунов. Когда вспыхивают боевые действия, внук Амира Хамзы, принц Асад, назначается завоевателем тилизма Хошрубы. Принц Асад выступает во главе величественной армии, чтобы покорить Хошрубу. Вместе с ним пять несравненных хитроумцев во главе с принцем хитроумцев, несравненным Амар Айяром, чей природный ум и чудесные таланты не уступают заклинаниям самого могущественного колдуна. Узнав о вступлении принца Асада в тилизм со своей армией, Афрасиаб отправляет нескольких колдунов и пять прекрасных девушек-обманщиц, чтобы сорвать его миссию. Когда девушки-обманщицы похищают принца, Амар Айяр и его банда неудачников продолжают миссию завоевателя тилизма при помощи сестры Хайрат, Бахар Джаду, могущественной колдуньи тилизма, которую Афрасиаб изгнал из своего двора, чтобы угодить своей жене.
In this new tale, Amir Hamza's adventures bring him to Hoshruba, a magical world or "tilism". The tilism of Hoshruba was conjured by sorcerers in defiance of Allah and the laws of the physical world. However, being a creation of magic, Hoshruba is not a permanent world. At the moment of its creation a person was named who would unravel this magical world at an appointed time using the tilism key. With the passage of time, the whereabouts of the tilism key were forgotten, and the usurper Afrasiyab became the Master of the Tilism and Emperor of Sorcerers. Afrasiyab and his sorceress Empress Heyrat ruled over Hoshruba's three regions named Zahir the Manifest, Batin the Hidden, and Zulmat the Dark, which contained countless dominions and smaller tilisms governed by sorcerer kings and sorceress queens, and where the dreaded Seven Monsters of the Grotto lurked. Emperor Afrasiyab was among the seven immortal sorcerers of Hoshruba who could not be killed while their counterparts lived. His fortune came to reveal itself on the palms of his hands. His left hand warned him of inauspicious moments and the right hand revealed auspicious ones. Whenever anyone called out his name in the tilism, Afrasiyab's magic alerted him to the call. He possessed the Book of Sameri that contained an account of every event inside and outside the tilism. Afrasiyab used a magic mirror that projected his body into his court during his absence, and many magic doubles who replaced him when he was in imminent danger. Besides sorcerers and sorceresses, the emperor also commanded magic slaves and magic slave girls who fought at his command and performed any and all tasks assigned them. As Hoshruba's time neared its end, Emperor Afrasiyab resolved to defend his empire and tilism, and foil the conqueror of the tilism when he appeared. The story of Hoshruba opens where the false god Laqa—an eighty five foot tall, pitch black giant – and one of Amir Hamza's foremost enemies – is in flight after suffering a fresh defeat at Amir Hamza's hands. He and his supporters arrive near Hoshruba and solicit the aid of the Emperor of Sorcerers. Before long, Amir Hamza's armies pursuing Laqa find themselves at war with Afrasiyab and his army of sorcerers. When hostilities break out Amir Hamza's grandson, Prince Asad, is the designated conqueror of the tilism of Hoshruba. Prince Asad sets out at the head of a magnificent army to conquer Hoshruba. With him are five matchless tricksters headed by the prince of tricksters, the incomparable Amar Ayyar, whose native wit, and wondrous talents are a match for the most powerful sorcerer's spells. Upon learning of Prince Asad's entry into the tilism with his army, Afrasiyab dispatches a number of sorcerers and five beautiful trickster girls to foil his mission. When the trickster girls kidnap the prince, Amar Ayyar and his band of misfits continue the mission of the conqueror of the tilism with the help of Heyrat's sister, Bahar Jadu, a powerful sorceress of the tilism, who Afrasiyab had banished from his court to please his wife.
Культурное влияние
Огромная популярность дастана оказала длительное влияние на другие формы вымышленных повествований. Самые ранние романы на урду и хинди часто представляются не более чем упрощенными или смягченными версиями дастанов. "Чандраканта" и "Чандраканта Сантати" Бабу Деваки Нандан Хатри и "Фасана-и Азад" Ратан Натха Дхар Саршара – лишь два наиболее выдающихся примера этого жанра. "Чандраканта" несет на себе прямое влияние дастанов, что проявляется в образе одноименного главного героя, Чандраканты, попавшего в тилизм, и присутствии известных айяров. Дастан также повлиял на Мунши Премчанда (1880–1936), который был очарован и впоследствии вдохновлен историями о "Тилизме-и Хошрубе", которые он слышал в табачном магазине в детстве. Приемы дастанского повествования также повлияли на театр урду: хитроумный айяр, верный друг Хамзы, стал прообразом комического спутника героя, который достиг своего расцвета в хинди-кино шестидесятых годов. Эта история также ставится в индонезийском кукольном театре, где она называется "Вайянг Менак". Там Хамза известен как Вонг Агунг Джайенг Рана или Амир Амбя. Паша Мохамад Хан, бывший студент Франсис Притчетт в Колумбийском университете, а ныне преподаватель в Университете Макгилла, исследует кисса/дастан (романтические повести) и искусство дастан-гои (искусство повествования), включая "Хамзанаму".
The immense popularity of the dastan had a long lasting effect on other forms of fictional narratives. The earliest novels in Urdu as well as Hindi often seem nothing more than simplified or bowdlerized forms of Dastans. Babu Devaki Nandan Khatri's Chandrakanta and Chandrakanta Santati and Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar's Fasana e Azad are only the two most stellar examples of this genre. Chandrakanta bears the direct influence of dastans as witnessed in the case of eponymous protagonist Chandrakanta who is trapped in a tilism and the presence of notable ayyars. The dastan also influenced Munshi Premchand (1880 1936) who was fascinated and later on inspired by the stories of Tilism e hoshruba that he heard at the tobacconist shop in his childhood days. The conventions of the dastan narrative also conditioned Urdu theatre: the trickster Ayyar, permanent friend of Hamza provided the convention of the hero's [comic] sidekick that achieved culmination in the Hindi cinema of the sixties. The story is also performed in Indonesian puppet theatre, where it is called Wayang Menak. Here, Hamza is also known as Wong Agung Jayeng Rana or Amir Ambyah. Frances Pritchett's former student at Columbia University, Pasha Mohamad Khan, who currently teaches at McGill University, researches qissa/dastan (romances) and the art of dastan goi (storytelling), including the Hamzanama.